Class #4 - Inflammation (part 2)

Question 1

Granulocyte?

a) Definition
b) other name
c) Eg

Answer 1

a) WBC containing granules in their cytoplasm
b) polymorphonuclear leukocytes (b/c varying shapes of nucleus)
c) Neutrophiles, Eosinophiles, Basophiles, Mast cells

Question 2

Female mosquito saliva contains? causes?

Answer 2

Anticoagulants; Enz. to dissolve tissue

Inflammation due to release of histamine by body

Question 3

Two major sources of inflammatory mediators?

Answer 3

1- Cell derived: Either preformed stocked in granules and secreted or de novo produced
2-Plasma p+-derived: Major source is the liver

Question 4

Cell derived inflam. mediators?

Answer 4

HIstamine, serotonin, prostanglandins, leukotrienes, plt-activating factor, ROS, Nitric Oxide, cytokines, chemokines

Question 5

Plasma p+-derived inflam. mediator?

Answer 5

Complement, Kinins, clotting system

Question 6

Vasoactive inflam. mediators? Mostly by…cell

Answer 6

Histamine/prostanglandins/Nitric Oxide/plt activating factors = vasodilatation
Serotonin = Vasoconstriction

Mast cells

Question 7

Complement system role (3)?

Answer 7

• Lysis of B
• Chemotaxis
• Opsonization

Question 8

Activation of complement system (3 pathways)?

Answer 8

• Classical : 2IgG activating C1
• Alternative: ON its own
• Lectin:

Question 9

All three pathways of complement activation leads to?

Answer 9

Activation of C3 => Formation of C3 convertase that cleave C3 to C3a and C3b

Question 10

Complement role, chemotaxis, how?

Answer 10

C5a and C3a: Recruitment and activation of leuko. (also increase adhesion to endothelium)

Question 11

Complement osponization effect?

Answer 11

C3b bound on bacteria attracts phagocytes.

Question 12

Vasodilating effect of complement system by?

Answer 12

C3a and C5a

Question 13

Lysis of bacteria by complement, how?

Answer 13

C5b to C9 create the membrane attack complex (MAC) that put a hole on B membrane.

Question 14

Kinin system activation leads to?

Role?

Answer 14

Bradykinin

a) Bind to GCPR on nociceptor causing pain and
b) increase vascular permeability, arteriolar dilation

Question 15

*Most important mediators that cause pain at site of injury

Answer 15

Histamine, prostaglandins, Bradykinins

Question 16

Prostanglandins formation and actions?

Answer 16

Phospholilase A-2 (Enz.) that liberates Arachidonic acid from membrane ->Cyclooxygenase (COX1 and 2) type 2 more involved in inflam. -> Prostaglandin
Functions: Vasodilation and increase vascular permeability and causes pain

Question 17

Cytokines role?

Answer 17

Orchestrate systemic effect of inflammation

Question 18

Interleukins and TNFs effects?

Answer 18

Cause fever

Question 19

What are chemokines?

Answer 19

Cytokines that attract cells.

Question 20

Chemokines receptor family?

Answer 20

CXCR and CCR

Question 21

Plt activating factors actions?

Answer 21

Vascular permeability, vasoconstriction, growth factors, clotting, chemotaxis.

Question 22

Nitric oxide action?

Answer 22

Relaxation of smooth musc.

Question 23

Resolution of inflammation?

Answer 23

Edema draines by lymph, neutro. die by apoptosis, macrophage get rid of debris, after macrophage goes away.

Question 24

Abces definition?

Answer 24

Hole in tissue with collection of pus: NET

Question 25

2 types of macrophages?

Answer 25

Classic (M1) - attack microbes | Alternatively (M2) - Tissue repair

Question 26

Chronic inflammation results in?

Answer 26

a) Angiogenesis: continuous new vessels formed b) Monocytes continuously getting activated c) Fibrosis

Question 27

Chronic inflammation causes?

Answer 27

Persistent injury

Question 28

Granuloma definition?

Answer 28

Center: macrophage, some multinucleated giant cells around object of injury. Surround: T-cells

Question 29

Granuloma Eg.

Answer 29

Splinter | Tuberculosis

Question 30

Morphologic patterns of inflammation?

Answer 30

``` 1-Serous: blisters 2-Fibrinous: Deposition of fibrin due to more severe injury 3-Abces (purulent/suppurative) 4-Ulcer 5-Membranous ```

Question 31

Eg of fibrinous inflammation?

Answer 31

a) Streptococcal inflammation: Fibrin removed at the end | b) Legionnaires' disease: Fibrin not removed = dead alveoli

Question 32

Membranous inflamm. Eg.

Answer 32

Diphtheria: membrane in throat

Question 33

Systemic effects of inflammation (3) with cause?

Answer 33

1-Fever: Due to prostaglandins, reason b/c leukocytes speed increases 2-Leukocytis: Increase prod. in bone marrow 3-Acute phase response by liver: Increase mediators prod. Eg. C-Reactive p+ ->Opsonin, chemotactic

Question 34

Tissue regeneration 3 major types of cells and their reaction to injury?

Answer 34

1) Labile cells: Turning over all the time (Eg. Keratinocytes) 2) Stable cells: Not turning over all the time, but they can (Eg. Hepatocytes, however if architecture damaged, results in scaring) 3) Permanent cells: Cant be replaced (Eg.Neurons, if cell body still alive, can repair)

Question 35

What is Wallerian degeneration?

Answer 35

Regeneration of myelinated axons by Schwann cells (they normally myelinate axons) guidance.

Question 36

If repair is impossible?

Answer 36

replacement happens

Question 37

Granulation tissue contains?

Answer 37

Macrophage, fibroblast, necrotic cells, new blood vessels

Question 38

Macrophage stimulate...(2) in tissue replacement?

Answer 38

Angiogenesis | Fibrogenesis: prod scar tissue

Question 39

Fibroblast role?

Answer 39

- Lay down collagen for formation of Extra-Cellular Matrix (ECM) - transform into myofibroblast and are contractile

Question 40

Wound contraction occurs b/c?

Answer 40

fibroblast ->myofibroblast->contract

Question 41

Explain: Wound -> Inflammation -> Proliferation -> Tissue remodeling

Answer 41

a) Inflam: 1-5 days b) Proliferation: Granulation tissue (3-21days) c) wound contraction, reepithelialization, scar tissue formation (14 days-2years)

Question 42

Different intention repairs?

Answer 42

Primary: surgical with suture Secondary: Large wound ->granulation tissue->large scar

Question 43

Keloid tissue?

Answer 43

Too much secretory fibroblast, produce large scar tissue. | Improve with age