Final exam part 1 Flashcards
flow of medium
ventilation(beathing in and breathing)
flow of blood (or other fluids)
perfusion
what type of ventilation do humans have?
negative pressure or called pulmonary ventilation.
What muscle is involved in human ventilation
diaphragm
external and internal intercostal muscles
where does carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange take place?
alveoli
what are pros and cons of water breathers
respiratory surfaces are wetted by direct exposure to environment and a lot of energy to keep respiratory surfaces ventilated.
what are the pros and cons of water breathers?
have high density and viscosity of water
relatively low oxygen content compared to air
what are the pros and cons of air breathers?
air is high in oxygen content which allows air breathers to maintain higher metabolic levels than water breathers
what are the pros and cons of air breathers?
air has lower density and viscosity than water, allowing air breathers to ventilate respiratory surfaces with relatively little energy.
the exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions, and where water or air moves in a one-way direction.
countercurrent exchange
which organism possesses countercurrent exchange
birds, sharks, bony fish, and some crabs, where
which animal group has the most efficient lungs
birds
where oxygen is uptaken from environemnt and the discharge of this is carbon dioxide into the environment
gas exchange
which animal has the most efficent way of getting oxygen from it’s environment
insects through trachea system
iron-containing protein that transport oxygen in the human body.
hemoglobin
how does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?
most of the oxygen entering the body binds with it inside of erythrocytes, and one hemoglobin can combine four oxygen molecules.
what type of organisms have no circulatory system
sponges, cnidarians, and planaria or flatworms.
how do organisms with no circulatory system work
the cilia and flagella help with circulation
in most invertebrates where the heart pumps hemolymph into vessels (which empty in body spaces before running to the heart)
open circulatory system
are present in some invertebrates and all vertebrates and where blood is confined in blood vessels through the body (does not mix with interstitial fluid also known as lymph).
close circulatory system
arthropods and mollusk
open circulatory organism
annelids, squids, octopi, mammals, reptiles and amphibians
closed circulatory system
1st sound in the heart and is the closing of the AV valves (ventricles contract)
Lub
2nd sound in heart and is the closing of lunar valves (ventricles relaxation)
dub
erythocytes
red blood cells
leukocytes
white blood cells
platelets
clotting cells
what causes a change in the arteriole diameter
having low oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentrations in tissues
when blood supply to tissue shows a deficient and causes increase lactic acid from anaerobic metabolism
Ischemia
chest pain
angio pectoris
what causes ischemia
happens because of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries.
how does nitrogen oxide affect arteriole diameter?
when nitrogen oxide is released arterial endothelial cells increase.
how is blood returned to body from distal perspective
through pulmonary veins and pulmonary circuit
where your heart rate is less than 60( beats slower than normal)
bradycardia
is where your heart rate is over 100(beats faster than normal)
tachycardia
where contractions of myocardial cells is uncoordinated and pumping ineffectively.
Ventricular fibrilation
occurs when node is damafe
Ave node block
shick someone to reset a heartbeat back to normal.
defibrillation
what is the function of lymphatic system
To transport fluids back to blood and act as the bodies defense and resistance to disease.
tissues and organs of the lymphatic system
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils
where does carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange take place in the heart?
systemic and lung capillaries
pressure pumping( heart contract
systolic
where ventricles are relaxed
dystolic
what is a healthty blood pressure
120/80
a heart attack
myocardial infarction
how do capillaries maximize the exchange of substances between blood and tissue?
constant blood flow through the capillaries maintains a large concentration gradient to allow rapid exchange of molecules with the tissue.
what sets the heartbeat
SA node
way electrical current goes through a heart
SA Node-Av node-bundle of HS- Purkinje fibers
