Exam 1 Bio 322 Flashcards
1
Q
________________ are the most common proteins in the blood.
A
Albumins
2
Q
If blood is allowed to clot before being separated in a centrifuge, the fluid at the top of the tube
is called __________________________.
A
Serum
3
Q
The driving force for bulk flow is ________________________ _________________________.
A
pressure differences
4
Q
The extracellular fluid of the blood is called ____________________ and makes up about ____%
of the blood.
A
Plasma
55%
5
Q
The goal of the cardiovascular system is to get blood to the __________________________
because that is where gas, nutrient and waste product exchange can occur.
A
capillaries
6
Q
The resistance to blood flow is due to _______________________.
A
friction
7
Q
If a blood sample contains 2.5 ml of red blood cells, 0.1 ml of white blood cells and 2.9 ml of extracellular fluid, what is the hematocrit?
A
about 45.5%
8
Q
What are the three components of the circulatory system?
A
- Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Blood
9
Q
What is another name for the circulatory system?
A
The Cardiovascular system
10
Q
What is the deterministic equation for bulk flow?
A
Flow=change in pressure/resistance
11
Q
By definition, veins carry?
a. deoxygenated blood
b. blood away from the heart
c. oxygenated blood
d. blood toward the heart
A
d. blood toward the heart
12
Q
Most of the proteins in the blood are made by the
a. blood vessels
b. lungs
c. heart
d. spleen
e. kidneys
f. liver
A
f. liver
13
Q
Blood makes up about ______ % of body weight in an average person.
a. 16
b. 6
c. 8
d. 4
e. 12
f. 14
g. 10
h. 2
A
c. 8
14
Q
Put the following cells in order from most numerous to least numerous in the blood.
Platelets, monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, erythrocytes
A
- erythrocytes
- platelets
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
15
Q
By definition, arteries carry
a. Blood away from the heart
b. Blood toward the heart
c. Deoxygenated blood
d. Oxygenated blood
A
a. Blood away from the heart
16
Q
Some arterioles and venules are visible without a microscope.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
17
Q
The diameter of a capillary is about the same diameter of a single red blood cell.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
18
Q
Males tend to have a higher hematocrit than females.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
19
Q
______________________have the most F-type cation channels?
a. bundles of His cells
b. sinoatrial nodal cells
c. atrioventricular nodal cells
d. Purkinje fibers
A
b. sinoatrial nodal cells
20
Q
Where does most of the gas, nutrient and waste product exchange occur?
a. venules
b. arteries
c. veins
d. arterioles
e. capillaries
A
e. capillaries
21
Q
Electrical activity conducts the slowest through the
a. bundles of His
b. sinoatrial node
c. ventricular cardiomyocytes
d. Purkinje fibers
e. atrioventricular node
f. atrial cardiomyocyte
A
e. atrioventricular node
22
Q
Put the following parts of the heart in order from the first to depolarize to the last to depolarize.
The bundles of His, the atrial cardiomyocytes, the atrioventricular node, the sinoatrial node, the Purkinje fibers, and the majority of ventricular cardiomyocytes
A
- The sinoatrial node
- The atrial cardiomyocytes
- The atrioventricular node
- The bundles of His
- The Purkinje fibers
- The majority of ventricular cardiomyocytes
23
Q
If one cardiomyocyte depolarizes, they all depolarize in normal physiology.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
24
Q
The first part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a. Fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b. F-type cation channels
c. L-type calcium channels
d. T-type calcium channels
A
b. F-type cation channels
25
The second part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a. Fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b. F-type cation channels
c. L-type calcium channels
d. T-type calcium channels
d. T-type calcium channels
26
The upswing of the action potential in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a. Fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b. F-type cation channels
c. L-type calcium channels
d. T-type calcium channels
c. L-type calcium channels
27
Which organs determine the distribution of blood flow?
a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Veins
e. Venules
b. Arterioles
28
In which of the following organs can gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange can occur? (select all that apply)
a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Veins
e. Venules
c. Capillaries
| e. Venules
29
What is the intrinsic heart rate?
100 beats/minute
30
What region of the heart is normally the first area to depolarize?
The sinoatrial node (SA node)
31
What is the name of the region of the heart that electrically connects the atria to the ventricles?
The Atrioventricular node (AV node)
32
What region of the heart is the normal pacemaker of the heart?
The sinoatrial node (SA node)
33
What is the main function of the atria of the heart?
To store blood (during systole) when the ventricles are contracting.
34
What is the main function of the ventricles of the heart?
Generate pressure to drive blood flow.
35
What is the purpose of the papillary muscles in the ventricles of the heart?
To prevent the Atrioventricular valves from bending backwards. (prolapse)
36
What is the deterministic equation for resistance to blood flow?
Resistance= 8(Length)(Viscosity)/(pi)(radius)^4
37
List all of the types of ion channels in a cardiomyocyte that were mentioned in the lecture video.
1. Inward-rectifying K+ channels
2. Slow voltage gated K+ channels
3. L-type Ca2+ channels
4. Fast-voltage gated Na+ channels
38
List all of the types of ion channels in a nodal cell that were mentioned in the lecture video.
1. F-type cation channels
2. Inward rectifying K+ channels
3. T-type Ca2+ channels
4. L-type Ca2+ channels
5. Slow voltage-gated K+ channels
39
Calcium must enter through L-type calcium channels in the T-tubule of cardiomyocytes in order
for ryanodine receptors to open.
a. True
b. False
a. True
40
A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause
__________________________ deflection on the ECG.
a. A downward
b. An upward
c. No
c. No
41
A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause
__________________________ deflection on the ECG.
a. A downward
b. An upward
c. No
c. No
42
What word means contraction in the heart?
Systole
43
What word means relaxation in the heart?
Diastole
44
What are the two phases of systole?
1. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
| 2. Ventricular ejection
45
What are the two phases of diastole and what happens at the end of the second phase?
1. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
2. Ventricular Filling
Atrial contraction (systole) occurs
46
Which has a greater influence on the flow of blood?
a. The length of the blood vessel
b. The radius of the blood vessel
c. The viscosity of the blood
b. The radius of the blood vessel
47
Blood flow through a section of an arteriole is
a. Constant throughout the diameter of the vessel
b. Slower in the center of the lumen
c. Slower near the wall of the blood vessel
c. Slower near the wall of the blood vessel
48
The atrioventricular valves open when pressure is higher in the
a. atria
b. ventricles
a. atria
49
The semilunar valves are open when pressure is higher in the
a. arteries
b. ventricles
b. ventricles
50
The action potential of atrial cardiomyocytes has a shorter plateau phase than that of ventricular cardiomyocytes.
a. True
b. False
a. True
51
We need a large pressure difference across an open valve to get blood flow.
a. True
b. False
b. False
52
All the cardiomyocytes in the ventricles are linked by gap junctions.
a. True
b. False
a. True
53
Which part of the ventricular walls contract first?
a. near the apex
b. near the base
a. near the apex
54
A resting cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to
a. calcium
b. potassium
c. sodium
b. potassium
55
During the plateau phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to
a. calcium
b. potassium
c. sodium
a. calcium
56
During the repolarization phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to
a. calcium
b. potassium
c. sodium
b. potassium
57
During the upswing of the action potential the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to
a. calcium
b. potassium
c. sodium
c. sodium
58
The activation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to
a. depolarization
b. repolarization/ hyperpolarization
a. depolarization
59
The inactivation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to
a. depolarization
b. repolarization/ hyperpolarization
b. repolarization/ hyperpolarization
60
F-type cation channels open in response to
a. depolarization
b. repolarization/ hyperpolarization
b. repolarization/ hyperpolarization
61
Inward-rectifying potassium channels open in response to
a. depolarization
b. repolarization/ hyperpolarization
b. repolarization/ hyperpolarization
62
L-type calcium channels open in response to
a. depolarization
b. repolarization/ hyperpolarization
a. depolarization
63
Slow voltage-gated potassium channels open in response to
a. depolarization
b. repolarization/ hyperpolarization
a. depolarization
64
In response to a single action potential in a cardiomyocyte, enough calcium enters the sarcoplasm to saturate troponin.
a. True
b. False
b. False
65
Cardiomyocytes use summation to generate greater tension.
a. True
b. False
b. False
66
Cardiomyocytes never experience tetanus.
a. True
b. False
a. True
67
The venous return varies throughout the cardiac cycle.
a. True
b. False
b. False
68
The first heart sound marks the beginning of
a. Diastole
b. Systole
b. Systole
69
The second heart sound marks the beginning of
a. Diastole
b. Systole
a. Diastole
70
You can only hear blood flow when blood flow is
a. Laminar
b. Turbulent
b. Turbulent
71
When cardiac muscle contracts, the compliance of the atrium or the ventricle
a. Decreases
b. Increases
a. Decreases
72
When would you hear a stenosis in either atrioventricular valve?
a. Between the first and second heart sound
b. Between the second and the first heart sound
b. Between the second and the first heart sound
73
When would you hear a stenosis in either semilunar valve?
a. Between the first and second heart sound
b. Between the second and the first heart sound
a. Between the first and second heart sound
74
What is the deterministic equation for a change in pressure in an elastic structure?
Change in Pressure=Change in volume/compliance (stretchiness)
75
Draw the pressure curves for the left ventricle, left atrium, and aorta throughout the cardiac
cycle. Use the same graph for all of the pressures and use different colors for the different
pressures. Be sure to have a legend for which color represents which pressure curve. Label the
following:
Isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular ejection, ventricular
filling, diastole and systole (make sure you are clear when each starts and stops)
The opening and closing of the two valves
Atrial systole
The dicrotic notch
0, 80, and 120 mmHg on the Y-axis
Draw on a Separate sheet of paper
76
The dicrotic notch is due to
a. The closing of the atrioventricular valves
b. The closing of the semilunar valves
c. The opening of the atrioventricular valves
d. The opening of the semilunar valves
b. The closing of the semilunar valves
77
The first heart sound is caused by
a. The closing of the atrioventricular valves
b. The closing of the semilunar valves
c. The opening of the atrioventricular valves
d. The opening of the semilunar valves
a. The closing of the atrioventricular valves
78
The second heart sound is caused by
a. The closing of the atrioventricular valves
b. The closing of the semilunar valves
c. The opening of the atrioventricular valves
d. The opening of the semilunar valves
b. The closing of the semilunar valves
79
The volume of blood in the left ventricle increases
a. at a steady rate throughout ventricular filling
b. fastest in the first half of ventricular filling
c. fastest in the last half of ventricular filling
b. fastest in the first half of ventricular filling
80
The volume of blood in the left ventricle decreases
a. at a steady rate throughout ventricular ejection
b. fastest in the first half of ventricular ejection
c. fastest in the last half of ventricular ejection
b. fastest in the first half of ventricular ejection
81
Pressures are lower in the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle than they are in the aorta and left ventricle.
a. True
b. False
a. True
82
The pressure changes on the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart are qualitatively similar.
a. True
b. False
a. True
83
The largest volume of blood is in the ventricle during
a. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
b. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
b. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
84
The smallest volume of blood is in the ventricle during
a. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
b. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
a. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
85
The ventricular walls are
a. Thicker on right side of the heart
b. The same thickness on the right and left sides of the heart
c. Thicker on the left side of the heart
c. Thicker on the left side of the heart
86
The upward deflection of the lower line on the computer screen indicates:
a. The electrical stimuli delivered to the ventricle
b. The other two options are true
c. The cardiac cycle
a. The electrical stimuli delivered to the ventricle
87
The rhythmic upward and downward deflections of the upper line on the computer screen indicate:
a. The electrical stimuli delivered to the ventricle
b. The other two options are true
c. The cardiac cycle
c. The cardiac cycle
88
During a normal cardiac cycle, the ventricles contract:
a. before the atria contract
b. after the atria contract
c. at the same time as the atria contract
b. after the atria contract
89
Look at your recording when a stimulus produced an extra ventricular contraction. Was an extra contraction produced when the stimulus was applied before the normal ventricular contraction?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Sometimes
b. No
90
Was an extra contraction produced when the stimulus was applied to the ventricle during the time when the ventricle was contracting normally?
a. Sometimes
b. Yes
c. No
c. No
91
Was an extra contraction produced when the stimulus was applied after the ventricle had contracted normally?
a. No
b. Yes
c. Sometimes
b. Yes
92
The extra ventricular contractions were produced only when:
a. the ventricle was relaxing and filling with blood
b. the ventricle was contracting
c. the atria were contracting
a. the ventricle was relaxing and filing with blood
93
If extra ventricular contractions were produced when the ventricle was relaxing, this means that:
a. the ventricle filled with the same amount of blood as normal before the extra contraction
b. the ventricle did not have time to fill with any blood before the extra contraction
c. the ventricle filled with some blood before the extra contraction
c. the ventricle filled with some blood before the extra contraction
94
The prolonged refractory period during the action potential ensures that:
a. the heart can fill with blood before contracting again
b. the ventricle does not enter fibrillation
c. All of the other options are true
d. the ventricle has time to relax
c. All of the other options are true
95
During this experiment, electrical stimuli were applied to the ventricle of the frog heart:
a. many times in one cardiac cycle
b. at different times throughout the cardiac cycle
c. at the same time in each cardiac cycle
b. at different times throughout the cardiac cycle
96
Look at your graph. What was the effect of stretching (from 10 mm) on the amount of tension produced by the contracting heart?
a. The amount of tension increased
b. The amount of tension decreased to a minimum value and then increased
c. The amount of tension increased to a maximum value and then decreased
d. The amount of tension did not change
c. The amount of tension increased to a maximum value and then decreased
97
Look at your graph. At what length was the maximum tension recorded from the heart? (15 mm is the optimal length)
a. 11 mm
b. 17 mm
c. 15 mm
d. 13 mm
c. 15 mm
98
When the hearts length is less than 15 mm, the amount of thick and thin myofilament overlap is: (15 mm is the optimal length)
a. greater than that at 15 mm
b. the same as that at 15 mm
c. less than that at 15 mm
a. greater than that at 15 mm
99
Assume that the amount of blood passing around the cardiovascular system increases. If the heart rate remains constant, then the amount of blood leaving the heart during each contraction would:
a. remain constant
b. increase
c. decrease
b. increase
100
Increasing the amount of blood returning to the heart would:
a. decrease the end diastolic volume
b. not change the end diastolic volume
c. increase the end diastolic volume
c. increase the end diastolic volume
101
What happens to the length of the myocytes if the end diastolic volume is increased?
a. the myocytes will lengthen
b. the myocytes will shorten
c. the myocytes will stay the same length
a. the myocytes will lengthen
102
If stretching increases tension, what is the effect of a stronger contraction on stroke volume (the amount of blood ejected by the contraction)?
a. it has no effect on stroke volume
b. it increases stroke volume
c. in decreases stroke volume
b. it increases stroke volume
103
According to your graph, what happens to the amount of tension produced by the heart if it is stretched beyond 15 mm (15 mm is the optimal length)?
a. the amount of tension increases
b. the amount of tension remains constant
c. the amount of tension decreases
c. the amount of tension decreases
104
When compared with the situation at a heart length of 15 mm, if the amount of venous blood returning to the the heart increases, so that the length of the heart increases to 17 mm: (15 mm is the optimal length)
a. The end diastolic volume would be less, and the stroke volume would also be less
b. The end diastolic volume would be more, and the stroke volume would also be more
c. The end diastolic volume would be less, but the stroke volume would be more
d. The end diastolic volume would be more, but the stroke volume would be less
d. The end diastolic volume would be more, but the stroke volume would be less
105
What strategies are used by the cardiovascular system to ensure that cardiac muscles are not overstretched by an increase in the amount of venous blood returning to the heart?
a. The atria restrict blood flow and prevent ventricle expansion
b. Cardiac myocytes have limited compliance, so they do not overstretch
c. The veins contract to restrict the blood flow to the heart
d. The heart rate increased and the end diastolic volume remains within reasonable limits
d. The heart rate increased and the end diastolic volume remains within reasonable limits
106
In this lab, contractions of the heart produced upward deflections of the line tracing. The deflection produced by the contracting ventricle was:
a. smaller than that produced by the contracting atria
b. larger than that produced by the contracting atria
c. about the same size as that produced by the contracting atria
b. larger than that produced by the contracting atria
107
Look at your data. In the first part of the lab, when no thread was tied around the heart, the time interval between the atrial contractions was:
a. much longer than the time interval between ventricular contractions
b. about the same as the time interval between ventricular contractions
c. much shorter than the time interval between ventricular contractions
b. about the same as the time interval between ventricular contractions
108
When the thread was tied across the two atria, the line tracing:
a. did not change when compared with the tracing from the pristine heart
b. showed that just the atria were contracting
c. showed that the ventricles and the atria were contracting asynchronously
d. showed that just the ventricle was contracting
b. showed that just the atria were contracting
109
When thread was tied across the two atria and produced only atrial contractions, how was the time interval between the atrial contractions altered when compared to that of the pristine heart?
a. It was significantly shorter than the time interval between atrial contractions recorded from the pristine heart
b. It was about the same as the time interval between atrial contractions recorded from the pristine heart
c. It was significantly shorter than the time interval between atrial contractions recorded from the pristine heart
b. It was about the same as the time interval between atrial contractions recorded from the pristine heart
110
When thread was tied across the sulcus, the line tracing:
a. showed that only the ventricles were contracting
b. did not change when compared with the tracing from the pristine heart
c. showed that the ventricles and the atria were contracting asynchronously
d. showed that only the atria were contracting
c. showed that the ventricles and the atria were contracting asynchronously
111
When thread was tied across the sulcus and the atria and ventricles contracted asynchronously, how was the time interval between the atrium contractions altered when compared to that of the pristine heart?
a. It was about the same as the time interval between atrial contractions recorded from the pristine heart
b. it was significantly shorter than the time interval between atrial contractions recorded from the pristine heart
c. it was significantly longer the time interval between atrial contractions recorded from the pristine heart
a. It was about the same as the time interval between atrial contractions recorded from the pristine heart
112
When thread was tied across the sulcus, how was the time interval between ventricular contractions altered when compared to that of the pristine heart?
a. it was significantly longer than the time interval between ventricular contractions recorded from the pristine heart
b. it was significantly shorter than the time interval between ventricular contractions recorded from the pristine heart
c. it was about the same as than the time interval between ventricular contractions recorded from the pristine heart
a. it was significantly longer than the time interval between ventricular contractions recorded from the pristine heart
113
When thread was tied around the sulcus and the atria and ventricle contracted asynchronously:
a. only the occasional action potential made its way through the AV node to excite the ventricles
b. the pacemaker for the (less-frequent) ventricle contractions was not in the SA node
c. the atria and ventricles were excited by the pacemaker in the SA node
b. the pacemaker for the (less-frequent) ventricle contractions was not in the SA node
114
When thread was tied across the sulcus and the atria and ventricles contracted asynchronously, the pacemaker for the (slow-ventricular) contractions was:
a. in the AV node, the AV bundle, or the Purkinje fibers
b. in the sinoatrial (SA) node
c. created by blood as it stretched the wall of the ventricle
a. in the AV node, the AV bundle, or the Purkinje fibers
115
If the time between atrial contractions is independent of experimental manipulation, where is the pacemaker for atrial contractions?
a. The Purkinje fibers
b. The atrioventricular (AV) bundle (or bundle of His)
c. The atrioventricular (AV) node
d. The sinoatrial (SA) node
d. The sinoatrial (SA) node
116
Which valve is most likely to develop an insufficiency?
a. Aortic semilunar valve
b. Bicuspid valve
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve
d. Tricuspid valve
b. Bicuspid valve
117
The right ventricle has the same cardiac output of the left ventricle.
a. True
b. False
a. True
118
At rest, about how long does it take the entire blood volume to circulate through the systemic blood circuit?
a. 1 minute
b. 3 minutes
c. 5 minutes
d. 7 minutes
a. 1 minute
119
Phosphorylation of the F-type cation channel
a. Decreases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate
b. Decreases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate
c. Increases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate
d. Increases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate
c. Increases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate
120
Parasympathetic activity to the SA node causes the most negative membrane potential in the SA node to be
a. less negative
b. more negative
b. more negative
121
At rest,
a. There is no nervous activity to the heart
b. There is parasympathetic activity to the heart
c. There is sympathetic activity to the heart
b. There is parasympathetic activity to the heart
122
Circulating epinephrine has the same effect on the heart as the sympathetic nervous activity to the heart.
a. True
b. False
a. True
123
Pre-load is the same as end systolic volume.
a. True
b. False
b. False
124
Increasing preload
a. Increases the stretch on the ventricle
b. Decreases the stretch on the ventricle
c. Does not affect the stretch on the ventricle
a. Increases the stretch on the ventricle
125
A stretched cardiomyocyte contracts with more force because it
a. Has less overlap of actin and myosin
b. Has more overlap of actin and myosin
c. Is less sensitive to calcium
d. Is more sensitive to calcium
d. Is more sensitive to calcium
126
Cardiomyocytes are at their optimum length for generation of force at their resting length.
a. True
b. False
b. False
127
At end-systole there should be no blood left in the ventricles.
a. True
b. False
b. False
128
Increasing preload increases cardiac contractility.
a. True
b. False
b. False
129
Increasing contractility with no change in venous return can lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output.
a. True
b. False
b. False
130
Increasing contractility would tend to ______________ end-diastolic volume.
a. decrease
b. increase
c. not change
a. decrease
131
The arterial systolic pressure is reached during
a. diastole
b. systole
b. systole
132
The arterial diastolic pressure is reached during
a. diastole
b. systole
b. systole
133
Sympathetic activity _______________ heart contractility.
a. directly decreases
b. directly increases
c. does not directly change
b. directly increases
134
Parasympathetic activity _______________ heart contractility.
a. directly decreases
b. directly increases
c. does not directly change
c. does not directly change
135
Sympathetic activity causes the heart to contract
a. faster
b. slower
a. faster
136
Sympathetic activity causes the heart to relax
a. faster
b. slower
a. faster
137
During exercise, the mean arterial pressure is diastolic pressure plus one third of the difference
between systolic and diastolic pressures.
a. True
b. False
b. False
138
When would you hear an insufficiency in either atrioventricular valve?
a. Between the first and second heart sound
b. Between the second and the first heart sound
a. Between the first and second heart sound
139
When would you hear an insufficiency in either semilunar valve?
a. Between the first and second heart sound
b. Between the second and the first heart sound
b. Between the second and the first heart sound
140
What type of adrenergic receptor is present on contractile cardiomyocytes?
a. α1
b. α2
c. β1
d. β2
e. β3
f. There are no adrenergic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes.
c. β1
141
What type of muscarinic receptor is present on contractile cardiomyocytes?
a. M1
b. M2
c. M3
d. M4
e. M5
f. There are no muscarinic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes.
f. There are no muscarinic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes.
142
Blood pressure can be pulsatile in (select all that apply)
a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Veins
e. Venules
a. Arteries
| b. Arterioles
143
Damage to the ________________________ muscles of the heart can lead to an atrioventricular valve insufficiency.
papillary
144
The highest pressure in an artery during the cardiac cycle is called the _____________________ pressure.
systolic
145
The lowest pressure in an artery during the cardiac cycle is called the _____________________ pressure.
diastolic
146
The ventricle contracts more forcefully during systole when it has been filled to a greater degree during diastole is known as __________________________’s Law of the Heart.
Starling
147
What is the normal resting cardiac output in adult humans?
5-8 Liters/minute
148
What neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic neurons onto the heart?
Norepinephrine
149
What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic neurons onto the heart?
Acetylcholine
150
What protein does protein kinase A phosphorylate in nodal cells?
F-type cation channels
151
What are two other terms that are often used for a valve insufficiency?
Regurgitation
| Prolapse
152
What channel can the beta/gamma subunits of Gi proteins bind to and how does the binding of the subunits affect the permeability of the channel?
Inward-rectifying K+ channel, it increases permeability
153
What is the deterministic equation for cardiac output?
Cardiac Output=stroke volume x heart rate
154
What are the three factors that theoretically can change stroke volume and which is the main or only one to actually have that effect?
Preload-end diastolic volume (main/only one to have effect)
Sympathetic activity-contractility
Afterload-atrial pressure
155
What are the five substrates for protein kinase A in contractile cardiomyocytes and what effect does phosphorylation have on each substrate?
1. Calcium pumps-faster pumping
2. L-type calcium channel-increased permeability to calcium
3. ryanodine receptors-increased permeability to calcium
4. troponin-increase affinity for calcium
5. thick myofilaments (myosin heads)-increase the rate of cross bridge cycling (faster heart rate)
156
```
Given the following,
Cardiac output = 5 L/min
End-systolic volume = 60 ml
Venous return = 80 ml
What is the end-diastolic volume?
```
60mL + 80 mL=140mL
157
```
Given the following,
Cardiac output = 5 L/min
End-systolic volume = 60 ml
Venous return = 80 ml
Assuming end-diastolic volume is constant beat to beat, what is the stroke volume?
```
140 mL- 60 mL= 80 mL/beat
158
```
Given the following,
Cardiac output = 5 L/min
End-systolic volume = 60 ml
Venous return = 80 ml
Assuming end-diastolic volume is constant beat to beat, what is the heart rate?
```
5000mL/min=80mL/beat x heart rate
Heart Rate= Cardiac output/venous return
Answer: about 62.5 bpm
159
```
Given the following,
Cardiac output = 5 L/min
End-systolic volume = 60 ml
Venous return = 80 ml
Assuming end-diastolic volume is constant beat to beat, what is the ejection fraction?
```
SV/EDV
| 80/140=4/7 about 57%
160
Draw a flow-chart for how increasing contractility would not lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output (assuming venous return is unchanged).
Draw flowchart on a separate piece of paper
Some important equations + definitions
ESV=EDV-SV
ESV+VR=EDV
contractility-increase in strength of contraction at any given diastolic volume
161
According to the lecture video, highly trained aerobic athlete can increase their cardiac output by up to
a. 5 times resting values
b. 7 times resting values
c. 4 times resting values
d. 3 times resting values
e. 6 times resting values
f. 2 times resting values
b. 7 times resting values
162
What type of adrenergic receptor is present on SA nodal cells?
a. alpha 1
b. beta 3
c. beta 2
d. alpha 2
e. beta 1
f. There are no adrenergic receptors on SA nodal cells.
e. beta 1
163
What type of muscarinic receptor is present on SA nodal cells?
a. M5
b. M1
c. M2
d. M3
e. M4
f. There are no muscarinic receptors on SA nodal cells.
c. M2
164
What type of receptor are all beta-adrenergic receptors?
a. Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
b. Intracellular receptors
c. Receptor tyrosine kinase
d. Gi protein-coupled receptors
e. Gq protein-coupled receptors
f. Gs protein-coupled receptors
g. Ion channel receptors
h. Guanylyl cyclase receptors
f. Gs protein-coupled receptors
165
What type of receptor is the muscarinic receptor on the heart?
a. Gq protein-coupled receptors
b. Intracellular receptors
c. Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
d. Guanylyl cyclase receptors
e. Ion channel receptors
f. Gs protein-coupled receptors
g. Receptor tyrosine kinase
h. Gi protein-coupled receptors
h. Gi protein-coupled receptors
166
Electrocardiograms measure ________________________ voltage.
a. intracellular
b. extracellular
b. extracellular
167
A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause __________________________ deflection on the ECG.
a. an upward
b. a downward
c. no
b. a downward
168
A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause __________________________ deflection on the ECG.
a. no
b. an upward
c. a downward
b. an upward
169
A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause __________________________ deflection on the ECG.
a. no
b. an upward
c. a downward
b. an upward
170
A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause __________________________ deflection on the ECG.
a. an upward
b. a downward
c. no
b. a downward
