Final Exam PS2251 (unknown course)

Question 1

Asian African Conference and Pan Africanism Joseph Hongoh- Main Argument

Answer 1

1. Bandung conference opened new diplomatic opportunities for colonial people in African and Asia to challenge international order and strive to make more equal.
2. However the Bandung spirit also constrained the possibilities for solidarity and self determination. Shift from freedom, self determination discourse of Pan-Africanism to independence, national sovereignty, national interest, and statehood. AND
3. Shift diplomatic possibilities invested in affirming the international order. anti-colonial and anti-imperial sentiments were coupled with nationalistic alliances with Cold war powers.
4. Core challenge for anti colonial activists and movements lay in determining the appropriate institutional contexts for pursuing emancipation and transforming the international order.

Question 2

Asian African Conference and Pan Africanism Joseph Hongoh- Pan African Movement

Answer 2

1. Transnational solidarity
2. Freedom, and the need to reclaim the place of black people. A struggle for freedom and political equality. reclaim humanity of colonized and subjugated people
3. First conference, no regard for geographical limitation. Diaspora and Africa, as well as other colonized people
4. For example, Du Bois spoke about children of Africa, Asia and South seas as sharing a kinship heritage.
5. 1900-1940’s Pan Africanism movement for cultural and political collaboration between Africans and African diaspora intellectuals.
6. Sixth Pan-African Congress 1945 symbolic transfer of leadership from Afro-Americans to Africans. Political project for decolonization. Demand for freedom in context of the contradictions of World War II.
7. Decolonization enable critique of national sovereignty from standpoint of human emancipation rather than national sovereignty.
8. At a time , international system highly fluid, opportunity for array of polity forms, new kinds of political forms. ex) Kwame Nkrumah noted how independence and aid, objectives achieved by naked colonialism.

Question 3

Asian African Conference and Pan Africanism Joseph Hongoh- Bandung

Answer 3

1. Space for intercontinental exchange without imperial domination, site for diplomatic revolution outside racialized international law.
2. Enabled by inter colonial connections, collaborations and frictions
3. brotherhood, brethren, sons. solidarity
4. Nationalistic politics and territorial statehood as end product not a means to self determination and freedom. Discursive framework as completing the process of decolonization. Realizing statehood, to catch up to the West.
5. Independent nation statehood as a precondition for participation, form of hierarchical representation.
6. Embrace of national sovereignty, legitimized post war international order. Contrary to transnational solidarity that came before it.
7. 5 Principles: mutual respect for all nations sovereignty and territorial integrity, non aggression, non interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, peaceful coexistence

Question 4

Asian African Conference and Pan Africanism Joseph Hongoh- Pan African Movement after Bandung

Answer 4

1. Expansive transnational solidarity and emancipatory spirit condensed to pursuit of national sovereignty, alignment with post war international order
2. Cultural cooperation and Third World solidarity dimmed by interstate alliances and regional hegemonies. post colonial feeling replace anti-colonial struggle.
3. Struggle for ownership of Bandung spirit between Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Gamal Nasser of Egypt. Rival conferences. struggle for regional dominance.
4. Appropriating Bandun and Pan African transnational/transcontinental solidarity to serve Cold War interests.
5. Conference of Independent African States: Bandung in Africa. transnational solidarity and unity. founded on sovereign nation status.
6. All African people’s Conference emphasis on people as opposed to states. non alignment and positive neutrality. freedom, non territorial sovereignty,

Question 5

Asian African Conference and Pan Africanism Joseph Hongoh- Brazzaville, Casablanca, Monrovia

Answer 5

1. Brazzaville group of moderates favoring gradual approach to continental unity.
2. Casablanca as seen as representing original thinking of the Pan African movement. union
3. Monrovia group: unity of aspirations and action, solidarity and political identity. commitment to non interference in the domestic affairs.

Question 6

Asian African Conference and Pan Africanism Joseph Hongoh- Congo Crisis

Answer 6

1. 1960, army mutiny and secessionist movement in the Congo
2. African states displayed disunity and maintained the rhetoric of non intervention. Respect for nation-state sovereignty and trust in the impartiality of the UN
3. Undermining of Africa’s support for UN mission. Interpretation of the UN mandate as an expression of Western colonial interests.
4. African states through Org of African unity increasingly reluctant to get involve din the internal affairs of member countries.

Question 7

The Organization of African Unity and Mutual Preservation Makinda and Okumu- Introduction

Answer 7

1. Organization of African Unity est in 1963 in Addis Ababa
2. Identity issues and interests **liberation and integration
3. Foremost advocate of African unity on basis of identity Kwame Nkrumah liberation freedom and peace within a global context: Pan Africanism four main stages national independence, national consolidation, transnational unity and community, economic and social reconstruction.
4. OAU did not embrace much of this.
5. Sylvanus Olympio, military coup and death of country’s first president Togo. Slowed Nkrumah’s campaign and focused attention on fear of political assassinations.
6. Territorial integrity, boundaries, non interference. OAU as a mutual preservation club, only authorize interference in internal affairs white minority groups. human rights violations, ignore rule of law. Security in terms of state interests major concern.

Question 8

The Organization of African Unity and Mutual Preservation Makinda and Okumu- Colonial Setting

Answer 8

1. Role of colonial policies in generation of Pan Africanism which led to the creation of the OAU
2. Key process through which colonialism helped the Pan-African cause: collective humiliation, the foundation for modern political communities (modern nation states out of ethnic groups. state based nationalism) , universalization of European values.
3. Collective humiliation: helped give them an identity that demanded they unite to get rid of foreign occupation. ex. appropriation of land by white settlers. Leave ancestral burial grounds. deny Africans a history , aware of selves as victims bc of skin colour, constructed consciousness of Africanness,
   diff focus Ali Mazrui’s triple heritage (Indigenous, Islamic, western)
4. Universalization of European values. sovereignty transplanted in to Africa, outmoded understanding of sovereignty and conditions of absolutist Europe.sovereignty vested in leaders.
   juridical: state has no authority over it except international law. conferred on states by international community
   popular: predicated on the claim that all people are equal and entitled to fundamental freedoms
   empirical: state’s ability to control people, resources and activities. not conferred by international community, determined by capacity

Question 9

The Organization of African Unity and Mutual Preservation Makinda and Okumu- Pan Africanism

Answer 9

1. African Union est as return to Pan African roots.
2. Pan Africanism: uniqueness and spiritual unity of black people , right to self determination, treated with dignity as equals. liberation and integration
3. Colin Legum: part of reconstruction of identity, search for human dignity and quality, movement leading to self government.
4. Separate from roots in Caribbean and US: liberation transformed it from movement of peoples to movement of governments, dealing with American government not black compatriots as they became more active in world politics, preoccupied with need for continental organization

Question 10

The Organization of African Unity and Mutual Preservation Makinda and Okumu- Organization of African Unity

Answer 10

1. OAU product of compromise between African nationalists who wanted to est United States of Africa and those who did not want to give up sovereignty
2. Those who wanted loose association won.
3. Three groups Brazzaville, french speaking, support UN policy in Congo.
4. Casablanca, disapproved of UN policy on Congo. advocated for political unity as prerequisite for economic cooperation. Nkrumah- United States of Africa where sovereignty would not be entirely relinquished
5. Monrovia: equality and sovereignty of African states. Right of each state to exist.
6. Mutual Preservation measures: sovereign equality of all member states, non-interference in the internal affairs of member states; respect for the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of each state; the peaceful settlement of disputes; unreserved con-condemnation of political assassination and subversive activities on the part of neighboring states; dedication to the total emancipation of all African territories; and affirmation of the policy of non-alignment.
7. Keen to end colonialism but no answers for what came after
8. Failed to make relationship with sub regional organizations (Regional Economic Communities) clear.

Question 11

Governance and Relations between the European Union and Africa: the case of NEPAD Ian Taylor- Intro

Answer 11

1. New Partnership for Africa’s Development, est 2001
2. mandate granted to five African heads of state by the Organization of African Unity to work on development program to spearhead African renewal.
3. Governance aspect attractive to EU. promotion of good governance. EU tends to export the EU model of development based on economic liberalization, free markets and human rights. European experience seen as universal.
4. EU delegation to the AU: support that NEPAD has received based on commitment to core values. good governance as prerequisite for African renewal.
5. Introduce and support initiatives for good governance, in return for support.
6. Essentially a clash between divergent notions of what constitutes governance

Question 12

Governance and Relations between the European Union and Africa: the case of NEPAD Ian Taylor-Basic Prescriptions

Answer 12

1. good governance basic requirement
2. partnership between and among African peoples.
3. New international partnership changing unequal relations
4. Joint responsibility for promoting and protecting democracy and human rights. fit with Post Washington Consensus
5. NEPAD as democratic charter for Africa.

Question 13

Governance and Relations between the European Union and Africa: the case of NEPAD Ian Taylor- West NEPAD Partnership

Answer 13

1. power differentials too intense.
2. partnership as a term to obscure European paternalism with roots embedded in colonial experience. discursive framework that external powers have the power to change Africa for the better flawed.
3. Bulk of resources need to be obtained from outside the continent
4. Deal between elites, , leaders hold each other accountable, and Western elites commit to aiding African renaissance. elaborate attempt to continue the flow of aid within the context of neopatrimonialism.
5. Structural impediments to trade. subsidization and blocking of export potential.
6. Ruling class neopatrimonal cliques, unstable and personalized systems, EU fail to understand this alternative type of governance that is beneficial to some people. refusal to acknowledge Euro policies have not worked.
7. Ultimately conditional and varied support. Tony Blair UK most active.

Question 14

Governance and Relations between the European Union and Africa: the case of NEPAD Ian Taylor- Britain and France

Answer 14

1. British strongest supporters, French sought to sabotage the initiative through client state Senegal. (French policy towards Africa notoriously self interested, British not as cynical as French).
2. Desire by Blair to hijack/sideline NEPAD. Blair Commission for Africa signaled lack of confidence and impatience with home grown development paradigm.

Question 15

Governance and Relations between the European Union and Africa: the case of NEPAD Ian Taylor- China

Answer 15

1. Second most important trading partner
2. Convergence between China and certain types of African leaders at times. and divergence with EU, China. However, eventually will change, need stability for investments
3. China growing number of human rights and labour instruments as it becomes embedded in various multilateral regimes.
4. Explicit support for NEPAD
5. China as a metaphor non Western path to development. Accused of being neo-colonial and exploitative but ‘not the West’ appears to be good enough for many.

Question 16

New World Order, New Development Discourse Rita Abrahamsen- Intro

Answer 16

1. Good governance 1990’s
2. Democracy necessary precondition for sustainable economic growth and prosperity, break with previous development theories and models
3. World Bank says that it is due to learning from history. Actually changes in global balance of power
4. Fails to recognize power knowledge nexus. Production and use of knowledge do not occur outside relations of power. discursive formation contingent on form of knowledge connected to power.
5. extra-discursive relations (historically specific to social, economic, political conditions of its formation)
6. Robert Cox- theory is always for someone for some purpose. How power relations have made the issue a matter of investigation.

Question 17

New World Order, New Development Discourse Rita Abrahamsen- Early Theories and Cold War

Answer 17

1. Talcott Parsons structural functionalism. stimulating economic growth, modernity spring from that.
2. Liberal democracy as the inevitable outcome
3. Emerge in the same way as the West, in conjunction with capitalism and industrialization
4. Cold War, discursive transformation, 1960’s. Economic stagnation and social discontent seen as potential breeding ground for communism. Communist containment (main foreign policy objective of the West)
5. Rethink of relationship between modernization and political development. urbanization, education associated with rapid change create new popular demands, feared as destabilizing.
6. Passivity and defeatism, worthy of praise. Advised against expansion of educational opportunities
7. Supported and armed some of the most oppressive dictators and anti socialist guerrilla movements. ex) Angola, Nicaragua.

Question 18

New World Order, New Development Discourse Rita Abrahamsen- Neoliberalism

Answer 18

1. Late 1980’s neoliberalism development discourse undemocratic character. followed breakdown of the Keynesian consensus. Monetary policies of Thatcher Reagan and Kohl.
2. State led development perceived as a failure, disdain for pluralist policies (state shielded from distributionist demands of its citizens)
3. Authoritarian regimes provided with aid that helped them suppress domestic protests against structural adjustment.
4. Political participation relegated to a position of insignificance/potentially harmful.

Question 19

New World Order, New Development Discourse Rita Abrahamsen- Good Governance and End of Cold War

Answer 19

1. 1989 Sub-Suharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth.
2. Exercise of political power to manage a nation’s affair, better government in African states.
3. Openness, accountability, rule of law, freedom of press, increased grassroots participation. Liberal democracy necessary for economic growth.
4. Urge bilateral donars to direct aid to countries pursuing sound and sustain reform programmes.
5. De-ideoligization of Soviet foreign policy and decline of super power rivalry, Africa of less importance strategically and economically. End of Cold War Western triumphalism (no credible alternative to liberal democracy Fukuyama end of history thesis), former communist states as successful competitors of aid and new opps for trade and investment
6. Good governance agenda as new grand moral crusade. Civilizing mission and White Man’s Burden

Question 20

New World Order, New Development Discourse Rita Abrahamsen- Failure of Structural Adjustment

Answer 20

1. Structural Adjustment, neo-liberal economics designed by IMF and World Bank to deal with unsustainable debt and economic decline.
2. Failed. Countries with strong adjustment programs, most disastrous economic performances. Expense of human welfare, deepened poverty.
3. Stabilization: immediate effect, devaluation, deflation and fisca/monetary restraints. (demand restraint)
4. Structural: supply side, more long term, tackle balance of payments by expanding production of exports
5. Often used in conjunction with one another
6. To explain why the policies did not work, ‘poor governance’. Failure of public institutions and African government. Lack of accountability and transparency.

Question 21

A ‘Culture of Conservatism’: How and Why African Union Member States Obstruct the Deepening of the Integration Martin Welz - Intro and Status Quo

Answer 21

1. AU launched 2002. Lags in its ambitions of social, economic and political integration.
2. Culture of Conservatism due to:unwillingness to cede sovereignty (protected in Article 3B protection of sovereignty), an unwillingness of national leaders to give up personal power, a lack of capacities and resources (can’t afford flights to Pan African Parliament, no right to vote because haven’t paid fees, AU missions need to be superseded by UN) , regional economic communities at
   the sub-regional level, are often more beneficial
3. Contrary to the Organization of African Unity’s strict defense of sovereignty and non interference, Article 4 AU Constitutive Act allows for interference in grave circumstances such as war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity and serious threats to legitimate order
4. Unconstitutional change in government, suspended from AU. Peacekeeping missions Darfur, Somalia.

Question 22

A ‘Culture of Conservatism’: How and Why African Union Member States Obstruct the Deepening of the Integration Martin Welz - AU and Member States

Answer 22

1. Pan African Parliament, legislative arm, rep’s sent by national parliaments without approval from electorate. Vocal/Critical but impact limited, financial constraints.
2. African Peer Review Mechanism, monitoring mechanism to oversee democratic and socio-economic development. African leaders review and discuss final reports, turn blind eye to short comings of other countries because they expect similar treatment. Attempts to influence reports ex) by South Africa, however original was leaked. Only 31% of African countries have completed the review process.
3. Plan of establishing Union Government unanimously endorsed at Accra Summit even though leaders did support it because no immediate danger of it happening, immediate cost to vehemently opposing.