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Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Gene function either at the level of traits or at the molecular level.

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2
Q

What are mutations?

A

A heritable change in the genetic material of an organism.

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3
Q

Transcription:

A

The process that produces an RNA copy of a gene.

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4
Q

What is messenger RNA? (mRNA)

A

RNA that contains the information to specify a polypeptide with a particular amino acid sequence.

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5
Q

Translation:

A

The process of synthesizing a specific polypeptide on a ribosome.

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6
Q

What is the central dogma.

A

Refers to the steps of gene expression at the molecular level: DNA is transcribed into mRNA, and mRNA is translated into a polypeptide.

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7
Q

What is a gene?

A

A unit of heredity. At the molecular level, a gene is an organized unit of base sequences in a DNA strand that can transcribed into RNA and ultimately results in the formation of a functional product.

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8
Q

What is transfer RNA? (tRNA)

A

An RNA that carries amino acids and is used to translate mRNA into polypeptides.

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9
Q

What is ribosomal RNA? (rRNA)

A

An RNA that forms part of ribosomes, which provide the site where translation occurs.

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10
Q

What are two type on non-coding RNAs?

A

tRNA and rRNA

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11
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotide bases that specifies a particular amino acid or a stop codon; codons function during translation.

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12
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A three-base sequence in tRNA that is complementary to a codon in mRNA.

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13
Q

What is a protein-encoding gene?

A

A gene that serves as a template to make an mRNA molecule that contains the information to specify a polypeptide with a particular amino acid sequence; most genes are protein-encoding genes.

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14
Q

What is non-coding RNA (ncRNA)?

A

An RNA molecule that does not encode the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

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15
Q

What does “inborn error of metabolism” mean?

A

A genetic defect that produces an inability to metabolize a certain compound.

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16
Q

pre-mRNA:

A

In eukaryotes, the mRNA transcript before any biochemical modifications are made to it.

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17
Q

What is the additional step in the central dogma of eukaryotic cells?

A

RNA undergoes modification so that it is functionally active mRNA.

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18
Q

sigma factor:

A

A protein that recognizes the promoter in a bacterial gene and binds RNA polymerase to the promoter

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19
Q

RNA polymerase:

A

The enzyme that synthesizes strands of RNA during gene transcription.

20
Q

open complex:

A

A separation between the two DNA strands that occurs near the promoter during transcription; also called a transcription bubble.

21
Q

template strand:

A

The DNA strand that is used as a template for RNA synthesis or DNA replication

22
Q

coding strand:

A

The DNA strand opposite to the template (or noncoding strand). Contains the information that codes for a polypeptide.

23
Q

transcription factor:

A

A protein that influences the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe genes.

24
Q

What are the three common types of RNA modification?

A

Capping, Tailing, and Splicing

25
Q

What is splicing?

A

The process in which introns are removed from an RNA molecule, such as a pre-mRNA, and the remaining exons are connected to each other.

26
Q

What is capping?

A

The process in which 7-methylguanosine is covalently attached at the 5´ end of pre-mRNAs of eukaryotes. Results in a 5’ cap.

27
Q

What is a poly A tail?

A

A string of adenine nucleotides at the 3′ end of most mature mRNAs in eukaryotes. Added enzymatically.

28
Q

What are introns?

A

Intervening DNA sequences that are found in between the coding sequences of genes. They are transcribed, but not translated or expressed.

29
Q

What is an exon?

A

A portion of RNA that is found in the mature mRNA molecule after splicing is finished. Contain coding information a polypeptide.

30
Q

spliceosome:

A

A complex of several subunits known as snRNPs that removes introns from eukaryotic pre-mRNA

31
Q

alternative splicing:

A

The splicing of pre-mRNA in more than one way to allow the production of two or more different polypeptides from the same gene.

32
Q

self-splicing:

A

The phenomenon in which an rRNA or a tRNA catalyzes the removal of its own intron(s).

33
Q

genetic code:

A

A code that specifies the relationship between the sequence of bases in the codons found in mRNA and the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

34
Q

What does degenerate mean in relation to codons?

A

The characteristic of the genetic code that more than one codon can specify the same amino acid.

35
Q

start codon:

A

A three-base sequence—usually AUG—that specifies the first amino acid in a polypeptide.

36
Q

coding sequence:

A

The region of a gene or a DNA molecule that encodes the information for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

37
Q

stop codon:

A

One of three three-base sequences—UAA, UAG, and UGA—that signals the end of translation; also called a termination codon or codon.

38
Q

reading frame:

A

Refers to the way in which codons are read during translation, in groups of three bases beginning with the start codon.

39
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

The covalent bond between a carboxyl and amino group that links amino acids in a polypeptide.

40
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase:

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of amino acids to tRNA molecules. There are 20 distinct types.

41
Q

initiation factor:

A

A protein that facilitates the interactions between mRNA, the first tRNA, and the ribosomal subunits during the initiation stage of translation.

42
Q

elongation factor:

A

A protein that is needed for polypeptide synthesis during the elongation stage of translation.

43
Q

peptidyl transfer reaction:

A

During translation, the transfer of the polypeptide from the tRNA in the P site to the amino acid at the A site.

44
Q

polysome:

A

The complex of a single mRNA and multiple ribosomes.

45
Q

release factor:

A

A protein that recognizes a stop codon in the termination stage of translation and promotes the termination of translation.

46
Q

termination:

A

The final stage of transcription, in which the RNA dissociates from the DNA, or of translation, in which the polypeptide is released from the ribosome.

47
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

A chemical, usually made by microorganisms, that inhibits the growth of certain other microorganisms.

Biology (23 decks)

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