Chapter 42.5

Question 1

Gas exchange

Answer 1

supplies O2 for cellular respiration

Question 2

supplies O2 for cellular respiration

Answer 2

gas exchange

Question 3

What is partial pressure

Answer 3

the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

Question 4

What do partial pressures also apply to?

Answer 4

gases dissolved in liquids such as water

Question 5

how do gases undergo net diffusion

Answer 5

from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure

Question 6

What can animals use as their respiratory medium

Answer 6

air or water

Question 7

respiratory medium

Answer 7

O2 source

Question 8

The difference between obtaining O2 from water or from air

Answer 8

Obtaining O2 from water requires greater efficiency than air breathing

Question 9

What do animals require for the exchange of gases between their cells and the respiratory medium (air/water)

Answer 9

large, moist respiratory surfaces

Question 10

How does gas exchage across respiratory surfaces take place

Answer 10

by diffusion

Question 11

Respiratory surfaces vary by animal and can include…

Answer 11

skin, gills, tracheae, and lungs

Question 12

What are gills

Answer 12

outfoldings of the body that create a large surface area for gas exchange

Question 13

outfoldings of teh body that create a large surface area for gas exchange

Answer 13

gills

Question 14

what does ventilation do

Answer 14

moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

Question 15

moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

Answer 15

ventilation

Question 16

What do aquatic animals do for ventilation

Answer 16

move through water or move water over their gills

Question 17

What do fish gills use

Answer 17

a countercurrent exchange system

Question 18

a countercurrent exchange system

Answer 18

blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills; blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets

Question 19

In fish gills, what percent of the O2 dissolved in the water is removed as water passes over the respiratory surface

Answer 19

more than 80%

Question 20

What does the tracheal system of insects consist of

Answer 20

a network of branching tubes throughout the body

Question 21

what do tracheal tubes supply directly to the body cells

Answer 21

O2

Question 22

the respiratory and circulatory systems are…

Answer 22

separate

Question 23

What must larger insects do to meet O2 demands?

Answer 23

ventilate their tracheal system

Question 24

what are lungs

Answer 24

an infolding of the body surface

Question 25

an infolding of the body surface

Answer 25

lungs

Question 26

what does the circulatory system do

Answer 26

transports gases between the lungs and the rest of the body

Question 27

what do the size and complexity of lungs correlate with

Answer 27

an animal’s metabolic rate

Question 28

What does a system of branching ducts do

Answer 28

conveys air to the lungs

Question 29

What do nostrils do

Answer 29

filter, warm, and humidify inhaled air, as well as sample for odors

Question 30

What does the pharynx do

Answer 30

direct air to the lungs and food to the stomach

Question 31

what does swallowing do

Answer 31

moves the larynx upward and tips the epiglottis over the glottis in the pharynx to prevent food from entering the trachea

Question 32

What does air pass through

Answer 32

the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to the alveoli

Question 33

what occurs at the alveoli

Answer 33

gas exchange

Question 34

Where does exhaled air pass over to create sound

Answer 34

the vocal cords in the larynx

Question 35

What do cilia and mucus like and do

Answer 35

the epithelium of the air ducts; move particles up to the pharynx

Question 36

what does this “mucus escalator” do

Answer 36

cleans the respiratory system and allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus

Question 37

Where does gas exchange take place

Answer 37

in alveoli

Question 38

what are alveoli

Answer 38

air sacs at the tips of bronchioles

Question 39

where does oxygen diffuse through

Answer 39

the moist film of the epithelium and into capillaries

Question 40

Where does carbon dioxide diffuse from

Answer 40

the capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space

Question 41

what do alveoli lack and what are they susceptible to

Answer 41

cilia; contamination

Question 42

what do surfactants do

Answer 42

coat the surface of the alveoli and reduce the impact of liquid surface tension that might otherwise cause the alveoli to collapse

Question 43

What do preterm babies lack and what are they vulnerable to

Answer 43

surfactant; respiratory distress syndrome

Question 44

What is treatment for respiratory distress syndrome provided by

Answer 44

artificial surfactants