Class #7 - Aging

Question 1

health span?

Answer 1

Years of functional living state

Question 2

increase life expectancy, also increase health span?

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

Biggest factor of life expectancy?

Answer 3

lifestyle

Question 4

Height loss?

Answer 4

1cm/10years

Question 5

Cellular factors of aging (9)?

Answer 5

1. Altered intracellular comm. (inflamm)
2. Stem cell exhaustion
3. Cellular senescence
4. Mitochondrial dysfunction (ROS, atp dysfunction)
5. Deregulated nutrient sensing (calorie restriction)
6. Loss of proteostasis (=protein homeostasis)
7. Epigenetic alterations
8. telomere attribution
9. genomic instability (accumulation of mutation)

Question 6

what are telomeres? telomerase?

Answer 6

the end part of chromosomes. The enz. that fill the gap when DNA replication occurs. Only present in some cells.

Question 7

Somatic cells growth arrest?

Answer 7

react max. replication cycle due to loss telomeres over time

Question 8

Gene/p+ involved in apoptosis?

Answer 8

Bcl-2: block apoptosis
MYC: nucleaus, stimulate apoptosis
FAS: stimulate apoptosis

Question 9

Calorie restriction started by?

Answer 9

Luigi Cornaro 16th century

Question 10

Calorie restriction molecules?

Answer 10

factor skn-1 - acts on neurons increasing longevity

Sirtuins: p+ activating enz. protecting against cellular damage done by ROS

Question 11

With increase ROS and loss of telomeres…may be triggered to send cell into apoptosis?

Answer 11

p53

Question 12

Proteostasis important components?

Answer 12

Chaperones

Proteolytic systems:

Question 13

Proteolytic meaning?

Answer 13

Breakdown of p+ into AA

Question 14

2 proteolytic systems are?

Answer 14

1-Ubiquitin Proteosome system: Misfolded p+ are ubiquinidated (marked) and then broken down by proteosme
2-Lysosome Autophagy system: p+ encapsulated and destroyed by lysosomal Enz.

Question 15

Skeletal musc. cytokines?

Answer 15

myokines

Question 16

Bone turnover by?

Answer 16

Osteoclast: breakdown with HCL pump
Osteoblast: Building

Question 17

Bone homeostasis?

Answer 17

RANK ligand ->RANK receptor on osteoclast ->more osteoclast

Osteoprotegerin (estrogen) ->binds to RANK ligand blocking its binding to RANK receptor ->lower number of osteoclast

Question 18

Peak bone mass factors + time?

Answer 18

calcium, vit. D, exercice, dont smoke b/c counter act building peak bone mass. Early 30s

Question 19

Menopause and osteoporosis?

Answer 19

Decreased estrogen -> increase RANK activity -> increase osteoclast activity

Question 20

Osteoarthritis?

Answer 20

Due to wear and tear on joints

Question 21

Prevention of osteoarthritis?

Answer 21

Good musc tone