Final Exam New Information Flashcards
1
Q
Calcium must come through the L-type calcium channel to open ryanodine receptors in cardiac
muscle.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
2
Q
Cardiac muscle has sarcomeres.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
3
Q
In normal physiology, a smooth muscle cell always generates the same amount of tension in
response to a single action potential.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
4
Q
In normal physiology, there is always some level of tension in vascular smooth muscle.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
5
Q
In response to a single action potential, enough calcium enters the cytoplasm of a
cardiomyocyte to saturate troponin.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
6
Q
Myosin-light chain phosphatase is activated when the calcium-calmodulin complex binds to it.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
7
Q
Smooth muscle generates less tension if the muscle is shorter or longer than its optimum length.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
8
Q
Some cells in the heart have autorhythmicity.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
9
Q
Some smooth muscle cells display a latch state that is similar to rigor mortis.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
10
Q
Summation and tetanus are common in cardiomyocytes.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
11
Q
The action potential is over before a cardiomyocyte starts contracting.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
12
Q
The heart needs neuronal input in order to contract.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
13
Q
The smooth muscle cell must fire an action potential in order to contract.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
14
Q
Autorhythmicity never occurs in
a. Multiunit smooth muscle
b. Unitary smooth muscle
A
a. Multiunit smooth muscle
15
Q
An unexpected shortening of a muscle would cause the alpha motor neuron to an antagonistic
muscle to
a. Decrease its firing rate
b. Increase its firing rate
A
b. Increase its firing rate
16
Q
An unexpected shortening of a muscle would cause the alpha motor neuron to that muscle to
a. Decrease its firing rate
b. Increase its firing rate
A
a. Decrease its firing rate
17
Q
An unexpected shortening of a muscle would cause the muscle spindle afferent to
a. Decrease its firing rate
b. Increase its firing rate
A
a. Decrease its firing rate
18
Q
Cardiac muscle is more similar to
a. Multiunit smooth muscle
b. Unitary smooth muscle
A
b. Unitary smooth muscle
19
Q
Gap junctions link cells in
a. Multiunit smooth muscle
b. Unitary smooth muscle
A
b. Unitary smooth muscle
20
Q
The muscle spindle is innervated by?
a. afferent neurons
b. efferent neurons
c. both afferent and efferent neurons
A
c. both afferent and efferent neurons
21
Q
Shortening of muscles during contraction is due to?
a. extrafusal fibers
b. intrafusal fibers
c. both extrafusal and intrafusal fibers
A
a. extrafusal fibers
22
Q
Voluntary contraction of a skeletal muscle is associated with activation of?
a. alpha motor neurons
b. gamma motor neurons
c. both alpha and gamma motor neurons
A
c. both alpha and gamma motor neurons
23
Q
How many synapses are between a muscle spindle in a muscle and the alpha motor neuron to the same muscle.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
A
a. 1
24
Q
How many synapses are between a muscle spindle in a muscle and the alpha motor neuron to the antagonistic muscle.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
A
b. 2
25
Rapid stretch of smooth muscle usually leads to the smooth muscle
a. Contracting
b. Relaxing
a. Contracting
26
Relaxation is slower is
a. Skeletal muscle
b. Smooth muscle
b. Smooth muscle
27
If a voluntary contraction causes a muscle to shorten as much as the brain expected the muscle to
shorten, then the muscle spindle afferent will have __________________ firing rate compared to
before the voluntary contraction.
a. A decreased
b. An increased
c. No change in
c. No change in
28
If I want to pick up a ball that ends of being heavier than I expect, then when I first start to pick up the
ball the muscle spindle afferent will have _________________ firing rate compared to before I started
to pick up the ball.
a. A decreased
b. An increased
c. No change in
b. An increased
29
```
The potassium channels in smooth muscle cells that are involved in autorhythmicity open directly in
response to
a. Decreased cytoplasmic calcium
b. Decreased cytoplasmic potassium
c. Depolarization
d. Hyperpolarization
e. Increase cytoplasmic calcium
f. Increase cytoplasmic potassium
```
e. Increase cytoplasmic calcium
30
Muscle spindle afferents to the spinal cord release
a. Acetylcholine
b. Dopamine
c. Epinephrine
d. GABA
e. Glutamate
f. Glycine
g. Norepinephrine
h. Serotonin
e. Glutamate
31
What protein is found in the intercalated discs that is important for the function of cardiac muscle?
Gap junctions
32
Describe neuronal varicosities.
Swelling along the end of the axon that form synapses and release neurotransmitter.
33
Describe the advantage of innervating a single smooth muscle cell in multiple locations.
It leads to calcium entering the cytoplasm in several location along the cell at nearly the same time.
Allows for a faster contraction than just relying on calcium diffusion from a single location in the cell.
34
A smooth muscle cell will only contract if the neuron that innervates it fires an action potential.
a. True
b. False
False
35
Which type of smooth muscle has finer control over the tension in an organ?
a. Unitary
b. Multiunit
b. Multiunit
36
Which type of motor neuron innervates the intrafusal fibers of a skeletal muscle.
a. beta motor neurons
b. gamma motor neurons
c. alpha motor neurons
b. gamma motor neurons
37
The calcium channel that is important for autorhythmicity in some types of smooth muscle opens directly in response to
a. increased cytoplasmic potassium
b. increased cytoplasmic calcium
c. depolarization
d. decreased cytoplasmic potassium
e. hyperpolarization
f. decreased cytoplasmic calcium
c. depolarization
38
The potassium channel that is important for autorhythmicity is some types of smooth muscle opens directly in response to
a. increased cytoplasmic calcium
b. decreased cytoplasmic potassium
c. decreased cytoplasmic calcium
d. increased cytoplasmic potassium
e. hyperpolarization
f. depolarization
a. increased cytoplasmic calcium
39
All, or nearly all, organs have an endocrine function.
a. True
b. False
a. True
40
All steroid hormones can regulate gene transcription.
a. True
b. False
a. True
41
Since a hormone enters the blood, it will be distributed to all the cells of the body and affect the
activity of all the cells in the body.
a. True
b. False
b. False
42
Steroid hormones are stored in vesicles in gland cells until they are released.
a. True
b. False
b. False
43
Appendicular muscles are controlled by the ____________________ side of the brain.
a. Contralateral
b. Ipsilateral
a. Contralateral
44
Axial muscles are controlled by the ____________________ side of the brain.
a. Contralateral
b. Ipsilateral
b. Ipsilateral
45
The bulbospinal pathway controls
a. Appendicular muscles
b. Axial muscles
b. Axial muscles
46
Thyroid hormones act more like
a. Steroid hormones
b. Water-soluble hormones
a. Steroid hormones
47
Which type of hormone would be more likely to have a binding protein in the blood?
a. Lipid-soluble hormones
b. Water-soluble hormones
a. Lipid-soluble hormones
48
Which type of hormone would bind to intracellular receptors?
a. Lipid-soluble hormones
b. Water-soluble hormones
a. Lipid-soluble hormones
49
Motor memories are stored in
a. The basal nuclei
b. The brainstem
c. The cerebellum
d. The cerebral cortex
e. The hypothalamus
f. The thalamus
c. The cerebellum
50
```
The interneuron in the spinal cord between the Golgi tendon organ afferent and the alpha
motor neuron that goes to the muscle with that Golgi tendon organ releases
a. Acetylcholine
b. Epinephrine
c. GABA
d. Glutamate
e. Glycine
f. Norepinephrine
g. Substance P
```
e. Glycine
51
```
The interneuron in the spinal cord between the Golgi tendon organ afferent and the alpha
motor neuron that goes to the antagonist of the muscle with that Golgi tendon organ releases
a. Acetylcholine
b. Epinephrine
c. GABA
d. Glutamate
e. Glycine
f. Norepinephrine
g. Substance P
```
d. Glutamate
52
```
What organ can make cholesterol from fatty acids and package cholesterol into low density
lipoprotein?
a. Brain
b. Heart
c. Kidney
d. Liver
e. Lung
f. Pancreas
```
d. Liver
53
The fastest reflex in the body is the
a. Cross-extensor reflex
b. Golgi tendon organ reflex
c. Stretch reflex
c. Stretch reflex
54
If you step on a Lego brick with bare feet, which of the following will be activated? (select all that apply)
a. Alpha motor neurons to the contralateral hamstrings
b. Alpha motor neurons to the contralateral quadriceps femoris
c. Alpha motor neurons to the ipsilateral hamstrings
d. Alpha motor neurons to the ipsilateral quadriceps femoris
b. Alpha motor neurons to the contralateral quadriceps femoris
c. Alpha motor neurons to the ipsilateral hamstrings
55
Which pathway crosses over in the decussation of the pyramids?
a. The anterolateral pathway
b. The bulbospinal pathway
c. The corticospinal pathway
d. The dorsal column pathway
c. The corticospinal pathway
56
Which type of hormone regulation leads to very little change in blood hormone concentrations?
a. acute
b. chronic
c. cyclic
b. chronic
57
Which type of hormone regulation requires a specific stimulus to trigger release?
a. acute
b. chronic
c. cyclic
a. acute
58
The Golgi tendon reflex is most often activated in the body by ____________________ in the Golgi tendon organ afferent.
a. A decrease
b. An increase
a. A decrease
59
Which level of motor control is responsible for initiating a motion?
a. highest level
b. local level
c. middle level
a. highest level
60
Most organs in the body can make steroid hormones.
True
False
False
61
The corticospinal motor pathway controls
a. appendicular muscles
b. axial muscle
a. appendicular muscles
62
Which tends to create faster responses in the body?
a. steroid hormones
b. water-soluble hormones
a. steroid hormones
63
The greatest activation of the Golgi tendon organ comes with _____________ the muscle connected to the tendon with that Golgi tendon organ.
a. relaxing
b. contracting
c. stretching
b. contracting
64
The motor program for a particular action is produced by the ________________ level of motor control.
a. local
b. middle
c. highest
b. middle
65
What are the target organ(s) for Follicle Stimulating Hormone?
Gonads
66
What are the effects of Follicle Stimulating Hormone?
Germ cell development and secretion of sex steroids
67
What Hypothalamic hormones can stimulate release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
68
What are the target organ(s) of the Luteinizing Hormone?
Gonads
69
What are the effects of the Luteinizing Hormone
Germ cell development and secretion of sex steroids
70
What Hypothalamic hormones can stimulate release of Luteinizing Hormone?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
71
Target organs of Growth Hormone?
Liver and many
| other organs
72
Effects of Growth Hormone?
Secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 and protein
| synthesis and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
73
What Hypothalamic hormone(s) can stimulate the release of Growth Hormone?
Growth hormone releasing hormone
74
What Hypothalamic hormones can inhibit the release of Growth Hormone?
Somatostatin
75
Target organ(s) of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone?
Thyroid
76
Effects of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone?
Secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
77
What Hypothalamic hormones can stimulate the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
78
Target organ(s) for Prolactin?
Breasts
79
Effects of Prolactin?
Breast development and milk production (in male may
| facilitate reproductive function)
80
What Hypothalamic hormone(s) can inhibit the release of Prolactin?
Dopamine
81
Target organ(s) of Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenal Cortex
82
Effects of Adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Secretes cortisol
83
What Hypothalamic hormones can stimulate the release of Adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Corticotropin releasing hormone
84
The insulin receptor is
a. A Gi protein-coupled receptor
b. A Gq protein-coupled receptor
c. A Gs protein-coupled receptor
d. A guanylyl cyclase receptor
e. A receptor tyrosine kinase
f. A tyrosine kinase-associated receptor
g. An intracellular receptor
h. An ion channel receptor
e. A receptor tyrosine kinase
85
Exocrine glands secrete to the ___________ of the body.
outside
86
What is another name for the pituitary gland given in the video?
hypophysis
87
What hormone is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells?
glucagon
88
What hormone is secreted by pancreatic beta cells?
insulin
89
Other than insulin, what can stimulate the insertion of GLUT4 transporters into the membrane of skeletal myocytes?
exercise
90
What is the name of the blood vessel that connects the capillary beds in the hypothalamus and the anterior
pituitary as stated in the video?
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vein (hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vein)
91
In the absence of insulin, what does the liver do with lipids to provide energy for the brain?
Converts them to ketones
92
State the four cell types that have insulin receptors.
Hepatocytes, skeletal myocytes, adipocytes and some neurons
93
List all the effects of insulin in the liver.
Increase glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipogenesis
Inhibit gluconeogenesis, proteolysis and lipid oxidation
94
Which vitamin is a steroid hormone?
a. Folate
b. Niacin
c. Riboflavin
d. Thiamine
e. Vitamin A
f. Vitamin C
g. Vitamin D
h. Vitamin E
g. Vitamin D
95
Which of the following is true in the motor control circuits? (select all that apply)
a. The basal nuclei project to the sensorimotor cortex
b. The basal nuclei project to the thalamus
c. The sensorimotor cortex projects to the basal nuclei
d. The sensorimotor cortex projects to the thalamus
e. The thalamus projects to the basal nuclei
f. The thalamus projects to the sensorimotor cortex
b. The basal nuclei project to the thalamus
c. The sensorimotor cortex projects to the basal nuclei
f. The thalamus projects to the sensorimotor cortex
96
Which brain areas can project to the local control level of motor control? (select all that apply)
a. Basal nuclei
b. Brainstem
c. Cerebellum
d. Hypothalamus
e. Motor cortex
f. Sensory cortex
g. Thalamus
h. Thalamus
b. Brainstem
| e. Motor cortex
97
What is the primary glucocorticoid in humans?
cortisol
98
What is the primary mineralocorticoid in humans?
aldosterone
99
What substance that could come from the diet is the precursor for all steroid hormones?
cholesterol
100
What three types of hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens
101
Which four organs can make steroid hormones?
Testes, ovaries, adrenal cortices and the placenta
102
What are the three purposes for hormone binding proteins in the blood?
To increase the amount of lipid-soluble hormones in the blood
To prevent large changes in the free level of hormone in the blood
To prevent the rapid degradation of the hormone
103
The _____________ is connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibular stalk.
a. anterior pituitary
b. posterior pituitary
b. posterior pituitary
104
Neurons that secrete hormones to control the anterior pituitary are
a. magnocellular neurons
b. parvocellular neurons
b. parvocellular neurons
105
The anterior pituitary is primarily
a. connective tissue
b. epithelial tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue
b. epithelial tissue
106
The posterior pituitary is primarily
a. connective tissue
b. epithelial tissue
c. muscle tissue
d. nervous tissue
d. nervous tissue
107
Most of the lipogenesis that occurs in humans happens in
a. adipocytes
b. hepatocytes
c. skeletal myocytes
d. smooth myocytes
b. hepatocytes
108
Which of the following release hormones into the blood?
a. endocrine glands
b. exocrine glands
a. endocrine glands
109
The lumen of the digestive tract is considered
a. inside the body
b. outside the body
b. outside the body
110
Steroid hormones inhibit the release of their stimulating hormones by acting in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.
a. True
b. False
a. True
111
Only resting skeletal myocytes and adipocytes need insulin to take up glucose.
a. True
b. False
a. True
112
Thyroid hormones are stored extracellularly in the thyroid gland.
a. True
b. False
a. True
113
The main stimulus for glucagon release is
a. ingested proteins
b. ingested fats
c. ingested carbohydrates
a. ingested proteins
114
Most of the circulating triiodothyronine is made in the
a. kidney
b. brain
c. spleen
d. lungs
e. liver
f. thyroid gland
e. liver
115
The thyroid hormones are derivatives of
a. glutamine
b. glutamate
c. serine
d. tyrosine
e. tryptophan
f. alanine
d. tyrosine
116
Glucagon receptors are found in on (select all that apply)
a. neurons
b. hepatocytes
c. skeletal myocytes
d. renal tubular cells
e. adipocytes
b. hepatocytes
117
In the absence of insulin, where specifically are GLUT4 transporters in an adipocyte?
In vesicles within the cytoplasm of the cell.
118
Other than stimulating glucose uptake, what other effect was mentioned in the video as a result of insulin acting on skeletal myocytes?
Stimulate glycogen synthesis
119
Other than stimulating glucose uptake, what two effects were mentioned in the video as a result of insulin acting on adipocytes?
1. Stimulate the synthesis of glycerol
2. Stimulate the cell to secrete lipoprotein lipase that will release fatty acids from lipoproteins in the blood so they can diffuse out of the blood into the fat cell and be joined to the glycerol for storage in the fat cell as triglycerides.
120
What is the advantage of having a portal blood system between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
Since there is only a small volume of blood that flows through this system at a time, it allows the
hypothalamus to only need to secrete a small amount of hormone to get a high enough concentration of the
hormone in the anterior pituitary to affect the cells there.
121
Why is it unlikely that there is short-loop feedback between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus?
Because the hormones of the anterior pituitary are water-soluble they would not be able to cross the blood-brain barrier to affect the parvocellular hypothalamic neurons to affect the release of the regulating hormones.
122
Why do the neurons that release hormone in the posterior pituitary need to be so large?
Because they secrete their hormone into normal circulation (not a portal circulation) the hormones will be dissolved in the entire blood volume before they reach their target organs. Therefore, in order to get a high enough concentration of the hormone to affect the target organs they will need to secrete a large amount of protein. The cells need to be large to have enough cellular machinery to produce large amounts of protein.
123
State the two hormones released from the posterior pituitary. If a hormone has two names, list both names.
Don’t use abbreviations. Also state the effect of each hormone.
Oxytocin: Stimulates the uterus to contract, milk let-down and feelings of attachment
Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone: Stimulates vasoconstriction and increased reabsorption of water in the kidney.
124
Draw a flow chart for how glucose stimulates insulin release.
Draw it on a blank piece of paper.
125
All, or nearly all, cells have receptors for thyroid hormones.
a. True
b. False
a. True
126
Most of the tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin will be iodinated.
a. True
b. False
b. False
127
The level of free thyroid hormone in the blood in normally changes very little.
a. True
b. False
a. True
128
Thyroid hormones act in adipocytes to decrease the efficiency of their mitochondria for making ATP.
a. True
b. False
a. True
129
Thyroid hormones are important for growth during the neonatal period.
a. True
b. False
a. True
130
Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate in almost all organs.
a. True
b. False
a. True
131
Thyroid hormones stimulate futile cycles.
a. True
b. False
a. True
132
Thyroid hormones stimulate the closure of the epiphyseal plates.
a. True
b. False
b. False
133
Thyroid hormone tends to reduce the effectiveness of other hormones.
a. True
b. False
b. False
134
Thyroid stimulating hormone acts on many different processes in the cell to increase the release of thyroid hormones.
a. True
b. False
a. True
135
Nearly all tissues, other than the liver, have
a. Type I deiodinase
b. Type II deiodinase
b. Type II deiodinase
136
Normally you will find more _______________________ in thyroglobulin in the follicular lumen.
a. Diidotyrosine
b. Monoiodotyrosine
a. Diidotyrosine
137
The thyroid hormone binding proteins have a higher affinity for
a. T3
b. T4
b. T4
138
Thyroid hormones are more
a. Lipid soluble
b. Water soluble
a. Lipid soluble
139
Which deiodinase only makes active T3, not reverse T3?
a. Type I deiodinase
b. Type II deiodinase
b. Type II deiodinase
140
Which has a longer half-life in the blood?
a. T3
b. T4
b. T4
141
Most of the thyroid hormones in the blood are bound to
a. Albumin
b. Thyroxine-binding globulin
c. Transthyretin
b. Thyroxine-binding globulin
142
Which protein is more prevalent in the blood?
a. Albumin
b. Thyroxine-binding globulin
c. Transthyretin
a. Albumin
143
Highly active thyroid follicular cells form a
a. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
b. Simple columnar epithelium
c. Simple cuboidal epithelium
d. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple columnar epithelium
144
Most of the proteins in your blood are made by the
a. Kidney
b. Liver
c. Pancreas
d. Spleen
b. Liver
145
The thyroid gland is in the
a. Abdominal cavity
b. Head
c. Neck
d. Thoracic cavity
c. Neck
146
Thyroid hormones primarily
a. Decrease alpha adrenergic receptor expression
b. Decrease beta adrenergic receptor expression
c. Increase alpha adrenergic receptor expression
d. Increase beta adrenergic receptor expression
d. Increase beta adrenergic receptor expression
147
Thyroglobulin enters the follicular cell across the apical membrane by
a. Endocytosis
b. Passive transport
c. Primary active transport
d. Secondary active transport
a. Endocytosis
148
Transport of iodide into the follicular cells (across the basolateral membrane) uses
a. Endocytosis
b. Passive transport
c. Primary active transport
d. Secondary active transport
d. Secondary active transport
149
Transport of iodide into the follicular lumen (across the apical membrane of the follicular cell) uses
a. Exocytosis
b. Passive transport
c. Primary active transport
d. Secondary active transport
b. Passive transport
150
The glucagon receptor is
a. A Gi protein coupled receptor
b. A Gq protein coupled receptor
c. A Gs protein coupled receptor
d. A guanylyl cyclase receptor
e. A receptor tyrosine kinase
f. A tyrosine kinase associated receptor
c. A Gs protein coupled receptor
151
The thyroid stimulating hormone receptor is most commonly
a. A Gi protein coupled receptor
b. A Gq protein coupled receptor
c. A Gs protein coupled receptor
d. A guanylyl cyclase receptor
e. A receptor tyrosine kinase
f. A tyrosine kinase associated receptor
c. A Gs protein coupled receptor
152
The most active thyroid hormone has
a. All four available iodination sites iodinated.
b. The two iodination sites on the inner benzene ring iodinated and one site the outer ring iodinated.
c. The two iodination sites on the inner benzene ring iodinated and no sites the outer ring iodinated.
d. The two iodination sites on the outer benzene ring iodinated and one site the inner ring iodinated.
e. The two iodination sites on the outer benzene ring iodinated and no sites the inner ring iodinated.
b. The two iodination sites on the inner benzene ring iodinated and one site the outer ring iodinated.
153
Hyperthyroidism is associated with (select all that apply)
a. Decreased cognition
b. Decreased sensation
c. Excitability
d. Irritability
e. Psychosis
f. Severe mental defects in infants and children
c. Excitability
d. Irritability
e. Psychosis
154
Hypothyroidism is associated with (select all that apply)
a. Decreased cognition
b. Decreased sensation
c. Excitability
d. Irritability
e. Psychosis
f. Severe mental defects in infants and children
a. Decreased cognition
b. Decreased sensation
e. Psychosis
f. Severe mental defects in infants and children
155
Excessive growth of the thyroid gland is called a ____________ and is a common manifestation of
thyroid disorders.
goiter
156
What is the most well know effect of the thyroid hormones?
Increase metabolic rate
157
What protein on the apical membrane of the follicular cell oxidizes iodide, conjugates the iodine to thyroglobulin, and conjugates two tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin together?
Thyroid peroxidase
158
What protein transports iodide into follicular cells?
Sodium-iodide symporter
159
What protein transports iodide into the follicular lumen out of the follicular cell?
Pendrin
160
What protein uses the most ATP in follicular cells?
The sodium-potassium pump
161
Which organelle does the endosome containing thyroglobulin fuse with in order to liberate the T3 and T4 from the protein?
Lysosomes
162
What are three effects of glucagon in the liver? Which of these effects can be stimulated even in the presence of insulin?
Glycogenolysis
Ketogenesis
Gluconeogenesis can be stimulated even in the presence of insulin
163
The first step in de novo vitamin D synthesis occurs in the
a. kidney
b. liver
c. skin
b. liver
164
Most people have ______________ parathyroid gland(s).
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
d. 4
165
Uncoupling protein expression is increased with cold adaptation primarily in
a. brown adipocytes
b. skeletal myocytes
c. white adipocytes
a. brown adipocytes
166
Activation of beta-adrenergic receptors
a. increases the level of deiodinase in cells
b. decreases the level of deiodinase in cells
a. increases the level of deiodinase in cells
167
Most people who live in Michigan will have high levels of type II deiodinase in their cells in the winter.
True
False
False
168
It is more important to maintain normal blood calcium levels than to maintain bone density.
a. True
b. False
a. True
169
The healthiest way to get vitamin D is through
a. sun exposure
b. supplements
b. supplements
170
The stress response prepares the body for physical activity.
a. True
b. False
a. True
171
Cortisol levels tend to be higher
a. when you are falling asleep
b. when you first wake up
c. mid-day
b. when you first wake up
172
Insulin resistance increases the amount of fuel in the blood.
a. True
b. False
a. True
173
Cortisol stimulates insulin resistance.
a. True
b. False
a. True
174
Cortisol _____________gluconeogenesis in the liver.
a. Inhibits
b. Stimulates
b. Stimulates
175
Cortisol ___________________ reproductive function in the male and female.
a. Enhances
b. Suppresses
b. Suppresses
176
Cortisol stimulates
a. Lipogenesis
b. Lipolysis
b. Lipolysis
177
Cortisol ______________________ the transcription of adrenergic receptors.
a. Decreases
b. Increases
b. Increases
178
Cortisol ______________________ the transcription of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-
methyltransferase in noradrenergic neurons.
a. Decreases
b. Increases
a. Decreases
179
Cortisol ____________________ the transcription of norepinephrine re-uptake transporters in
neurons.
a. Decreases
b. Increases
a. Decreases
180
Glucocorticoids _________________________ inflammation and immune responses.
a. Inhibit
b. Simulate
a. Inhibit
181
Glucocorticoids ___________________________ vascular permeability.
a. Decrease
b. Increase
a. Decrease
182
Cytokines
a. Inhibit adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone secretion
b. Inhibit adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
c. Inhibit corticotropin releasing hormone secretion
d. Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone secretion
e. Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
f. Stimulate corticotropin releasing hormone secretion
d. Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone secretion
183
Vasopressin
a. Inhibit adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone secretion
b. Inhibit adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
c. Inhibit corticotropin releasing hormone secretion
d. Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone secretion
e. Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
f. Stimulate corticotropin releasing hormone secretion
e. Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
184
Cold adaptation increases the expression of type II deiodinase primarily in which two cell types?
a. Adipocytes
b. Enterocytes
c. Fibroblasts
d. Hepatocytes
e. Neurons
f. Renal tubular cells
g. Skeletal myocytes
h. Thyroid follicular cells
a. Adipocytes
| g. Skeletal myocytes
185
The vitamin D receptor is
a. A Gi protein coupled receptor
b. A Gq protein coupled receptor
c. A Gs protein coupled receptor
d. A guanylyl cyclase receptor
e. A receptor tyrosine kinase
f. An intracellular receptor
g. An ion channel receptor
f. An intracellular receptor
186
Which two ions form hydroxyapatite?
a. Calcium
b. Chloride
c. Iron
d. Magnesium
e. Phosphate
f. Potassium
g. Sodium
h. Sulfate
a. Calcium
| e. Phosphate
187
Thyroid hormones tend to increase which of the following? (select all that apply)
a. Dietary glucose absorption
b. Gluconeogenesis
c. Glycogen synthesis
d. Glycogenolysis
e. Lipogenesis
f. Lipolysis
a. Dietary glucose absorption
b. Gluconeogenesis
d. Glycogenolysis
e. Lipogenesis
f. Lipolysis
188
A common definition for stress is anything that activates the ______________
nervous system.
sympathetic
189
What is the name of the cells that release parathyroid hormone?
Chief cells
190
What organ does vitamin D act on that parathyroid hormone does not, and what is the effect of
vitamin D in this organ?
The small intestine to increase the absorption of calcium from the diet
191
What physiological mechanism do humans have for limiting heat loss in a cold environment?
Vasoconstriction in skin arterioles
192
The de novo production of vitamin D in the body depends on which three organs?
Liver
Skin
Kidney
193
What three effects does parathyroid hormone have in the kidney?
Stimulates calcium reabsorption
Inhibits phosphate reabsorption
Stimulates the production of active vitamin D
194
How do thyroid hormones help with shivering thermogenesis?
They help to liberate fuel sources that the skeletal muscles use for the contractions of
shivering.
195
What are the two parts of the adrenal gland and what is made in each part that is important for
the stress response?
The adrenal cortex makes cortisol (and aldosterone).
| The adrenal medulla makes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
196
What are four effects of the sympathetic nervous system during the stress response?
Simulate glycogenolysis
Stimulate lipolysis
Increase heart rate and contractility
Divert blood away from visceral organs (other than the heart and brain)
197
Draw the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
Draw on a blank piece of paper.
198
Chronic cold exposure increases thyroid stimulating hormone secretion in humans.
a. True
b. False
b. False
199
Cortisol
a. inhibits cytokine release
b. stimulates cytokine release
a. inhibits cytokine release
200
Parathyroid hormone secretion is stimulated by
a. increased blood calcium
b. decreased blood calcium
b. decreased blood calcium
201
Vitamin D causes
a. bone resorption
b. bone deposition
a. bone resorption
202
Which of the following organs is NOT involved in vitamin D synthesis?
a. skin
b. kidney
c. spleen
d. liver
c. spleen
203
Oxytocin is released from the
a. posterior pituitary
b. anterior pituitary
a. posterior pituitary
204
There is a portal system for blood flow between the hypothalamus and the
a. posterior pituitary
b. anterior pituitary
b. anterior pituitary
205
Hepatocytes have
a. GLUT4
b. both GLUT2 and GLUT4
c. GLUT2
c. GLUT2
206
The most numerous cell in the pancreatic islets are the
a. alpha cells
b. F cells
c. delta cells
d. beta cells
d. beta cells
207
What is the full name of the hormone from the pituitary gland that stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
