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Final Exam Prep Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is gene regulation?

A

the cell’s ability to control gene expression

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2
Q

What is always the phenotypic ratio of two plants that are heterozygous for two traits?

A

9:3:3:1

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3
Q

What happens during a test cross?

A

An organisms whose genotype is unknown is crossed with an organism that is always homozygous recessive.

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4
Q

Photosynthesis:

A

Plants take carbon dioxide and water, and use energy from the sun to make glucose and oxygen

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5
Q

Difference between a chemical and physical mutagen?

A

A chemical mutagen is a chemical such as a substance found in cigarette smoke that causes a mutation by either covalently modifying the structure of nucleotides or interfering with DNA replication by inserting itself between bases, distorting the helical structure DNA. A physical mutagen is a physical agent such as UV light or an X-ray that can cause a mutation because they create free radicals through something like ionizing radiation.

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6
Q

What is a polymer of amino acids and what is a polymer of carbohydrates?

A

Amino acids - proteins

Carbohydrates (Sugars) - starch

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7
Q

What happens when you place a cell in fresh water (a hypnotic solution)?

A

The cell will burst because of osmotic pressure from water entering the cell. (osmotic lysis)

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8
Q

What is a Barr body?

A

A highly condensed X chromosome present in the cells of female mammals.

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9
Q

Competitive inhibition versus non-competitive inhibition:

A

Competitive inhibitor is a molecule that binds noncovalently to the active site of an enzyme and inhibits the ability of the substrate to bind, for example carbon monoxide competing with oxygen to bind with hemoglobin. Noncompetitive inhibitor is a molecule that binds noncovalently to an enzyme at a location that is outside the active site (allosteric site) and inhibits the enzyme’s function.

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10
Q

What causes evolution?

A

Changes in genetic makeup

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11
Q

Levels of biological organization:

A

atoms, molecules and macromolecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and the biosphere

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12
Q

How many alleles, possible genotypes, and possible phenotypes associated with the ABO blood group?

A

3 alleles, 6 possible genotypes, 4 possible phenotypes

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13
Q

Polar and non polar covalent bonds:

A

covalent bond - A chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons.
polar covalent bond - A covalent bond between two atoms that have different electronegativities; the shared electrons are closer to the nucleus of the atom of higher electronegativity than to the nucleus of the atom of lower electronegativity. This distribution of the shared electrons around the atoms creates a polarity, or difference in electric charge, across the molecule. (UNEQUAL sharing)
nonpolar covalent bond - A strong bond formed between two atoms of similar electronegativities in which electrons are shared between the atoms.

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14
Q

hydrogen bonds:

A

A weak chemical attraction between a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and an electronegative atom in another polar molecule.

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15
Q

ionic bonds:

A

The bond that occurs when a cation binds to an anion.

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16
Q

When does crossing over occur and why is it important?

A

Crossing over occurs during Prophase I of meiosis and it is important because it creates variation and genetic diversity.

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17
Q

What organelles produces ATP?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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18
Q

What organelle produces proteins?

A

Rough ER and ribosomes

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19
Q

What organelle breaks down macromolecules?

A

Lysosomes

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20
Q

What does it mean that DNA replication is semi-conservative?

A

It means that after replication, every new DNA double helix would be a hybrid that consisted of one strand of old DNA bound to one strand of newly synthesized DNA.

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21
Q

Meiosis versus Mitosis:

A

Mitosis:
Somatic cells replicates and produces two identical diploid daughter cells.
Meiosis:
produces 4 unique haploid gametes. 2 rounds of division. (1st homologous chromosomes separate, 2nd, chromatids separate)

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22
Q

What does it mean that DNA strands are anti parallel?

A

5’ to 3’ strand will have a 3’ to 5’ complementary strand.

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23
Q

What happens if blood flow is restricted?

A

ATP production will be reduced during cellular respiration.

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24
Q

Where does each of the four steps in cellular respiration occur?

A

Glycolysis - cytosol
Breakdown of pyruvate - mitochondrial matrix
Citric acid (or Krebs) cycle - mitochondrial matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation- mitochondria

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25
Q

What are the phases of mitosis

A

(Interphase) Prophase, (Prometaphase) Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase (Cytokinesis)

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26
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Lower activation energy (by creating an induced fit)

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27
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

Chemical reactions that require an addition of free energy and do not proceed spontaneously. (Positive free energy change).

28
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

A spontaneous reaction that releases free energy. Net negative free energy change.

29
Q

How do animals and plants store glucose?

A

Starch in plants and glycogen in animals.

30
Q

Difference between heterozygous and homozygous individuals:

A

Heterozygous: An individual with two different alleles of the same gene.
Homozygous: An individual with two identical copies of an allele.

31
Q

Dominant versus recessive traits:

A

Dominant traits are the ones that are expressed in heterozygotes.
Recessive traits are ones that are masked in heterozygotes. Must be homozygous recessive in order to have the recessive phenotype.

32
Q

What are sex-linked genes?

A

Sex-linked genes: A gene that is found on one sex chromosome but not on the other.

33
Q

Co-dominance versus incomplete dominance:

A

Codominance: The phenomenon in which a single individual expresses two alleles.
incomplete dominance: The phenomenon in which a heterozygote that carries two different alleles exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the corresponding homozygous individuals.

34
Q

What is maternal inheritance?

A

With maternal inheritance, the father’s genotype does not matter, the mother’s genotype determines the genotype, thus phenotype for the offspring.
Maternal inheritance: A phenomenon in which offspring inherit particular genes only from the female parent (through the egg).

35
Q

What are the different pH levels. What is blood?

A

Acidic - less than 7
Neutral - 7
Basic (alkaline) - greater than 7
Blood is slightly basic

36
Q

unique features of phospholipid bilayer:

A

amphipathic - Refers to molecules containing a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails and a hydrophilic (water-loving) heads.
Semifluid membrane
selective permeability

37
Q

Important functions of glycolipids and glycoproteins:

A

both play a role in cell surface recognition

carbs have a protective effect

38
Q

passive transport:

A

The diffusion of a solute across a membrane in a process that is energetically favorable and does not require an input of energy.

39
Q

simple diffusion:

A

When a substance moves across a membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration by passing directly through the phospholipid bilayer.

40
Q

facilitated diffusion:

A

A mechanism of passive transport in which a transport protein provides a passageway for a substance to cross a membrane from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

41
Q

active transport:

A

The transport of a substance across a membrane from an area of low concentration to one of higher concentration with the aid of a transport protein; requires an input of energy from a source such as ATP.

42
Q

exocytosis:

A

A process in which material inside a cell is packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular environment.

43
Q

endocytosis:

A

A process in which the plasma membrane invaginates, or folds inward, to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell.

44
Q

osmosis:

A

The movement of water across a membrane to balance solute concentrations. Water diffuses from a solution that is hypotonic (lower solute concentration) into a solution that is hypertonic (higher solute concentration).

45
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

a cell

46
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Through gene regulation.

47
Q

Why are most plants green?

A

Because of a special pigment used in photosynthesis called chlorophyll, which reflects green light.

48
Q

What is the difference between germ-line and somatic cells?

A

germ-line cells eventually are used to create gametes, whereas somatic cells are every other cell that is not a sexual cell.

49
Q

What are DNA nucleotides made up of?

A

a phosphate group, a sugar, and an organic base.

50
Q

What is binomial classification?

A

genus and species

51
Q

What does HIV destroy?

A

T-cells

52
Q

What is the definition of apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death.

53
Q

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes:

A

Prokaryotes are single cells that don’t have membrane bound organelles. Wheres eukaryotes do have organelles, including a nucleus.

54
Q

Definition of biology:

A

The study of life.

55
Q

What are the first and second law of thermodynamics?

A

1st Law: Energy can be converted

2nd Law: Energy can be lost as heat

56
Q

What life forms have a cell wall?

A

Plants, fungi, some bacteria

57
Q

What is special about epigenetic effects?

A

they are changes in gene expression that can be passed from cell to cell, but does not involve any change of the DNA sequence or genotype of a cell.
no change in genotype (DNA sequence), only a change in gene expression.

58
Q

Products of glycolysis:

A

2 ATPs, 2 NADHs, 2 pyruvate molecules

59
Q

What are the four metabolic pathways of glucose metabolism?

A

Glycolysis
Breakdown of pyruvate
citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

60
Q

What is the nucleus of an atom made of?

A

protons and neutrons

61
Q

What is catabolism and anabolism?

A

catabolism - break apart - hydrolysis

anabolism - put together - dehydration synthesis

62
Q

Where are the chromosomes in prokaryotes?

A

nucleoid region

63
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

64
Q

What are the four types of plasmids in bacteria?

A

resistance, degradative, virulence, fertility

65
Q

What is transduction?

A

the transfer of bacterial genes to other bacteria by a virus.

66
Q

What is the function of telomeres?

A

The major role of telomeres is to cap the chromosome ends to minimize the loss of DNA during rounds of cell replication.

Biology (23 decks)

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