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Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of energy:

A

The ability to promote change or do work.

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2
Q

Definition of kinetic energy:

A

Energy associated with movement.

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3
Q

Definition of potential energy:

A

The energy that a substance possesses due to its structure or location.

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4
Q

Definition of chemical potential energy:

A

The potential energy contained within atoms and the bonds between atoms.

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5
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

Refers to chemical reactions that release free energy and occur spontaneously.

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6
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

Refers to chemical reactions that require an addition of free energy and do not proceed spontaneously.

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7
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

A molecule that is a common energy source for all cells.

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8
Q

What is chemical equilibrium?

A

A state of a chemical reaction in which the rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants.

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9
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The attachment of a phosphate to a molecule.

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10
Q

How does a usually endergonic reaction, such as phosphorylation, occur naturally and spontaneously in our bodies?

A

An endergonic reaction is often coupled with an exergonic reaction for a net negative free-energy change.

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11
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

An agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed or consumed during the reaction.

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12
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction in a cell. Lowers the activation energy.

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13
Q

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

A

The structure produced by binding an enzyme and its substrate(s).

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14
Q

What is an induced fit?

A

The phenomenon that occurs when a substrate(s) binds to an enzyme and the enzyme undergoes a conformational change that causes the substrate(s) to bind more tightly to the enzyme.

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15
Q

What does affinity mean in relation to enzymes?

A

The degree of attraction between an enzyme and its substrate(s).

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16
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

A molecule that binds noncovalently to the active site of an enzyme and inhibits the ability of the substrate to bind.

17
Q

What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

A molecule that binds noncovalently to an enzyme at a location that is outside the active site and inhibits the enzyme’s function.

18
Q

what is an allosteric site?

A

A site on an enzyme where a molecule can bind noncovalently and affect the enzyme’s function.

19
Q

What is a ribozyme?

A

A biological catalyst that is an RNA molecule.

20
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

In living cells, a coordinated series of chemical reactions in which each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.

21
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

A metabolic pathway in which a molecule is broken down into smaller components, usually releasing energy.

22
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

A metabolic pathway that involves the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller precursor molecules. Such reactions usually require an input of energy.

23
Q

What is an energy intermediate?

A

A molecule such as ATP or NADH that stores energy and is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

24
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

A process for making ATP in which energy stored in an ion electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and Pi.

25
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A type of reaction in which an electron that is removed during the oxidation of an atom or molecule is transferred to another atom or molecule, which becomes reduced; short for a reduction-oxidation reaction.

26
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

A type of regulation in which the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts early in the pathway, thus preventing the overaccumulation of the product.

27
Q

What is protease?

A

An enzyme that cuts proteins into smaller polypeptides.

28
Q

What is autophagy?

A

A process whereby cellular material, such as a worn-out organelle, becomes enclosed in a double membrane and is degraded.

29
Q

thermodynamics:

A

The study of energy interconversions.

30
Q

What is entropy?

A

The degree of disorder of a system.

31
Q

Environmental factors that affect enzymes?

A

Temperature, pH, and ionic conditions.

32
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

An organic molecule that temporarily binds to an enzyme and participates in the chemical reaction that the enzyme catalyzes, but is left unchanged when the reaction is completed.

Biology (23 decks)

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