Final exam part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

flow of medium

A

ventilation(beathing in and breathing)

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2
Q

flow of blood (or other fluids)

A

perfusion

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3
Q

what type of ventilation do humans have?

A

negative pressure or called pulmonary ventilation.

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4
Q

What muscle is involved in human ventilation

A

diaphragm
external and internal intercostal muscles

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5
Q

where does carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange take place?

A

alveoli

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6
Q

what are pros and cons of water breathers

A

respiratory surfaces are wetted by direct exposure to environment and a lot of energy to keep respiratory surfaces ventilated.

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7
Q

what are the pros and cons of water breathers?

A

have high density and viscosity of water
relatively low oxygen content compared to air

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8
Q

what are the pros and cons of air breathers?

A

air is high in oxygen content which allows air breathers to maintain higher metabolic levels than water breathers

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9
Q

what are the pros and cons of air breathers?

A

air has lower density and viscosity than water, allowing air breathers to ventilate respiratory surfaces with relatively little energy.

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10
Q

the exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions, and where water or air moves in a one-way direction.

A

countercurrent exchange

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11
Q

which organism possesses countercurrent exchange

A

birds, sharks, bony fish, and some crabs, where

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12
Q

which animal group has the most efficient lungs

A

birds

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13
Q

where oxygen is uptaken from environemnt and the discharge of this is carbon dioxide into the environment

A

gas exchange

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14
Q

which animal has the most efficent way of getting oxygen from it’s environment

A

insects through trachea system

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15
Q

iron-containing protein that transport oxygen in the human body.

A

hemoglobin

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16
Q

how does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?

A

most of the oxygen entering the body binds with it inside of erythrocytes, and one hemoglobin can combine four oxygen molecules.

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17
Q

what type of organisms have no circulatory system

A

sponges, cnidarians, and planaria or flatworms.

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18
Q

how do organisms with no circulatory system work

A

the cilia and flagella help with circulation

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19
Q

in most invertebrates where the heart pumps hemolymph into vessels (which empty in body spaces before running to the heart)

A

open circulatory system

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20
Q

are present in some invertebrates and all vertebrates and where blood is confined in blood vessels through the body (does not mix with interstitial fluid also known as lymph).

A

close circulatory system

21
Q

arthropods and mollusk

A

open circulatory organism

22
Q

annelids, squids, octopi, mammals, reptiles and amphibians

A

closed circulatory system

23
Q

1st sound in the heart and is the closing of the AV valves (ventricles contract)

A

Lub

24
Q

2nd sound in heart and is the closing of lunar valves (ventricles relaxation)

A

dub

25
Q

erythocytes

A

red blood cells

26
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

27
Q

platelets

A

clotting cells

28
Q

what causes a change in the arteriole diameter

A

having low oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentrations in tissues

29
Q

when blood supply to tissue shows a deficient and causes increase lactic acid from anaerobic metabolism

A

Ischemia

30
Q

chest pain

A

angio pectoris

31
Q

what causes ischemia

A

happens because of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries.

32
Q

how does nitrogen oxide affect arteriole diameter?

A

when nitrogen oxide is released arterial endothelial cells increase.

33
Q

how is blood returned to body from distal perspective

A

through pulmonary veins and pulmonary circuit

34
Q

where your heart rate is less than 60( beats slower than normal)

A

bradycardia

35
Q

is where your heart rate is over 100(beats faster than normal)

A

tachycardia

36
Q

where contractions of myocardial cells is uncoordinated and pumping ineffectively.

A

Ventricular fibrilation

37
Q

occurs when node is damafe

A

Ave node block

38
Q

shick someone to reset a heartbeat back to normal.

A

defibrillation

39
Q

what is the function of lymphatic system

A

To transport fluids back to blood and act as the bodies defense and resistance to disease.

40
Q

tissues and organs of the lymphatic system

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils

41
Q

where does carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange take place in the heart?

A

systemic and lung capillaries

42
Q

pressure pumping( heart contract

A

systolic

43
Q

where ventricles are relaxed

A

dystolic

44
Q

what is a healthty blood pressure

A

120/80

45
Q

a heart attack

A

myocardial infarction

46
Q

how do capillaries maximize the exchange of substances between blood and tissue?

A

constant blood flow through the capillaries maintains a large concentration gradient to allow rapid exchange of molecules with the tissue.

47
Q

what sets the heartbeat

A

SA node

48
Q

way electrical current goes through a heart

A

SA Node-Av node-bundle of HS- Purkinje fibers