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Biology 112 > Chapter 42.4 > Flashcards

Chapter 42.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

With open circulation, what is the fluid continuous with

A

the fluid surrounding all body cells

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2
Q

What do the closed circulatory systems of vertebrates contain

A

a more highly specialized fluid called blood

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3
Q

Plasma

A

a liquid matrix

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4
Q

What is blood in vertebrates?

A

a connective tissue consisting of several kinds of cells suspended in plasma

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5
Q

What percent of the volume on blood do cellular elements occupy

A

45%

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6
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

inorganic salts as dissolved ions, sometimes called electrolytes

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7
Q

what do plasma proteins influence

A

blood pH

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8
Q

What do plasma proteins help maintain

A

osmotic balance between blood and interstitial fluid

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9
Q

What do particular plasma proteins function in

A

lipid transport, immunity, and blood clotting

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10
Q

What is plasma similar in composition to

A

interstitial fluid; but plasma has a much higher protein concentration

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11
Q

Suspended in blood plasma are two types of cells

A
  1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

2. White blood cells (leukocytes)

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12
Q

Red blood cells

A

transport O2

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13
Q

White blood cells

A

function in defense

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14
Q

Platelets

A

fragments of cells that are involved in clotting

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15
Q

fragments of cells that are involved in clotting

A

platelets

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16
Q

The most numerous blood cells

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

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17
Q

What do red blood cells contain

A

hemoglobin

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18
Q

hemoglobin

A

the iron-containing protein that transports O2

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19
Q

the iron-containing protein that transports O2

A

hemoglobin

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20
Q

What does each molecule of hemoglobin do

A

binds up to four molecules of O2

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21
Q

In mammals, what do mature erythroctes lack

A

a nuclei and mitochondria

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22
Q

What is sickle-cell disease caused by

A

abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates

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23
Q

What do the aggregates do

A

deform an erythrocyte into a sickle shape

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24
Q

What can sickle cells do

A

rupture or block blood vessels

25
Q

Five major types of white blood cells (leukocytes)

A
  1. monocytes
  2. neutrophils
  3. basophils
  4. eosinophils
  5. lmphocytes
26
Q

How do white blood cells function in defense

A

either by

  1. phagocytizing bacteria and debris
  2. mounting immune responses against foreign substances
27
Q

Where are leukocytes found

A

both in and outside of the circulatory system

28
Q

What are platelets

A

fragments of cells that function in blood clotting

29
Q

What do erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all develope from

A

a common source of stem cells in the red marrow of the bones, especially ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis

30
Q

The hormone erythropoietin (EPO)

A

stimulates erythrocyte production when O2 delivery is low

31
Q

stimulates erythrocyte production when O2 delivery is low

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

32
Q

What can physicians use recombinant EPO to treat

A

anemia

33
Q

What is coagulation

A

the formation of a solid clot from liquid blood

34
Q

the formation of a solid clot from liquid blood

A

coagulation

35
Q

what does a cascade of complex reactions do

A

convert inactive fibrinogen to fibrin (forming a clot)

36
Q

A blood clot formed within a blood vessel

A

thrombus

37
Q

thrombus

A

a blood clot formed within a blood vessel

38
Q

what can a thrombus do

A

block blood flow

39
Q

Cardiovascular diseases

A

disorders of the heart and the blood vessels

40
Q

What is the range of cardiovascular diseases

A

minor disturbances of vein or heart function to life-threatening disruptions of blood flow to the heart of brain

41
Q

A type of cardiovascular disease caused by the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) within arteries

A

atherosclerosis

42
Q

what is atherosclerosis caused by

A

the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) within arteries

43
Q

what is a key player in the development of atherosclerosis

A

cholesterol

44
Q

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production

45
Q

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver

46
Q

What does risk for heart disease increase with

A

a high LDL to HDL ratio

47
Q

What is also a factor in cardiovascular disease

A

inflammation

48
Q

What is a heart attack (mocardial infarction)

A

the damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

49
Q

What is a stroke

A

the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head

50
Q

What is angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by partial blockage of the coronary arteries

51
Q

A high LDL/HDL ratio…

A

increases the risk of cardiovascular disease

52
Q

What can the proportion of LDL relative to HDL be decreased by

A

exercise and avoiding smoking and foods with trans fats

53
Q

what do drugs called statins reduce

A

LDL levels and risk of heart attacks

54
Q

What plays a role in atherosclerosis and thrombus formation

A

inflammation

55
Q

What does aspirin inhibit

A

inflammation

56
Q

What does aspirin reduce

A

the risk of heart attacks and stroke

57
Q

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

A

contributes to heart attack and stroke, as well as other health problems

58
Q

What can hypertension be controlled by

A

dietary changes, exercise, and/or medication

Biology 112 (13 decks)

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