Chapter 42.6 Flashcards
the process that ventilates the lungs
breathing
the alternate inhalation and exhalation of air
breathing
amphibians ventilate their lungs
positive pressure breathing
positive pressure breathing
forces air down the trachea
How many air sacs do birds have that function as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs
eight or nine
in how many directions does air pass through the lungs
one direction
what does the passage of air through the entire system of lungs and air sacs require
two cycles of inhalation and exhalation
ventilation in birds is…
highly efficient
how do mammals ventilate their lungs
negative pressure breathing
negative pressure breathing
pulls air into the lungs
lung volume increases as the rib muscles and diaphragm…
contract
tidal volume
the volume of air inhaled with each breath
vital capacity
the maximum tidal volume
What happens after exhalation
a residual volume of air remains in the lungs
what is breathing in humans regulated by
involuntary mechanisms
what part of the brain are the breathing control centers found in
the medulla oblongata
What does the medulla regulate
the rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in the cerebrospinal fluid
what do sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries monitor
O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood
What do these aorta and carotid artery sensors signal
the breathing control centers, which respond as needed
Where does additional modulation of breathing take place
in the pons, next to the medulla
