FINAL EXAM part 4 - Cardio

Question 1

Damage to the endothelium due to:

Answer 1

• Hyperlipidemia
• Hypertension (physical injury)
• Smoking (7000+ compounds, some damage the endothelium)

Question 2

Inflammatory component of atherosclerosis: involve T-cells and Macrophages

Answer 2

-Monocytes migrate into the wall of the vessel, particles of LDL are able to access the inner wall, which damage the endothelium.
-Inside the wall of the vessels, macrophages (have a specific receptor for LDL) swallow a lot of LDL and becomes a foam cell.
Inflammation in the vessel wall, the smooth muscle cells become involved and start proliferating in direction of the tunica intima due to signaling molecules. (mitosis)
-Smooth muscles cells change properties (accumulate lipid, become foam cells, synthesize collagen, elastin and glycoprotein)
-Lymphocytes get involve too, a fatty streak is developed and get bigger and bigger.

Question 3

HDL is referred to be a good ones because:

Answer 3

Transport lipids back to the liver. (remove the cholesterol from cells)

Question 4

The LDL bind to the LDL receptors in our cells with the help of:

Answer 4

APO-B

Question 5

Lipoprotein component:

Answer 5

Inside the lipoprotein (triglycerides (VLDL) and cholesterol (LDL))
On the surface (Apo proteins and phospholipids)

Question 6

Drugs acting on the PCSK9 for tx hyperlipidemia action:

Answer 6

Drugs block the PCSK9 (PCSK9 normally destroy LDL receptor in the liver, so more LDL in the circulation) so more LDL Receptor, more LDL pull out from the circulation.

Question 7

What happen with the free fatty acids if you are diabetes?

Answer 7

The free fatty acids are not being taken in because the insulin receptor is not working as well. There are more LDL floating around, that are ready to be taken into foam cells.

Question 8

The Triad of venous thrombosis:

Answer 8

1. Poor blood circulation
2. Venous injury
3. Increased blood clotting

Question 9

Non-pharmacological control of BP: (in order of effectiveness, most to least)

Answer 9

• Decrease weight
• Lower alcohol consumption
• Reduce sodium intake
• Increase physical exercise
• Increase potassium intake
• Decrease saturated fat intake

Question 10

The workload of the heart is determined by:

Answer 10

• Preload: venous return
• Afterload: pressure heart needs to push against
• Rate and force of contraction: End-diastolic volume (Preload) increases the contractility of the ventricle.

Question 11

The Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease is caused by:

Answer 11

the infection with B-hemolytic streptococcus (classic strep throat)

Question 12

Cor pulmonale is:

Answer 12

(right-sided heart failure)

Is an enlargement of the right ventricle due to high blood pressure in the lungs.

Question 13

the most frequent site of stroke is:

Answer 13

in the Middle cerebral