Class Test 2 POLI 283 Issues and Trends in World Politics Flashcards

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1
Q

Causes of the Cold War

Domestic Level of Analysis

A

Moscow’s Fault

  • Soviet aggression and expansionism.
  • subjugation of Eastern Europe.
  • If they hadn’t, US would have retreated in to pre-war isolationism.
  • Without containment, Soviet’s would have continued to expand.

Washington’s Fault

  • Expansion of overseas markets in Eastern Europe.
  • Use of the atomic bomb at the end of the war. Used as a warning not to encroach on Asia not as a tool to end the war. Destroyed international balance.
  • Failed to understand USSR security problems, protecting themselves by being surrounded by buffer states.
  • Mistook security measures for aggression.
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2
Q

Causes of the Cold War

Ideological Conflict

A
  • Capitalism v.s Communism; an inevitable conflict.
  • Democracy vs. Totalitarianism
  • Western resistance to global communist revolution.
  • Domestic Level Argument
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3
Q

Causes of the Cold War

Individual Level of Analysis

A

Truman

  • Had little experience with international relations.
  • Suspicious of USSR.
  • Unnecessarily harsh policies- strained relations.
  • Marshall Plan- regulations made accepting US aid impossible/insulting.

Stalin

  • Paranoid and brutal totalitarian rule.
  • Raised fears among democracies.
  • Suspicious nature forced Western leaders to react.
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4
Q

Causes of the Cold War

Systemic Level of Analysis

A

Bipolarity

  • Real politik and security dilemma. Everybody wants to rule the world (would’ve happened with anyone)
  • U.S & USSR only two powers capable of projecting influence post WWII.
  • Zero-sum game, axtion/rxn
  • Post-war international structure

It was All a Misunderstanding

  • Not hostile intentions but rather misinterpretation.
  • U.S misunderstood USSR’s actions to guarantee security post Hitler sneak attack.
  • USSR misunderstands US’s efforts to aid trading partners/allies.
  • Bipolarity prevented through communication, policies were made without enough information.
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5
Q

Initial Confrontation of the Cold War

A

IRAN

  • During WWII- USSR and GB feared Nazi expansion in to the Middle East.
  • Joint occupation- GB south USSR north. Secure supply lines & keep Nazi’s out.
  • Agreement to withdraw postwar but GB did and USSR didn’t. (1945)
  • Truman Get Tough stance, warns USSR with an aircraft carrier. US determined that standing firm best way to deal with USSR. (Munich Analogy)
  • USSR eventually withdraws w/establishment of joint Iranian-Soviet Oil Company. (1946)
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6
Q

Iron Curtain Descends
Britain’s Place in the International Order Post WWII
Greece and Turkey

A

-Churchill warned an Iron Curtain would divide Europe (1946)
-Britain concedes leading role in world affairs to US.
-Withdraw from Greece and Turkey, tell U.S that they cannot counter Soviet troop advancement without help.
-Withdrawing from colonies.
-Risk of a power vacuum.
-Withdrawal- shock to Truman who still believed they were threatened by Soviet encroachment.
Major Turning Point- U.S no longer isolationist

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7
Q

Truman Doctrine

A
  • Deny USSR any possible expansion.
  • Persuades congress to aid Turkey and Greece. Need to scare the American people to draw them out of their isolationist viewpoint.
  • Aid to states attempting to resist communist insurgencies. Unable to clarify limits.
  • Declaration of Cold War. A global and moral responsibility. (1947)
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8
Q

Marshall Plan

A

-Program of economic aid to the war demolished nations of Europe. Most successful policy plan.
-Three lasting effects :
1. Revitalized Western European economies.
2. Thwarted Communist influence in Western Europe.
3. Facilitated European economic and political integration. Starting point for European Union.
(1947)
Offered to Soviet States but refused (1948) because of its infringement on their sovereignty.
Administered in Economic Cooperation Act (1948)

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9
Q

Berlin Blockade

A

(1948-1949)

  • Post WWII- 4 zone France, GB, USSR, U.S.
  • in response to currency change, USSR cuts all land access to the Western Occupied Sectors of Berlin. Assumption it will be a done deal.
  • Truman appears to have two options, go to war or give up Berlin
  • U.S organizes airlift for basic necessities for months.
  • USSR and Western Allies try to set up government in their respective occupies zones.
  • Reinforced USSR’s aggressive image.
  • USSR not prepared to go to war. Lift blockade (1949) Attempt to use military force to gain political conceptions did not work.
  • Federal Republic of Germany & Democratic German Republic
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10
Q

NATO

A
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
  • A result of the Berlin Blockade- Western European countries need to be protected.
  • First peace time alliance for the U.S (1949)
  • Western Europe, Canada, U.S
  • West Germany rearms and joins. (1954)
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11
Q

Warsaw Pact

A
  • As a response to NATO, the USSR creates its own collective security organization.
  • Easter European client states (1955)
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12
Q

Transformation of the World Economy

A
  • U.S becomes the hegemon.
  • Financed war and produced war materials.
  • Dominated world in terms of production.
  • Massive increase in GNP, international trade, investment and living standards (1950’s).
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13
Q

Bretton Woods

A
  • Designed to facilitate economic cooperation.
  • Created the IMF and the World Bank. (1945)
  • Free trade, high level of interdependence.
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14
Q

IMF

A
  • Established through Bretton Woods.
  • International Monetary Fund (assistance provider)
  • Global lending agency to aid industrialized nations in stabilizing their economies post WWII and the Great Depression.
  • Today promotes free trade and high growth rates.
  • Biggest contribution, biggest voting rights. US MOST INFLUENCE
  • Conditions (liberalism) attached to money.
  • Coordinated currencies by establishing fixed exchange rates: peg other currencies value on that of the dollar.
  • In serious financial crisis, devalue currency.
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15
Q

IBRD

A
  • Known today as the World Bank.
  • International Bank of Reconstruction and Development.
  • Lending money to newly independent nations following the collapse of imperialism.
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16
Q

GATT

A
  • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
  • Sought to open world markets and increase trade.
  • Protect against protectionism.
  • Interim set of rules (1947-1997).
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17
Q

Chinese Revolution

A
  • Struggle between Communists and Nationalists.
  • Declining strength and popularity post WWII of Nationalist Kuomintang, Lead by Kai Shek.
  • Let civil war ensue. Mao uses anti-west, anti-american sentiments to gain momentum.
  • Mao Zedong and the commies win (1949). Establish People’s Republic of China.
  • Nationalists retreat to Taiwan.
  • U.S give just enough support to alienate communists but this policy failed.
  • USSR offers guidance but there is no automatic alliance. USSR interests first, leads to hostility.
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18
Q

NSC-68

A
  • Cold War in full bloom (1949).
  • Communist victory in China seen as a catastrophe along with USSR first test of an atomic bomb.
  • Numerous spies, develop tech in 4 years.
  • NSC-68 increase in armed forces, comes from National Security Council. In addition to economic and political containment.
  • Rejected initially due to fear of high military spending would ruin U.S economy.
  • Leads to Korea and Vietnam involvement.
  • Truman initially not ready to increase spending b unexpected events in Asia change his mind.
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19
Q

The Korean War

A
  • Divided post WWII along the 38th parallel. Wanted union but couldn’t reach an agreement.
  • North rigged election that brings Kim il Sung to power.
  • Both USSR and US withdrew forces (1950).
  • North, massive attack on south. Stalin and Mao send troops reluctantly think that US won’t intervene b/c Korea’s exclusion from Pacific Defense Perimeter. WRONG Munich lesson learned.
  • UN Security Council backs an international force to repel North Korean invasion. US led coalition.
  • Front moves rapidly and China intervenes (1950).
  • UN pushed back (1950) Eisenhower huge retaliation, stalemate at the 38th parallel. technically not over.
  • Globalization of cold war.
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20
Q

UN Security Council Beef Korean War

A
  • 5 permanent members have a veto. clearly favors repulsion of communism.
  • China should have held the fifth seat but they were in the midst of a civil war. Nationalist have seat at UN.
  • U.S and Britain against the seat being taken by communists.
  • USSR and China boycott UN, only three members present to approve the international force.
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21
Q

Korean War- Turning Point in the Cold War

A
  • Expansion of military forces set out in NSC-68
  • NATO buildup
  • Stimulated US involvement in Asia. Confrontation with China & USSR.
  • Solidified bipolar competition for clients around the globe.
  • Limited war. USSR and US both have nuclear weapons but limited. Restricted action throughout Cold War period.
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22
Q

The Third World

A
  • Nationalism leads to independence in the colonial world.
  • Zero-Sum game
  • Khrushchev, USSR establishes ties with newly independent nations in Asia and Africa.
  • US wanted to limit USSR influence.
  • Vietnam War, Coup in Iran (1953) remove Mozzadq burger, Coup in Guatemala, Suez Crisis 1965 enough u 2 ur cutt off till u fix ur behavior.
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23
Q

Nonaligned Movement

A
  • Assert independence and play superpowers off of one another.
  • Choose not to pick a side.
  • India, Yugoslavia, Egypt.
  • Lots of aid to other countries through education, an alternative to capitalism.
  • US lots of assistance to more reliable US allies.
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24
Q

Berlin: The Trouble Spot

A
  • Soviets demand Western allies withdraw (1958).
  • Berlin Wall (1961). Khrushchev.
  • Effort to stop flow of refugees. Brain Drain.
  • Kennedy unable to respond effectively to USSR challenge.
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25
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis: The Trouble Spot

A
  • 1960’s highest point of tension. Most acute
  • Fidel Castro , overthrew Batista.
  • US Sanctions, Castro turns to USSR.
  • Bay of Pigs, invasion by Cuban exiles facilitated by US, disastrous. (1961) Declining American power.
  • Closest to nuclear war.
  • US ahead of USSR long range missiles (1962).
  • USSR withdraw missiles in exchange for withdrawal of US missiles from Turkey.
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26
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis Consequences

A
  • Abatement of cold war tensions.
  • Limited nuclear test ban treaty.
  • Moscow Washington hotline.
  • Soviet want to catch up with US nuclear superiority with renewed urgency. (1960’s) Catch up but with a great cost to industry and social welfare. Eventual economic collapse.
  • US overconfident, underestimate third world communist containment.
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27
Q

Vietnam War

A
  • Kennedy, Initially US military advisers in South Vietnam.
  • National Liberation Front (Vietcong) attack South with support from North.
  • Diem killed, US doesn’t intervene in military general succession.
  • Johnson stronger effort (1965).
  • More troops, endless/unsuccessful, turn public against war.
  • US credibility compromised. US vilified.
  • Fail to defeat Vietcong.
  • US could not strengthen corrupt southern regime. Withdraw (1973)
  • Vietnam falls to communists (1975).
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28
Q

End of Fixed Exchange Rate

A
  • US backer of entire economy but not longer in a position to do that.
  • Nixon: US won’t pear disproportionate burden, suspending conversions and price controls (1971).
  • Nixon blows up fixed rate system and moves to market driven exchange systems. (1973)
  • Global economy changes as a result of Vietnam
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29
Q

Decline of US Hegemony

A
  • Loss of trust between the government and the people post Vietnam.
  • Budget imbalances.
  • Ignoring domestic monetary policy.
  • Growth of Europe and Japan through Bretton Woods system.
  • Economic system multilateral.
  • 1971 Nixon shock.
30
Q

Detente

A
  • Nixon & Kissinger. (1970’s)
  • Nixon visits China, new flexibility in US policy. Uses Sino-Soviet beef.
  • acknowledge USSR power and status and attainment of strategic parity with US.
31
Q

Kissinger

A
  • National Security Adviser to Nixon.
  • Sought to improve US/USSR relations.
  • Treat USSR and China as separate, must accept Mao’s gvt.
32
Q

Tensions in Detente

A
  • US and USSR expect different things.
  • US, avoid confrontations and challenging vital interests. coexist. limited rivalry.
  • USSR expect competition would continue. thought they could use the third world to make gains without challenging the US.
33
Q

Moscow Summit

A
  • SALT1, Strategic arms limitation clause. Reduce number of nuclear weapons (1972).
  • Economic trade agreements. Grain to USSR.
  • Froze the number of offensive missiles but did not put a check on warheads.
  • Use of spy satellites to make sure it is being enforced.
34
Q

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

A
  • No nuclear weapons used against members.
  • Share information with member states.
  • Stop nonnuclear states from developing nuclear weapons.
  • US, USSR, GB.
35
Q

4th Arab-Israeli War

A
  • USSR does not warn US about the attack (1973) withdraw troops, think that is warning enough.
  • Oil embargo against US encouraged by USSR.
  • Israel becomes close to being over run, sends a message to the US that if they do not intervene, they will use nuclear weapons.
  • Threatens to escalate in to full on US/USSR conflict.
  • Facilitate ceasefire when US nuclear forces alerted in response to Moscow sending troops to Egypt.
36
Q

Effect of Arab Oil Embargo

A
  • Price of oil rises rapidly.
  • Inflation high in many countries, Saudi profits.
  • Competition to be a leader increases with oil embargo as borrowing becomes cheap. Who you going to borrow from.
  • Latin America crazy borrowing.
  • Britain, US, West Germany all elect right of center governments who promise to get inflation down.
  • Alter interest rates, but those who took out huge loans were suddenly face with interest rates they couldn’t pay back.
  • IMF and WB get increasingly involved, lending money with liberalization conditions.
37
Q

Jimmy Carter

A
  • Improve relations with an emphasis on Human Rights, interdependence and economic factors(1977).
  • Less confrontational regime with leads USSR to believe that they won’t oppose third world expansion.
  • USSR approves Cuba’s intervention in Ethiopia and Angola.
  • Actions and reactions in the third world, threaten arms control progress.
38
Q

SALT II

A
  • Carter and Brezhnev (1979).

- Didn’t curb arms race, set limit higher than it was before.

39
Q

Afghanistan

A
  • USSR invades Afghanistan to instill a more strongly pro-soviet regime.
  • Economic sanctions & US withdrew from Moscow Olympics (1980).
  • Carter admin condemns it.
  • Reagan starts arming Afghan rebels against USSR
  • Soviets withdraw (1987-1988)
  • Descends in to civil war won by the Taliban who then allowed Afghanistan to be a safe haven for al-Qaeda.
40
Q

Reagan Doctrine

A
  • Carter admin as a failure.
  • More assertive form of containment.
  • Labelled USSR, evil empire
  • Increased US support for anticommunist insurgences. (Angola, Cambodia, Elsalvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua (contra rebels)).
  • Controversial and expensive improvements to US military.
  • Back very oppressive regimes just to be anti-commi.
  • Political popularity lets him keep spending on military even during the recession.
  • US reverse decline in power.
41
Q

Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War

A
  • Glasnost: openness and Perestroika: economic restructuring. (1985)
  • USSR refused to prop up communist regimes
  • Poland and the labor party causes a domino affect.
  • Mass uprisings result in the collapse of these regimes.
  • Berlin wall falls and Germany is reunited (1989).
  • Abortive hard line communists in USSR fail (1991).
  • USSR regime discredited.
  • Disintegration of USSR (1991).
42
Q

Why Did the Cold War End

Individual Level of Analysis

A
  • Gorbachev factor.
  • His leadership and his policies.
  • “Great-Man” theory.
  • Ended Afghanistan.
43
Q

Why Did the Cold War End

Domestic Level of Analysis

A
  • Failure of Communism.
  • Internal changes in Soviet policy and Society.
  • Triumph of capitalism.
  • Spread of democratic ideas to Eastern Europe.
  • Private Property.
44
Q

Why Did the Cold War End

Systemic Level of Analysis

A
  • End of the evil empire
  • Soviet Union became too weak to challenge the US and ultimately collapsed.
  • Could not handle economic and military competition with west. Reagan’s military spending.
45
Q

Why Did the Cold War End

Systemic Level of Analysis

A
  • Decline of bipolarity.
  • Real winners of the cold war- Japan and Germany
  • Decline in tensions due to this.
  • Uni/Multipolar?
46
Q

Imperialism

A
  • Extension of a state’s control over the people and territory of another area.
  • May include acquisition of land through force or the establishment of economic/political hegemony over nations.
  • Extrinsically exploitative.
47
Q

Foundations of European Imperialism

A
  • Globalized world politics.
  • Search for trade routes to Asia.
  • Strengthening the European home country by generating wealth.
  • European superiority in technology (seafaring) but only combined with other factors.
  • Some emphasized territorial conquest , some trade routes. Became possible to measure longtitude in the late 18th century.
  • Result of overpopulation in the 15th century
48
Q

Metropole

A

-home country in relation to its colonies.

49
Q

Territorial Empires

A

-Spain and Russia.

50
Q

Trading Empires

A

-The Netherlands and Portugal.

51
Q

Spain and Portugal’s Division of the World

A
  • Early 15th century
  • To avoid conflict over competing expansionism.
  • Historic rivalry.
  • Draw an imaginary in 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas.
  • West of the line- Spanish: New world and Latin America.
  • East of the line- Portuguese: Brazil, West Africa and the Indian Ocean.
52
Q

Spanish Colonial Administration

A
  • GOLD GOLD GOLD, enormous wealth flowing to Spain.
  • Territorial Empire.
  • Hernan Cortes.
  • Aided by: gunpowder and muskets, Native Americans lack of immunity to disease, foreign intervention being welcome by people as they were dominated by ruthless Aztecs.
  • Large bureaucracy in Spanish territories.
  • Monopolies on gold and silver, only trade with Spain.
53
Q

Portuguese Colonialism

A
  • Brazil and sugar cane, labor intensive. Large plantations.
  • Lack of indigenous people to work the land results in slave trade.
  • Based on trade.
  • Content to establish trading ports.
54
Q

Spain Loses Colonies

A
  • 1820’s lost empire.
  • Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon conquers Spain, elites take advantage and press for independence.
  • People mad about free trade.
  • Independence encouraged by Great Britain to hurt Napoleon and open up trade.
  • Simon Bolivar, Great Liberator.
55
Q

Portugal Loses Colonies

A
  • Being affected by Dutch.
  • Brazil gains independence with relatively little conflict in 1822.
  • Colonies in Africa/Asia wait till 1970’s.
  • Civil war in Angola
56
Q

Dutch Empire

A
  • Dutch East India Company founded in 1602.
  • Control strategic ports. Navel hegemons.
  • Spices, Tea plantations on Ceylon.
  • Amsterdam/Rotterdam financial centers of the trade.
  • When Napoleon conquers the Netherlands, British seize Ceylon and Cape Colony South Africa. (Congress of Vienna).
  • Indonesia and the Dutch East India Company lost post WWII.
57
Q

French Empire

A
  • Spain, Portugal, Netherlands out.
  • Leaves GB.
  • Large standing army, small navy.
  • New France along the St.Laurence, Great Lakes, Guadeloupe, Mauritius, Madagascar, Sychelles, Mane & Pondicherry.
  • Couldn’t attract settlers.
  • Failure due to 7 years war.
  • After Napoleonic Wars, Algeria, Indochina and the Pacific. Wanted to help a backwards peoples.
  • High level of political control and commitment in the Middle East during WWI.
  • Decolonization was violent and freakin hard.
  • Indochina & Algeria
58
Q

British Empire

A
  • Largest, most important.
  • Cares more about the Empire than France does because too many people on a small island.
  • Foreign invasion unlikely - the isles.
  • Large navy, small standing army.
  • 17th and 18th centuries Jamestown Virginia 1607, N.A Eastern Seaboard and Caribbean.
  • 19th and 20th centuries Burma, Malaya, Australia and New Zealand.
  • Self gvt. to Can, Aus, New Zealand. Quick self gvt, result of racism.
  • Eve of WWI, sun never sets on the empire.
59
Q

Anglo-French Rivalry

A
  • 18th and 19th century.
  • France more inward looking for economic matters, Britain more outwards.
  • Britain consistent advantages over France.
  • GB was chilling- self government to Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Free trade with Latin America.
  • Rise of Germany and France- 1880’s problems for GB.
60
Q

Scramble for Africa

A

-1880;s
-Sparked by France and Germany
-GB used naval resources to get East and South Africa.
-

61
Q

Boer War

A
  • GB vs. Germany/Netherlands
  • Cecil Rhodes- Englishman who founded Debeers diamonds and was the prime minister of Cape Colony wanted GB domination.
  • Massive gains for GB.
  • Transvaaal has lots of gold, but Dutch Afrikaners live there.
  • Failed coup starts war 1899.
  • Compromise in 1902 and the union of South Africa in 1910.
62
Q

WWII

A
  • Didn’t have the resources to hold on to territories Slew of independence gains.
  • Easy for GB, disastrous for local population.
63
Q

Consequence of Imperialism, How They Act Today

A
  • Old colonial powers trying to figure out their place in the world post WWII.
  • Get it wrong all the time, trying to punch above their weight ie) Suez Crisis.
  • US essentially says stop or we’ll cut you off.
64
Q

Twilight of British Empire

A

-After the world wars, maintaining colonies was not viable.
-Independence in Ireland- Anglo Irish War.
-Arab states- war.
-India- partition.
-Burma-violent fight for independence.
-Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Civil War.
-Israel- war of independence.
Decolonization violent.

65
Q

Russian Empire

A
  • Relentless expansion 16th and 17th century under Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great.
  • Ivan the Terrible- expanded across Siberia and towards the Baltic’s.
  • Peter the Great wanted more contact with Europe. Easter Europe, Asia, N.America expansion
  • Capital moved from Moscow to St. Peters-burg.
  • Trade and Contact with Europe still limited.
  • Alexander I 18th and 19th century, Expands more. Slow progress through Industrial Revolution. Bolshevik Revolution and Communism.
  • Influence peaked during the Cold War
  • Massive military spending but a continued inability to compete.
  • Unusual empire in 20th century.
  • USSR ends 1991, rigid but mostly peaceful.
66
Q

American Empire

A
  • Expanded Westward through North America against First Nations and Spain. 19th Century. Some purchases some conquests.
  • Louisiana bought from France, Florida from Spain.
  • After brief war with Spain and Mexico, acquire California, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico. Doesn’t end till 1950’s.
  • 1898 enter the overseas imperialist powers.
  • Puerto Rico and Philippines from Spain after brief war.
  • Guam and Pacific Islands, Major power in the Pacific.
  • Large navy to protect empire. (Teddy Roosevelt Era)
  • Informal control over empire.
  • Friendly governments in the third world- disastrous.
67
Q

Ottoman Empire

A
  • Major forces for more than 500 years. 14th-20th Century.
  • 14th-18th, Conquered Constantinople, Turkey, Greece, Albania, Balkans, Persia and Middle East.
  • Consolidated claim -protector and benefactor of Islam.
  • Brought massive economic gains: land routes to Asia.
  • 19th and 20th Centuries, attacks by Russia and Austria-Hungary.
  • Was too far behind technologically, educationally etc. Increasing pressure from too many diverse peoples under Ottoman jurisdiction, became Sick Man of Europe.
  • WWI and choosing the wrong side ended the empire.
68
Q

German and Japanese Empires

A

-Produced numerous bloody wars between 1860-1945.
-Both started late and were ineffective in creating permanent structures during their attempt at being colonial powers.
Germany: Africa; Togo, Cameroon, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Namibia.
-Japan: Taiwan, Korea, China.
-Met with opposition from free trade democracies.
-No open spaces.
-Germany lost all their colonial possession post WWI as did Japan as consequences for losing to other countries.

69
Q

Decline of Imperialism

A
  • Most empires unable to survive WWI and WWII, except US and USSR.
  • Fragmenting pressure of people subjected to their rule.
  • Costs of long distance administration.
  • Competition between each other.
  • Nationalism and political sovereignty.
  • Empire became politically incorrect, replaced by territory or overseas departments.
  • US refusing to support European empires.
  • Maintain economic hegemony.
70
Q

Social Impact of Colonialism

A
  • Settler colonies: immigrants seize land from indigenous people and become dominant population. Temperate climates. North America, Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand.
  • Elite colonies: indigenous rulers are replaced, population and culture remain intact. Tropical climates. South Asia, Africa.
  • Rwanda- genocide.
  • South Africa- apartheid.
  • Indochina war.
  • Australia most extreme settler colony.
  • East Asia only part of the world that avoided direct colonial rule. Japan and China, large population, central governments.
71
Q

Economic Consequences of Imperialism.

A

North America: furs, timber, fish, tobacco, cotton.
South America: gold, silver, corn, potatoes.
Africa: slaves, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, tea, ivory, cotton, copper, cold.
-Australia and New Zealand: sheep and dairy.
-Asia: control sea trade routes.
-Creates a degree of political and economic predictability.
-Pax Britanica- informal trading empire based on import of raw material and export of manufactured goods.
-Infrastructure and public goods.

72
Q

Cultural and Ideological Impact

A
  • Traditions of rule of law, private property and individual rights transported to British settler colonies.
  • Divide and Conquer in areas of elite colonialism: accentuate ethnic and cultural differences.
  • British used Muslims against Hindus in India. 1947 partition.
  • Creation of boundaries make no political sense. Creation of countries in Africa and Asia.
  • Long period of time- democracy. GB
  • Short period of time- no democracy. GB
  • Anti colonialism, resentful of foreign intervention.