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Biology 112 > Chapter 49.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 49.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are the neurons that cnidarians have arranged?

A

in nerve nets

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2
Q

a series of interconnected nerve cells

A

nerve net

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3
Q

nerve net

A

interconnected nerve cells

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4
Q

what do complex animals have?

A

nerves

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5
Q

the axons of multiple neurons are bundled together

A

nerves

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6
Q

nerves

A

the axons of multiple neurons bundled together

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7
Q

What do sea stars have

A

a set of radial nerves connecting to a central nerve ring

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8
Q

what do nerves do

A

channel and organize information flow through the nervous sstem

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9
Q

what do bilaterally symmetrical animals exhibit

A

cephalization

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10
Q

when sensory organs are clustered at the front end of the body

A

cephalization

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11
Q

cephalization

A

when sensory organs are clustered at the front end of the body

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12
Q

what do flatworms have

A

a central nervous system (CNS)

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13
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of

A

a brain and longitudinal nerve cords

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14
Q

consists of neurons carrying information into and out of the CNS

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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15
Q

what does the PNS consist of

A

neurons that cary info in and out of the CNS

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16
Q

What do annelids and arthropods have

A

ganglia

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17
Q

segmentally arranged clusters of neurons

A

ganglia

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18
Q

ganglia

A

segmentally arranged clusters of neurons

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19
Q

The CNS in vertebrates

A

composed of the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

The PNS in vertebrates

A

is composed of nerves and ganglia

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21
Q

have numerous functions to nourish, support, and regulate neurons

A

glial cells (glia)

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22
Q

glial cells

A

have numerous functions to nourish, support, and regulate neurons

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23
Q

form tracks where newly formed neurons migrate

A

embryonic radial glia

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24
Q

embryonic radial glia

A

form tracks where newly formed neurons migrate

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25
Q

induce cells lining capillaries in the CNS to form tight junctions

A

astrocytes

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26
Q

results in a blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes

27
Q

restrict the entry of most substances into the brain

A

astrocytes

28
Q

one of the roles of the glia

A

the development of the nervous system

29
Q

What can act as stem cells?

A

radial glial cells and astrocytes

30
Q

what do radial glia form in embryos

A

tracks where newly formed neurons migrate from the neural tube

31
Q

What does the CNS develop from

A

the hollow nerve cord

32
Q

What does the cavity of the nerve cord give rise to?

A

the narrow central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain

33
Q

What does the canal and ventricles fill with

A

cerebrospinal fluid

34
Q

supplies the CNS with nutrients and hormones and carries away wastes

A

cerebrospinal fluid

35
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

gives the CNS nutrients and hormones and carries away wastes

36
Q

The brain and spinal cord contain…

A

gray matter and white matter

37
Q

consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmylinated axons

A

gray matter

38
Q

what does gray matter consist of?

A
  1. neuron cell bodies
  2. dendrites
  3. unmyelinated axons
39
Q

consists of bundles of myelinated axons

A

white matter

40
Q

what does white matter consist of

A

bundles of myelinated axons

41
Q

conveys information to and from the brain

A

spinal cord

42
Q

generates basic patterns of locomotion

A

spinal cord

43
Q

what does the spinal cord do

A

sends info to and from the brain and causes motion

44
Q

produces reflexes independently of the brain

A

spinal cord

45
Q

the body’s automatic response to a stimulus

A

reflex

46
Q

reflex

A

the body’s automatic response to a stimulus

47
Q

where are afferent neurons

A

the PNS

48
Q

transmit info to the CNS

A

afferent neurons

49
Q

what do afferent neurons do

A

send info to the CNS

50
Q

where are efferent neurons

A

the PNS

51
Q

what do efferent neurons do

A

send info away from the CNS

52
Q

What are the three divisions of efferent neurons

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. enteric
53
Q

autonomic nervous system controlling digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

A

enteric

54
Q

The two different components of the PNS

A

the motor system and the autonomic nervous system

55
Q

carries signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntary

A

motor system

56
Q

motor system

A

carries signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntary

57
Q

regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and is generally involutary

A

autonomic nervous system

58
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and is generally involuntary

59
Q

What divisions does the autonomic nervous system have

A

sympathetic and arasympathetic

60
Q

regulates arousal and energy generation

A

sympathetic divison

61
Q

sympathetic division

A

regulates arousal and energy generation

62
Q

fight or flight response

A

sympathetic division

63
Q

has antagonistic effects on target organs

A

parasympathetic division

64
Q

promotes calming and a return to rest and digest functions

A

parasympathetic divison

Biology 112 (13 decks)

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