Class Test 1 POLI 283 Issues and Trends in World Politics

Question 1

Factors Shaping an Individual’s Perpsective

Answer 1

culture 
values
 media 
time
place
political
culture
generation bias
economic circumstance
source of news

Question 2

Media

Answer 2

modern era flattening of authority. gone from journalism integrity to self curation. it is not harder to verify because no hierarchy

Question 3

Cooperation

Answer 3

refers to political actors proactively working together.
inherently active
requires communication to further mutual interests
can cooperate within existing structures or create new ones
can be multi or bilateral
can exist with or without government involvement (NGO, civil organization, faith based groups, labor unions, charity, international civil society)

Question 4

Conflict

Answer 4

clashes of interest NOT NECESSARILY WARFARE)
takes many forms (withdrawal of diplomatic relations to full blown warfare)
Garners more attention than cooperation
Securitzation- regular and security politics. Social warfare ex) the war on drugs or patriot act- pass legislation that wouldn’t pass during normal times. justifies extraordinary measures.
Conflict and Cooperation are not mutually exclusive

Question 5

IO international organization

Answer 5

global institution comprised of states as members (UN)

Question 6

TNC Transnational Corporation

Answer 6

corporation with branches in multiple countries (PEPSI)

Question 7

Subnational Groups

Answer 7

identity groups or ideological organized and representing subsection of broader population within a state.

Question 8

Globalization
16th Century
18th Century

Answer 8

Greater integration and interdependence economic, social, political, communication
Some argue globalization marginalizes nation states by reducing their autonomy.
concern w/ cultural impact, but not homogenized
Aspects of globalization are controllable but not completely controllable.
Diaspora and Crusades
16th century emergence of international law
18th century enlightenment, social unification
Danti Alighieri governing system including all of Christendom
WWI, WWII, Cold War- rampant nationalism , globalization fed by creation of UN, World Bank and IMF

Question 9

International Regimes

Answer 9

international laws or norms that set the rules for cooperation

Question 10

Fragmentation

Answer 10

attempts to push back against globalization (ex. Brexit)
Actors focus on their own interests and concerns.
Impedes globalization , forces government attention back to local imperatives & constituents.

Question 11

Clash Between Globalization and Fragmentation

Answer 11

Increased communication now but disconnect going on for centuries
Trade- spice road, Mongolia to Europe form mid evil time on wards. expulsion of people, fragmentation. Imperialism and WWI
Pro globalization: Northern Ireland, Lorraine France
Anti globalization: Ghana, North Korea, Iran, Singapore

Question 12

Anarchy

Answer 12

International politics are inherently anarchic- basic tensions stem from this. ex) Iran’s virulent nationalism (fragmentation) no clear course. Western Democracies v.s China Russia. ex) nuclear proliferation
Iran tested nuclear weapons in defiance of treaty
NO supranational power above level of the state. can’t address grievances.

Question 13

Theoretical Background

Answer 13

Systemic, Domestic, Individual

Used to sort complexity of world affairs

Question 14

Systemic Level of Analysis

Answer 14

Big Picture- International
Encompasses all other levels , all actors play or interact at this level , anarchic
zero sum, prisoners dilemma for difficulty of achieving international cooperation in anarchic system.
All states are unitary actions, all the same despite internal makeup
States are rational actors, make decision based on preferences a
Tries to give us predictability- under the same conditions and the same information two rational actors would make the same decision

Question 15

Unitary Rational Actor

Answer 15

each state’s decisions are based on a set of predetermined and stable priorities. internal factors do not matter. states are driven by international forces.

Question 16

Linkage

Answer 16

negotiation more than one issue concurrentlt so that concessions on one side might be made up by gains on another.

Question 17

Confidence Building Measures

Answer 17

stipulations built in to treaties or agreements to reduce the likelihood of defection and to enhance communication

Question 18

Domestic Analysis

Answer 18

State level, shift away from state=unitary actor
Examine domestic structure to understand how a state my behave. trying to find predictable patterns for world affairs ex) democratic states operate differently than non democratic ones.
Can be problematic as it introduces more variables.
Role of political culture- how citizens in different groups, societies etc. represent social framework used by comparativists. (*problem-causality)
Randall Schweller , Sam Huntington ‘clash of civilizations’ future of world wide fragmentation rooted in conflicts west vs rest of civilization clash
Amy Chua’s “world on fire” market dominant minorities at odds with disenfranchised local majorities. when a free market is introduced violence occurs

Question 19

Individual Level

Answer 19

Leaders
A leader who is constrained by two levels: their own internal state mechanism and the rules that govern the international system, can one individual make a difference?
Specific personality traits are measured and compared: Operational Code
More variables, therefore it is harder to explain

Question 20

Operational Code

Answer 20

Nathan Leites- cognitive map taking in to account the fact that decision makers respond not to the external world but their own perspectives of the external world.
Alexander George- adopts and refines^. Analytical tool to identify philosophical beliefs: assumptions regarding fundamental nature of politics, conflict and instrumental beliefs: regarding political ends to means
Predictive and comparative tool

Question 21

Analytic Tools

Answer 21

as the number of factors increase, we move from general explanations to singular descriptions and lose efficiency. Kenneth Waltz applied this to the levels of analysis, supported general method, staying as scientific as possible.

Question 22

Worldviews & Paradigms

Answer 22

Worldviews- have to recognize how our own beliefs colour our perception.
Paradigm: glasses or lens through we view the world. Realism, Liberalism/Idealism, Constructivism, Marxism, Feminism, Other

Question 23

Realism

Answer 23

Oldest international relations theory- roots in Thucydides history of the Peloponesian Wars. Machiavelli & Hobbes
Realism today- After WWII as a response to the failure of the interwar periods idealism (liberalism)
realpolitik
Hans Morgenthau, Kissinger, survival of the fittest
World governed by the law of the jungle, every state must protect itself and it’s own self interest. weak states will not survive.
Can be articulated at all levels
CORE PRINCIPLES: 1. anarchy of international politics 2. anarchy leads to conflict not cooperation 3. stability better preserve by conflict than cooperation 4. states that prioritize cooperation or economic gain over security will not fare as well 5. states and interstate interaction are the key political actors that matter most

Question 24

Classical Realism (Neoclassical Realists)

Answer 24

Corresponds to domestic level -reintroduces state itself
Inherently negative view of human nature. people are rational, self interested but suspicious. 
relative power ( position with regard to other states) measured by capabilities and resources influence but don't determine international position 
(Schweller)- revisionist state: a state that is dissatisfied with its position and therefore intent on changing the system itself. attempt to overthrow it. 
Lions- content with status bc @ top Lambs- weak, don't want to get caught up Jackals- risk averse but opportunistic Wolves- revisionist, predatory, desperate

Question 25

Structural Realism (Neorealism)

Answer 25

Systemic Level Waltz, Greico structure of the international system accounts for the behavior of states. CORE PRINCIPLES: 1. international system anarchic 2. primary concern of all states is survival. demphasize the role of actors within a state and give precedence to the international system and the pressure it exerts. Absolute power over Relative power. Absolute: total unchallenged authority Relative: postilion with regard to other states. results in security dilemma polarity, zero sum game ( balance needed so no one dominates) caught an L when soviet empire collapsed because forced to look inside state but s.realists hate reductivism

Question 26

Polarity

Answer 26

concerned with most powerful states. hegemon is thhe predominant world power. unipolar- post cold war bipolar- cold war multipolar- 19th century Concert of Europe

Question 27

Liberalism

Answer 27

``` Intellectual tradition, primarily cooperative, more inclined to trust Just War (St. Augustine. religious tradition of limiting the effects of war) Hugo Grotius natural law and the emergence of an international society. move away from religion to the rule of law. (realists don't believe in rules but force) rule of law- rules that actors themselves choose to adhere to because it is in their own interest to do so. Immaneul Kant- peaceful resolution, no devious tactics, republican constitutions Interactions bound by rules because cooperation is possible and it is in their own interest to do so. John Locke and the concept of social contract concept- rooted in domestic politics. society imposes restrictions on individual conduct and freedom. contractual aspect- we accept it because we expect others to CORE PRINCIPLES: cooperation is possible and beneficial, global politics is a variable sum game, cooperation and democracy are facilitated by interdependence and institutions ```

Question 28

Neoliberalism

Answer 28

relies on the systemic level of analysis. anarchy can be overcome through institution regimes and interdependence. politics are a variable sum game regime theory or institutionalism- rules, norms, laws, organizations facilitate cooperation. economic interdependence raise the cost of conflict. Oran Young- institutions, social practices consisting of roles coupled with rules and conventions. governing relations among the occupants Denial of realist claims that international cooperation only happens when enforced by a hegemon. need cooperation- institutions form Locke- social contracts Hobbes- leviathan to overcome war of all against all reducing transaction costs creates confidence- choosing cooperation over conflict

Question 29

Neoliberalism & Democratic Peace Theory

Answer 29

focus on domestic level of analysis liberal democracies extremely unlikely to go to war against each other because they are accountable to their people Immanuel Kant and the perpetual peace, constitutional republics would provide a more peaceful international system

Question 30

How Institutions Promote Cooperation

Answer 30

increase trust reduce possible state defection regular communication

Question 31

Liberalism Individual Level

Answer 31

leaders proclivity to cooperation, the public good and operational codes

Question 32

Constructivism

Answer 32

the theoretical paradigm that assumes that states are far from rational NOT ANARCHY- decision determine system the actors interests and identities are pre-set and known- developing internally. implication of evolving interests and identities assumptions, beliefs, behaviors determine affect of the international system essentially- international actors make their own reality (the way that international actors behave will cause interests and identities to develop) Rely on sociology and psychology

Question 33

Exogenously Given Identity

Answer 33

assumption that liberals and realist make that identity is determined externally, imposed rather than derived from within.

Question 34

Process

Answer 34

series of interactions over time that create a state's identity Not preset, Not constant (CONSTRUCTIVISM)

Question 35

Carbon Sinks

Answer 35

forests, oceans, reservoirs that absorb and store carbon

Question 36

Securitization

Answer 36

act by which respected leader names something as a threat so it becomes a government priority (CONSTRUCTIVISM)

Question 37

Reification

Answer 37

fallacy of treating something created by people as if it were naturally occurring encouraging leaders to recognize the effects of their own decision and assumptions (CONSTRUCTIVISM)

Question 38

Criticism of Constructivism Compared to Realism/Liberalism

Answer 38

not a theory at all since it lacks independent variable and no single factor can explain whether cooperation will occur or not. No predictive ability. Good for explaining why an event happened. Liberalism and Realism makes the assumption of rationality whereas constructivism does not

Question 39

Feminist Theory

Answer 39

perspectives, values, concerns of women taken explicitly in to consideration 1990's Tickner, Peterson, Runyan, Grant, Newland seek to redefine security power and sovereignty through a gender sensitive lens traditional international politics biased towards conflict because it factors rationality over identity IDENTITY IS KEY traditional women's concerns: health, education, child care women had influence but not power

Question 40

The Gendered Effects of International Politics

Answer 40

military vs civilian. men more able to flee warfare, how conflict affects different segments of society women and familial responsibilities the physical security of women

Question 41

World Systems

Answer 41

Uneven economic development creating peripheral states: resources makers on the outside. & core states: make manufactured goods to sell back Self perpetuating cycle because the peripheral states are denied access to production and states can't diversify semiperipheral- in progress Bridge systemic and domestic analysis to describe the world unite and other throw the capitalist structure Immanuel Wallerstein developed World Systems Theory

Question 42

World System Criticism

Answer 42

Canada and Australia don't fit states are not stuck but can move between core semi and peripheral ignores nationalism, gives too much clout to classes and ignores the leap of peripheral to core

Question 43

30 Years War

Answer 43

1618-1648 reformation challenged authority of the church Early 16th century- catholic church , wave of reforms to reduce corruption in the church -series of reforms as a response to this culminates in to the 30 years war destruction of area, disease, famine, causes million of death led to break within Holy Roman Empire feudal order stifling commerce and economic development

Question 44

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 44

1648 treaty ending the thirty years war start of international system with the state as the ultimate sovereign establishes state sovereignty and sovereignty in international law -political independence and ultimate legal authority -no outside interference -king or monarch chooses religion for whole state -rest of the world does not get to impose set of preferences -sovereignty rested with secular rulers -political legitimacy

Question 45

Examples of Conflict and Fragmentation

Answer 45

world wars cold war Yugoslavia

Question 46

Examples of Cooperation and Globalization

Answer 46

UN, Concert of Europe, Bretton Woods System

Question 47

Munich Analogy

Answer 47

Prior to WWII, tried to appease Germany by giving them the Sudetenland. This hope proved false because WWII happened. Used to highlight why aggressive behavior should not be appeased, used to justify action. historical lesson

Question 48

18th Century Europe

Answer 48

Great Powers economically and militarily strong, with relatively large territory and population From religion to geopolitics nation state is not stable spread of globalization in Asia and rise of colonialism fragmentation in Europe due to the weakening of Ottoman Empire and the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire. New powers- Russia and Prussia integration of European politics Shifting alliances, states seeing opportunity to further interests World Wars- Spanish Succession (1702-1713) War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

Question 49

Great Powers

Answer 49

of great powers (no less than four at a time) competing. focus on structural realism Multipolar at this time security calculations of other countries were based on the major powers -large territory -large population -well organized military -strong economy no domination by a single state- balance of power using allies- realist approach

Question 50

Aftermath of War- Two Revolutions

Answer 50

NATIONALISM Wars of Ideas and Identity post 7 years war, France would not challenge England in North America Used the American War of Independence (1776-1783) to shift the balance of power. Treaty of Versailles 1783- recognized independent US, process of fragmentation since Britain loses departure from autocratic monarch and the balance of power French Revolution (1789-1793) toppled French monarchy Storming Bastille 1789 proclaimed republic struck terror in the crowned heads of Europe liberty accountability and nationalism

Question 51

Napoleonic Era

Answer 51

20 year period (Wars 1803-1815) Napoleon launches a coup 1799 revolutionary turmoil - Napolean Bonaparte 1810- France conquers and controls Spain, Netherlands Switzerland, Poland, Germany and Italy. high point of France's success Opposed by Britain Napoleonic social and political institutions 1812- invade Prussia 1814- first defeat and abdication 1815- second defeat @ Waterloo different war tactics, mass people charge the front line

Question 52

1815

Answer 52

no germany, no italy, and no consolidation****

Question 53

Concert of Europe

Answer 53

19th century relative peace and stability in Europe (post Napoleonic era) Congress of Vienna 1815 - attempt to turn back the clock , pre-revolutionary France. great powers to restore normalcy forced France to pay indemnities Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia (quadruple alliance) guaranteed neutrality of buffer states emphasis on collective security and political status quo, alliances and agreements. disincentive for conflict rapid imperialism strategic balance of power 1839 State of Belgium is created concert of Europe first international security organization

Question 54

Unification of Italy

Answer 54

united to form kingdom of Italy aided by France. 1861- under Piedmont-Sardinia useful buffer state boost for nationalism

Question 55

Unification of Germany

Answer 55

Otto von Bismarck "Iron Chancellor" Defeated Denmark, France and Austria 1871 Consolidated by Prussian leadership Became the strongest continental power (France humiliated) radically shifted the balance of power rapid mobilization and technology real politik foreign policy

Question 56

Industrial Revolution

Answer 56

MATTERS MOST Britain late 18th century changed organization of industrial production harnessed new sources of energy, growth of cities, tied to the growth of imperialism and the need for refueling stations, **population explosion nuclear family structure and urban middle class moves unevenly from Britain Globalizations Fragmentation trade forged links

Question 57

British Hegemony

Answer 57

improvement of global trade challenge to Britain economic lead U.S & Germany challenge to Britain's hegemony Corn Laws protected British landowners but was appealed to encourage freer trade. short term-good long term-bad Reduced the gap between Europe and other power Britain get's surpassed

Question 58

Bismarckian Alliance

Answer 58

Otto von Bismarck used defensive alliances to protect German security prevent coalitions and stop local conflicts from escalating to war helped moderate conflicts but became increasingly fragile Russia and Austria Hungary support various nationalist groups for territory and influence Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary v.s France Russia doesn't trust German diplomacy as it prevented Russia pursuing it's goals in the Balkans. Austria dependent on Germany for protection Russia v.s AH, Bismarck himself loses power- collapse of alliance

Question 59

World Wars were the...

Answer 59

means by which the eurocentric world order self destructed replaced by globalized economic and political system

Question 60

6 Causes of WW1

Answer 60

``` rise of germany system of alliances changing balance of economic power nationalism imperialism cult of the offensive ```

Question 61

Rise of Germany

Answer 61

center of Europe physically and metaphorically seen as a potential hegemon (France pissed over annexed land alsace loraine. "revanchism" seeking retaliation) Wilhelm II wants to be closer with ethnic Germans so chooses closer ties with Austria-Hungary over Russia Rapid expansion of navy seen as a threat by Britain resulting in a security dilema 1914-France in naval race with Britain and AH in grounds race with Russia and France

Question 62

Rigid Alliance System

Answer 62

created after collapse of Bismarckian System -outbreak of WWI Defensive treaty between Russia and France creating a commitment to invervene. Viewed as hostile by Germany Germany attempts to build an alliance with Britain but fails Britain signs a treaty with Japan instead, against Russia Since France is interested in North Africa, it does not want to antagonize Britain. They sign an entente stating that Britain gets Egypt and France gets Morocco. Britain's entente with France draws it closer to Russia 1915- Italy, France, Britain, Russia Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Question 63

Changing Balance of Economic Power

Answer 63

fast paced economic change heightened tensions population explosions created great pressure on economic systems As industrial capacity went up, a country's ability to challenge another politically went up as well enhanced capacity to go to war

Question 64

Nationalism

Answer 64

unification of Germany ethnic groups in Eastern Europe posed a threat to Austria Hungarian empire which was not held held together by national identity The assassination of Archduke Franz Fredinand in Serbia Sparked WWI 1914

Question 65

Imperialism

Answer 65

empires were not contained to Europe clashes between sphere's of influence some countries feel left out of the colonial race

Question 66

Cult of the Offensive

Answer 66

rise in technology and rapid mobilizations/offensives increasingly aggressive behavior and tensions enhances security dilema Schlieffen Plan- developed by Germany, hit France with a fast move (through Belguim which was supposed to be neutral) and take them out then shift to Russia by rail while they mobilized their slow moving army

Question 67

Systemic Analysis of WWI

Answer 67

industrialization and imperial rivalries- cult of the offensive

Question 68

Domestic Analysis of WWI

Answer 68

internal policies of Germany | Austria-Hungary as a multinational society

Question 69

Individual Analysis

Answer 69

WIlhelm II, Franz Josef

Question 70

Consequences of WWI (6)

Answer 70

``` stalemate on all fronts trench warfare Russian Revolution Versailles Settlement League of Nations Conditions Imposed on Germany ```

Question 71

Russian Revolution

Answer 71

War with Germany and Austria in part caused the collapse of the tsarist regime Kerensky takes over and continues the war Bolsheviks seize power with Lenin, Rise of communism Armistice with Germany

Question 72

League of Nations and Versailles Settlement

Answer 72

early version of the UN Result of the Paris Peace Conference which Germany and Austria-Hungary were not invited to Needed a new way of conducting politics, old European way failed. Answer drive by U.S president Woodrow Wilson, who wanted politics based on justice, national self determination, resolving disputes, collective security. world "safe for democracy"

Question 73

Collective Security is Not Going to Work Because

Answer 73

Paris Settlement was contradictory France ( and Britain (Davy Loyd George) wanted to punish Germany but U.S wanted justice, national self determination, resolving of disputes France is cheesed over losses incurred from 1914-1918 and 1871 embarrassing defeat All these vulture just want to divide the land up (real politik)

Question 74

German Punishments and Fragmentation of Austria Hungary

Answer 74

Loss of territory where most resources come from (Saar region occupied by France and Britain) Loss of colonies Demilitarization of the Rhineland and strict disarmament provisions Loss of polish corridor Austria divided in to Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia

Question 75

German Attitudes Regarding Punishment

Answer 75

1920's & 1930's Transfer from military power to civilian democratic politicians felt like they got "stabbed in the back" 1) Reject democratic civilian politicians 2)Reject terms of treaty because technically they did not lose (opposing forces never got to German land) Hitler exploited^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Germans do not believe Germany was exclusively at fault and therefore believe the punishment is unilaterally unfair

Question 76

Problem Beyond Germany

Answer 76

Series of new countries, nationals self determination- Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (1990's series of civil wars) 1919 Easter Europe is all mixed up difficult to draw 1930's Polish Aisle rejected status quo

Question 77

Germany Overturns 1918 Agreement

Answer 77

By invading Sudetenland in 1838

Question 78

Winter War

Answer 78

Russia trying to snatch Finland | Baltics keep bouncing back and forth

Question 79

Treaty of Sevres

Answer 79

Ottoman Empire (large greek population) on the losing side An attempt to impose national self determination but it got mixed up with rewarding the victors- Greece get's more Straight light divisions for Syria and Iran- Site of Sykes-Picot Treaty between France and Britain 1920's Turkish war - huge exchanges of population and ethnic cleansing Self determination yes- justice no

Question 80

Road to WWII (6)

Answer 80

Versailles Settlement angered many, satisfied no one France not extracting reparations like it wants to US failed to join League of nations France and Britain have lots of war debt Appeasement pursued American Isolationism

Question 81

Dawes Plan and Economic Aftermath

Answer 81

part of road to WWII- plan to ease economic burden on German 1924 money goes from US private sector to Germany so they can pay reparations to France and Britain. France and Britain use that money to pay back loans to US Results in economic boom known as Roaring 20's When it fails- greater independence = hyperinflation and the US stock crash cause a world wide depression nationalist policy of devaluing currency would have worked but everyone started doing it. No free trade, isolationism. US barely any imports 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tarriff Conventional democratic politicians fail- rise of extremist parties in the 1930's l

Question 82

League of Nations.. More like League of L's

Answer 82

US doesn't join, Woodrow Wilson wants to but senate controlled in 1935, Italy invades Abyssinia. Japan and Manchuria The League of Nations fails to intervene APPEASEMENT

Question 83

Steps Germany Takes Before War

Answer 83

1936- re militarizes the Rhineland but like are you going to start a war over it?? 1938- union between Germany and Austria Hungary, another forbidden fruit France and Britain try and draft a policy but the Hitler regime tore up the Treaty of Versailles Home boy invades the part of Czechoslovakia that took the industrial sector, then invades the whole god damn thing

Question 84

France and Britain vs Hitler's Yolo Treaty Treatment

Answer 84

France and Britain guarantee that if Germany invades any country, then they will come to the aid of that country but militarily they are on the wrong side (geography)

Question 85

Consequences of WWII

Answer 85

Massive death and destruction Uneasy alliance between US, GB, Soviet Union Persecution of many groups - Holocaust (Jews, Gays, Gypsies) Nuremberg Trials- Established Crimes Against Humanity that held military and political individuals accountable. Rejection of the ' I was just following orders' defense. Sovereignty only goes so far. Atomic Bombs- Hiroshima and Nagasaki: new era of warfare

Question 86

Maignot Line

Answer 86

an extensive system of defensive fortifications built by France in 1930 along its border with Germany

Question 87

ITALIA and their Beef

Answer 87

Italy felt cheated crazy nationalism King didn't want beef so he appointed Mussolini to become PM- Ultraconservative nationalist

Question 88

Munich Analogy

Answer 88

Munich Conference- discredited appeasement policy by Neville Chamberlain Italy, France, Britain link up to talk about the Sudetenland. Hitler wants to incorporate all German speaking peoples, the other dudes are willing to cede it to appease him if he didn't invade the rest of Czechoslovakia He did tho lol Appeasement became a dirty word used as a justification for standing firm against opponents challenges

Question 89

Germany Italy and Japan

Answer 89

expansionist policies and rise of fascism in Europe

Question 90

Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact

Answer 90

if one of the two get's caught up and beefs someone, the other remains neutral. Germany broke this Operation Barbarossa

Question 91

Systemic Analysis of WWII (2)

Answer 91

Germany, Japan, Italy rising powers seeking change in balance of power League of Nations failed- failure of collective security **realism

Question 92

Domestic Analysis of WWII (2)

Answer 92

German people demand better economic situation after Treaty of Versailles Public support for appeasement

Question 93

Individual Analysis of WWII

Answer 93

Neville Chamberlain and appeasement Mussolini Hitler Tojo