Final Exam pt 2 Flashcards
A hemoglobin molecule
all of the above
An advantage of a closed circulatory system over an open one is that:
it allows for more efficient delivery of O2 and nutrients
Exchange of substances between the cells and the environment
all of the above
the ventricles
pump blood into the arteries
Which of the following correctly describes the movement of electrical signals throughout the heart?
the SA node generates the signal which is held up for 0.1 seconds at the AV node to allow the atria to empty completely, then the signal moves to the apex of the heart, then spreads through the ventricles
Cardiac output
is the volume of blood per minute pumped by the left ventricle
Valves
all of the above
In the capillaries
the velocity of the blood is lower than in any other type of vessel
systolic pressure
is normally higher than diastolic pressure
Caffeine constricts blood vessels. This constriction:
increases the peripheral resistance
Fluid is filtered from blood as it enters a capillary due to the _______, but the fluid is reabsorbed as the blood exits a capillary due to the ________.
blood pressure from the heart; osmotic pressure from proteins in the plasma
Blood pressure
all of the above
In the leg veins
all of the above
blood
transports O2 and nutrients to cells
The stem cells in the bone marrow
give rise to myeloid stem cells, which give rise to the lymphocytes
Atherosclerosis
all of the above
Gills
are very efficient because blood and the respiratory medium flow in opposite directions, maximizing pressure gradients
Respiratory surfaces
all of the above
In the leg veins
all of the above
Insects
have small branches of air tubes that extend to nearly every cell in the body
breathing
ventilates the lungs
in birds
air moves in one direction
In positive pressure breathing in amphibians
air is pushed into the lungs due to a decrease in the volume of the oral cavity, which increases the pressure in the oral cavity
Hemoglobin
uses iron (Fe) to bind oxygen
control of breathing
is primarily based on carbon dioxide concentration in the blood and involves pH sensors that detect changes in pH
to adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)…
four-chambered heart
In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body
frogs
the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the___.
fishes
Circulatory systems compensate for ___.
the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances
A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70mL (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have cardiac outputs of ___.
4,900 mL/minute
If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except ___.
the pulmonary vein
Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?
bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds
Larg proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the ___.
development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls
The production of red blood cells is stimulated by
erythropoietin
some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of ___.
lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen in such conditions is ___.
160 mm Hg
How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight
gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation
Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as ___.
the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing
Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure
giraffe
The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because ___.
the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with ___.
increased activity of the immune system
damage to the sinoatrial node in humans
would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
An open circulatory system
has fluid called hemolymph, which is pumped through sinuses to the cells of the body
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
Inhalation
involves contraction of the diaphragm, which increases the volume of the lungs, and occurs when the pressure within the lungs drops below that of the atmospheric presusre
A closed circulatory system
has a circulatory fluid that is separate (distinct) from the interstitial fluid
Urea is relatively non-toxic compared to…
ammonia
the renal medulla…
is innermost sect. of kidney and contains highest solute concentration
At different phases of their feeding and digestion, vamp. bats…
produce dilute and concentrated urine
Water is not reabsorbed while filtrate…
rises through ascending loop of Henle
Earthworms do not use two kidneys to…
filter their systems
Malpighian tubules
ax of the above
Metanephridia
are found in annelids
Capillaries surrounding the ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle
vasa recta
Urine formed by a kidney collects in the ____ before being drained by the ___ and transported to the bladder
renal pelvis; ureter
Juxtamedullary nephrons
desert animals
ADH
decreases urine
RAAS >…>
angiotensin II, contraction of arterioles
ANP lowers blood volume and pressure by…
decreasing release of renin
Sympathetic ganglia are distributed along…
spinal cord
the central nervous system is involved in …
reflex movement
Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies within the …
CNS
Increase in heart rate and fight/flight response
sympathetic division of neurons
Schwann cells are
glial cells
Astrocytes regulate blood flow and
nutrient delivery to neurons
Astrocytes and Microglia are not both
stem cells
Glutamate can act as a
neurotransmitter
the membrane is undergoing a depolarization in region
B
If IPSP is received by a postsynaptic neuron…
GABA may have been released
Multiple EPSPs
all of the above
Acetylcholine
involved in muscle contraction
cone snails have venom strong enough to…
kill humans
An osmoregulatory fish that lives in freshwater gains water by …
osmosis
The role of the excretory system in homeostasis is
all of the above
adaptations that help to conserve water include
all of the above
