Class Test 2 POLI 435 Canada and World Politics Flashcards
1
Q
Common Assumptions of the Two Streams of the Satellite/Peripheral Dependency Model
A
- subordinate actor: dependent status to great/major powers. French 1534-1773, British then US
- System Ineffectual Actor: little/no impact on the system, take rules as is, determined by system determining/affecting states.
- Penetrated Polity: domestic and foreign policy easily manipulated by domestic actors and other states.
2
Q
Characteristics of a Penetrated Polity
A
Colonial Status
-in the beginning, forcible incorporation into empire of an imperial power
Imperialism: process of empire building, ideologies associated, empire as necessary and legitimate through conquest.
-intimidation: (gunboat diplomacy) over the top military capacity
-compellance: exercise of military force to get another to do what you want
-deprivation of independence, self determination and sovereignty in domestic affairs as well as foreign policy.
1763-1867: completely subordinate. white settler colonies. 1867 BNA Act, control over home affairs but some disallow some legislation.
1931 Statute of Westminister: 1926 British Crown passes, 1930 becomes legislation through imperial conferences. product of pressure by dominion governments to control own foreign policy.
3
Q
Types of Sovereignty (Applied to Canada)
A
De Jure: juridical sovereignty. conferred by other states. legal status as recognition. 1931 Canada was recognized by GB
De Facto: not for Canada in 1931. Capacity, power resources that enable a state to carry out functions of sovereignty without external domination
-Canada, legally sovereign but minimal capacity, not able to fully enact own domestic affairs. informal empire of US
4
Q
Two Types of Empires
A
- Formal: colonies
- Informally: legally but not effectively sovereign. ex) Monroe Doctrine States: US sphere of influence Caribbean, south america, central america and it has been argued, Canada. Harry Magdoff: ‘Empire without colonies’
5
Q
Neo-Marxist Dependency Definition of Liberal Approach
A
- Critical of liberal explanations of foreign policy, reject the behavioral middle power and principal power approaches.
- Reject the liberal development or modernization theory of all societies will develop and all begin in an undeveloped state.
- Walt Wittman Bostow: progressive and incremental process with stages. dev and modern as liberal democratic and capitalist.
- Differential rates of development but all eventually reach point of development.
- Expediated if already develop intervene. assume internal obstacles to development
- Diffusionism: core developed, diffuse change agents to catalyze development. what need to develop faster. integration into IPE positive and progressive.
6
Q
Neo-Marxist Dependency Issues with Liberal Assumptions
A
- no original state of undevelopment. all societies have been developing.
- integration= negative for developing societies.
- states don’t develop to point of sovereignty: external factors.
- status product of imperial and post imperial histories
7
Q
Neo-Marxists Mission and Assumptions
A
1. why postcolonial societies have failed to develop. product of classical marxist, with neo-marxist addition Classical Marxist Assumptions 1. state level analysis. domestic and national internal interests matter. (v.s realist anarchy) 2. international system is capitalist. power, power acquisition, empire and exploitation because of capitalist rather than anarchy. 3. capitalism is negative: exploitative, interaction two antagonistic classes. class struggle. class that owns has access to political power to perpetuate their status. 4. all capitalist states garner profit and thus have an insatiable appetite for more profit: expand productive capacity, cost effectiveness, looking for new consumer market. so look beyond own state to international system
8
Q
Colonial Division of Labour, Neo-Imperialism, Neo-Colonialism
A
- core, establish empires and expand outwards.
- imperial periphery, colonies capitalist acquire. produces unequal exchange, extract raw material and cheap labour and sell value added goods to periphery.
- produces uneven development.
- Neo-Imperialism: new form of exploitation. hold post colonialist states as dependents
- Neo-Colonialism: Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana president identified ongoing pattern of dependency. sovereign in name only, engage in imperial way through informal economic mechanisms.
9
Q
Canada as a Peripheral State According to the Neo-Marxist Approach
A
- Economic penetration: happening over time. FDI benefits US interests, appetite for raw resources, distortion of CAD economy, dependent on American market and consumer demands. Canadian elite represent ‘Comprador Bourgeoisie’, alignment with interests of foreign capital, exploit own people. ex) Keystone XL, Branch Plant Economy, extension of US markets.
- Cultural Penetration: think like them, align with them, become complicit in exploitation by consuming what US sells
- Political Penetration: avoid violating American interests, public opinion constraining factor, US centered foreign policy. continental and internationalist military. NORAD always US at top post, answer US calls for military interventions.
10
Q
Economic Nationalist Stream Over View and Motivations
A
- normative approach to Canadian foreign policy. reversal of Canada’s dependence on the US. blue print to eliminate dependance.
- Mercantilistic and statist. Economic intervention to serve the national interest
Motivations - national control of strategic industries. state or private ownership. ex) resources and agriculture
- protection of infant industries selected for development
- promotion and protection of cultural industries. ex) CBC, NFB, CRTC.
11
Q
Economic Nationalist Stream Methods
A
- Tarrifs: tax on imports to make it more expensive in the domestic market
- Non-Tarrif Barriers:
quotas: limit on quantity of import of product.
product ban - Regulatory Environment: advertising restrictions, language requirements (official bilingualism as a disincentive to foreign corporations)
- Subsidies to increase competitiveness: tax breaks, low interest loans and government purchase at guaranteed price. ex) Bombardier benefited from all three.
- Export restrictions and controls: protect strategic assets.
- Capital and Labour Outflows: balance of trade and payment surplus, asymmetrical balance. Autarky is ideal but second best. regulate banks, restrict FDI and restrict activities of foreign companies. regulate outflow and inflow of highly skilled/educated labour. lure skilled professionals away from competition.
- popular appeals (buy Canadian)
- Diverify Canadian economy
12
Q
International Level Explanations for State Behavior
A
- structural and external factors. anarchy and distribution of capabilities IV and formation and execution of foreign policy as DV
- states don’t act on anarchical international system, they react to it
- State interests and behavior do not structure the international system, rather, behavior and interests are structurally determined by anarchy
- Approach: state is a unitary actor (Waltz). ‘black box’. no examination of domestic foreign policy. states can be treated as like units, no variation in decisional outcomes of foreign policy behaviors, anarchy imposes common national interest and set of foreign policy behaviors on states.
13
Q
Kirkey and Hawes in Bratt and Kukucha
Bratt and Kukucha p. 141
A
- international unusual. usually domestic factors in foreign policy study in Canada. use national explanations, with some exceptions such as Dewitt and Kirton Canada as Principal Power.
- Canadian scholarly account insensitive to the structure of the international system which is problematic.
- Foreign policy not made in a vacuum. exists in international context. must be understood within the realities of international system. important impact.
p. 141 - Cad FP greatly affected by two key apects of international environment: system’s anarchic structure and geospatial (physical location) and polar attributes (polarity) 1962 RJ Sutherland invariants of CAD foreign policy. rank status determined by relative power capabilities.
14
Q
International Invariants
A
- RJ Sutherland: head of operational research group of the defense research board in Ottawa
- Article: Canada’s Long Term Strategic Situation: assessed change and continuity in Cad international strategic environment post 1945.
- Changes post 1945: Euro decline, recenter system in US, rise of superpowers, strategic bipolarity, Cold War, decolonization and rise of the Global South.
- Despite significant changes internationally, identified constants with historical continuity: resistant to change, policy makers powerless to modify or change them, attempts to change them likely to fail, must be taken in to account when analyzing, formulating and enacting FP.
15
Q
International System as Invarient
A
- international system is anarchic
- competition, conflict and power politics
- predominant threat remains tensions between dominant states
- domination by major power. less powerful states are affected by their decisions and actions
- Canada will have to ally with major power to assure security and survivability
16
Q
Geography as Invariant
A
- neighbourhood: group of states sharing same regional space/border/close proximity or all border common geo focal point
- Balance of power within and proximity to other neighbourhoods is invariant.
- Canada as Arctic: Louis-Edmond Hamelin 1979 Canadian Nordicity. Canada looks North. Scandinavian countries, Denmark (Greenland), Iceland, US, Russia, China (claim to Arctic due to NW Passage interests, has capacity to intervene)
- Continentalism: Canada and the US. Northern interests merely a response to US’ challenging Canadian interests. Settlement patter, 3/4 300km from US border.
17
Q
How Continentalism Informs FP and National Interests
A
- Geography: magnitude, difficult to defend since so large. can’t maintain territory alone
- Asymmetrical Interdependent Relationship with the US: two security environments are indivisible, US depends on the security of Canada, attack one, attack both, familial and cultural connections
- Isolation: no other powerful actors in neighbourhood. can’t balance against the US
- Consequence of neighbourhood characteristics: unique and unconventional security dilemma: Donald Barry and Dwane Bratt (2008), friendly security ally to deter threats however over reliance can be detrimental, US can intervene in Cad to ensure interests and act unilaterally.
18
Q
Foreign Policy Action
A
- In light of restraints (invariants)…
- continue to align with more powerful states to preserve national and security interests
2 MAIN FOREIGN POLICY ACTIONS OF CANADA: - Balance of Power Politics (ecc). distribution of power as equitable or assymetrical
- Defense Against Help
19
Q
Balance of Power and Types of Balancing
A
- Foreign policy action to establish certain balance of power. equitable balance (CAD): accept live in world of states, international system is anarchic and that states engage in power balancing activity.
- Analytical: group of theories that explain why/how states engage in balancing behavior and which is most stable.
- Imbalances of power led to war
- Balance = peace and stability between major actors
Types of Balancing: - internal, independent of other states
- external, align with other states to offset threats
- external and internal
Weaker states, external is very valuable, increases leverage against threats and offsets the cost of defense by augmenting intelligence capacity and avoiding domestic discontent with foreign policy issues
20
Q
Defense Against Help
A
- Especially since the 1939 Kingston Dispensation
- Theoretical expression in the 70’s and 80s by Nils Orvik. Drew comparisons between the diatic relations Sweded//Finland and Canada//US
- Finland and Canada share single and common long border with major power, actively develop defense against help to offset isolation.
- Defend against unilateral interventions to preserve sovereignty and maintain relationship:
a. no provocative action inciting major power to act against it
b. refrain from entering in to alliances including states hostile to the major power
c. cannot allow territory to be used for military action against the major power
d. internal balancing demonstrating actively involved in mutual defense and assume some responsibility for self defense.
21
Q
Kingston Dispensation
A
1938 under Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King
- Defense Against help, prior to its intellectual conception.
- Roosevelt invited to Queens to receive honourary doctorate, in FDR’s acceptance speech is the Kingston Dispensation,
- 1930’s relatively secure due to geographic location, not center of conflict. rely on US as deterrent to threat. 38, departure from this secure point, high point in tension and uncertainty due to Japan empire building and Germany taking Czechoslovakia. Rise of Italy.
- FDR alleviates 1938 concerns: America would come to Cad’s defense in light of GB’s loss of power. However, US concerned that Canada unable to defend self and fall prey to Japan or Japan/Italy, use as bridge to US. Strategic liability, US do what it wants regardless of what Canada wants.
- Not alienate US but not rely too much on US protection. King in Globe and Mail, thanks but Canada can and will defend its territory. first attempt to balance.
22
Q
Bureaucracy
A
- assist in policy formulation and enactment
- Bureaucratic Politics Model: American origin, specifically the US foreign process. Graham Allison 1971 “Essence of Decision) 1999.
- All US fp models inadequate because marginalize fundamental bureaucratic dimension.
- Max Weber: bureaucracy characteristics
- staffed by experts
- a-political, don’t let politics bias their work
- compliant, take orders from elected politicians
- collective collaboration to advance national interests as defined by elected superiors. - Allison DISAGREES with Weber
- not neutral
- not compliant
- not collective collaboration to achieve national interest
- advance own interests.
