Exam 4 Flashcards by Jacob Hecht

At the optic chiasm

All axons from the ganglion cells on the medial side of the retina cross to the contralateral side of the brain.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Put the following in order from when you would have the highest action potential frequency to the lowest action potential frequency in an off-center ganglion cell.

a. Light hits only the receptive field
b. Light hits only the receptive field surround
c. Light hits the whole receptive field

b, c, a

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Put the following in order from when you would have the highest action potential frequency to the lowest action potential frequency in an on-center ganglion.

a. Light hits only the receptive field
b. Light hits only the receptive field surround
c. Light hits the whole receptive field

a, c, b

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An on center ganglion has a red cone center and a blue cone surround. Put the following in order from when you would have the highest action potential frequency to the lowest action potential frequency.

a. No light is shown in the receptive field
b. Red light is shone over the entire receptive field
c. Violet light is shone over the entire receptive field
d. White light is shown over the entire receptive field.

b, a, d, c

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ganglion cells synapse in which thalamic nucleus?

Lateral geniculate nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the abbreviation for the glutamate receptor on on-center bipolar cells? What type of receptor is it?

mGluR6-glutamate G sub i G protein coupled receptor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the abbreviation for the glutamate receptor on off-center bipolar cells? What type of receptor is it?

AMPA- non specific cation channel receptor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The cochlear duct is filled with _______, which is high in _________.

Endolymph, Potassium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The scala vestubuli and the scala tympani are connected at the ___________, which is at the apex of the cochlea.

Helicotrema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do ceruminous glands produce?

Earwax

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the scientific name for the eardrum used in the videos?

Tympanic Membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two terms used in the lecture for the part of the external ear that is visible when looking at a person?

Pinna

Auricle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the ossicles in order from most external to the most internal.

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are two names for the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx? What is the purpose of this tube?

Auditory/Eustachian tube- They equalize the pressure in the middle ear with atmospheric pressure.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the purpose of the auditory ossicles?

To amplify sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the light, on center bipolar cells are?

Depolarized

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

On-center bipolar cells have?

mGluR6

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The scala tympani is filled with ______, which is high in _______?

Perilymph, Sodium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is true?

a. all the information from the left eye is processed on the left side of the brain
b. all the information from the left eye is processed on the right side of the brain
c. all the information from the left visual field is processed on the left side of the brain
d. all the information from the left visual field is processed on the right side of the brain

d. all the information from the left visual field is processed on the right side of the brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

You would see the highest frequency of action potentials in a off-center ganglion cell when there is?

a. light in both the center and surround
b. light in the center and dark in the surround
c. dark in both the center and surround
d. light in the surround and dark in the center

d. light in the surround and dark in the center

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hair cells can be replaced if they are damaged.

a. True
b. False

b. False

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hair cells release neurotransmitter/paracrine agent in bursts in time with the vibrations in the basilar
membrane.
a. True
b. False

a. True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If you are moving at a constant velocity, your ears give you the sensation that you are not moving.

a. True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the utricle, all the hair cells are oriented with their kinocilium toward one side of the body.

a. True
b. False

b. False

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sound waves are waves of more pressurized and less pressurized air. a. True b. False

a. True

Sound waves are caused by vibrations. a. True b. False

a. True

The semi-circular canals are all at right angles to each other. a. True b. False

a. True

There are action potentials being fired in vestibular afferents when the stereocilia of a vestibular hair cell are pointing straight up. a. True b. False

a. True

There is a form of lateral inhibition in the auditory system. a. True b. False

a. True

Higher frequency sound waves cause the basilar membrane closer to the _________________ to vibrate. a. Helicotrema b. Oval window

b. Oval window

Our sensation of sound comes from the activation of a. Inner hair cells b. Outer hair cells

a. Inner hair cells

When the sterocilia of an auditory hair cell are deflected toward the tallest sterocilia a. The tip links pull on the potassium channels b. The tip links stop pulling on the potassium channels

a. The tip links pull on the potassium channels

When the sterocilia of an auditory hair cell are deflected toward the tallest sterocilia a. The hair cell depolarizes b. The hair cell hyperpolarizes

a. The hair cell depolarizes

Head tilt is detected in the a. Saccule b. Semi-circular canals c. Utricle

c. Utricle

Horizontal acceleration is detected in the a. Saccule b. Semi-circular canals c. Utricle

c. Utricle

Horizontal acceleration is detected in the a. Saccule b. Semi-circular canals c. Utricle

c. Utricle

The _________________ tells you if you are falling. a. Saccule b. Semi-circular canals c. Utricle

a. Saccule

The faster something vibrates, the _________________ the perceived sound. a. Higher pitched b. Louder c. Lower pitched d. Softer

Higher pitched

The larger the pressure difference between the compressed and rarified air in a sound wave, the _______________________ the perceived sound. a. Higher pitched b. Louder c. Lower pitched d. Softer

b. Louder

Vestibular information is used in reflexes to control a. Eye muscles b. Postural muscles c. Both eye muscles and postural muscles d. Neither eye muscles nor postural muscles

c. Both eye muscles and postural muscles

Vestibular information is used in reflexes to control a. Eye muscles b. Postural muscles c. Both eye muscles and postural muscles d. Neither eye muscles nor postural muscles

c. Both eye muscles and postural muscles

Hair cells release a. Acetylcholine b. Dopamine c. Epinephrine d. GABA e. Glutamate f. Glycine g. Norepinephrine h. Serotonin

e. Glutamate

The sterocilia of auditory hair cells project toward the _________ membrane.

Tectorial

``` If the semi-circular canal above started to spin in a counter-clockwise direction, the stereocilia of the hair cells in the cupula would a. Be deflected to the left b. Be deflected to the right c. Not be deflected ```

a. Be deflected to the left

If the semi-circular canal above continued to spin in a counter-clockwise direction at the same angle and speed, after a few seconds the stereocilia of the hair cells in the cupula would a. Be deflected to the left b. Be deflected to the right c. Not be deflected

c. Not be deflected

``` If the semi-circular canal above suddenly stopped a counter-clockwise rotation, the stereocilia of the hair cells in the cupula would a. Be deflected to the left b. Be deflected to the right c. Not be deflected ```

b. Be deflected to the right

What brain location is responsible for the reflex of a sudden loud sound causing a person to look toward the sound?

Inferior colliculus nucleus

Some people feel motion sickness when there is a disconnect between which two senses?

Vision and vestibular sensation

What two things does the vestibular system detect?

Acceleration and head tilt

What three senses give us our sense of posture and movement?

Vestibular, proprioception and vision

What is the purpose of outer hair cells? How does this work?

They are important in protecting the inner hair cells from overstimulation and are important in localizing the vibrations to the correct area of the basilar membrane for the correct frequency. They do this by pushing up on the tectorial membrane when the vibrations are very large to prevent the overstimulation, and pushing up on the membrane on either side of the area of most vibration to help localize the frequency.

Draw a flow chart for vibrations in the air lead to vibrations in the basilar membrane.

-Vibrations in the tympanic membrane -Middle ear bones move in time with the vibrations in the tympanic membrane -Oval window membrane vibrates in time with the vibrations in the tympanic membrane -Perilymph in the scala vestibule vibrates in time with the vibrations in the tympanic membrane -Basilar membrane vibrates in time with the vibrations in the tympanic membrane in a location on the membrane that corresponds with that frequency

Draw a flow chart for pathway of auditory information from the hair cell to the auditory cortex (include the lobe of the brain where the auditory cortex is).

- Hair cell synapses onto cochlear nerve afferents - Cochlear nerve joins with the vestibular nerve to form the vestibulocochlear nerve - Cochlear afferents synapse in the cochlear nucleus - Second order neurons project from the cochlear nucleus to the superior olivary nucleus - Third order neurons project from the olivary nucleus to the inferior colliculus - Fourth order neurons project from the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus - Fifth order neurons project from the medial geniculate nucleus to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

Glutamate causes on-center bipolar cells to

Hyperpolarize

Glutamate causes on-center ganglion cells to

Depolarize

Glutamate causes off-center bipolar cells to

Depolarize

All ganglion cells have AMPA receptors.

True

The center-surround relationship in the retina gives us a greater ability to see a lion hiding in the grass.

True

The visual cortex is in the

occipital lobe

The Organ of Corti sits on the

basilar membrane

The basilar membrane is

Wide near the apex and narrow near the base

Farmed fruit is much sweeter than wild fruit.

True

Taste cells can be replaced.

True

Olfactory neurons can be replaced.

True

Taste cells are (what kind of cell)

epithelial cells

There are several scientific studies to show that monosodium glutamate (MSG) has negative effects in the body.

false

The sour receptor is a

Ion channel

The best characterized receptor for umami is a

Gi protein coupled receptor

Third order neurons in the taste pathway synapse in the

parietal lobe

The olfactory epithelium is

nervous tissue

Activation of odorant receptors leads to activation of protein kinase A and phosphorylation of a non-specific cation channel. a. True b. False

b. False

We have about 10,000 different odorant receptors.

False

Most of our sense of taste comes from activation of olfactory receptors. a. True b. False

a. True

Olfactory hairs are normally covered in mucus. a. True b. False

a. True

One neuron will innervate several skeletal muscle fibers. a. True b. False

a. True

One skeletal muscle fiber will be innervated by several neurons. a. True b. False

b. False

One type of odorant receptor will bind more than one type of odorant. a. True b. False

a. True

One type of odorant will bind to more than one type of odorant receptor. a. True b. False

a. True

Some second order olfactory neurons project directly to the cerebral cortex without synapsing in the thalamus. a. True b. False

a. True

The mechanism of release of paracrine agent by taste cells is very similar to the mechanism of neurotransmitter release from neurons. a. True b. False

a. True

The primary odorant in bananas and the primary odorant in beaver musk actives some of the same receptors. a. True b. False

a. True

Receptors for somatic sensation are important to our sense of taste. a. True b. False

a. True

First order olfactory neurons _______________________ onto second order neurons. a. Converge b. Diverge

a. Converge

The fluid in the T-tubules is high in a. Potassium b. Sodium

b. Sodium

The GOLF protein in most similar to a. Gi proteins b. Gq proteins c. Gs proteins

c. Gs proteins

Protein kinase A phosphorylates a ___________________ channel in umami taste cells. a. Calcium b. Chloride c. Potassium d. Sodium

a. Calcium

Phosphorylation of the above channel in the umami taste cell causes the channel to a. Close b. Open

a. Close

Activation of the umami receptor causes the above channel to be a. Dephosphorylated b. Phosphorylated

a. Dephosphorylated

Protein kinase A phosphorylates a ___________________ channel in sweet taste cells. a. Calcium b. Chloride c. Potassium d. Sodium

c. Potassium

Phosphorylation of the above channel in the sweet taste cell causes the channel to a. Close b. Open

a. Close

Activation of the sweet receptor causes the above channel to be a. Dephosphorylated b. Phosphorylated

b. Phosphorylated

Children have a natural aversion to _________________. Many toxins activate taste receptors for this taste. a. Bitter b. Salty c. Savory d. Sour e. Sweet

a. Bitter

There are the most different types of receptors for a. Bitter b. Salty c. Sour d. Sweet e. Umami

a. Bitter

What nerve innervates the taste cells on the inferior surface of the tongue? a. The accessory nerve b. The facial nerve c. The glossopharyngeal nerve d. The hypoglossal nerve e. The trochlear nerve f. The vagus nerve

c. The glossopharyngeal nerve

What nerve innervates the taste cells on the soft palate and pharynx? a. The accessory nerve b. The facial nerve c. The glossopharyngeal nerve d. The hypoglossal nerve e. The trochlear nerve f. The vagus nerve

f. The vagus nerve

What nerve innervates the taste cells on the superior surface of the tongue? a. The accessory nerve b. The facial nerve c. The glossopharyngeal nerve d. The hypoglossal nerve e. The trochlear nerve f. The vagus nerve

b. The facial nerve

Taste cells are found on (select all that apply) a. The nasal cavity b. The palate c. The pharynx d. The tongue

b. The palate c. The pharynx d. The tongue

What is the scientific name for taste used in the video?

Gustation

What is the scientific name for smell used in the video?

Olfaction

What is the proposed paracrine agent that is released by taste cells onto their sensory afferent?

ATP

What is the purpose of lingual papillae in humans according to the video?

Increase surface area for taste cells

What is the purpose of the taste hairs?

Increase surface area for taste receptors

First order taste afferents synapse in which nucleus in the brain?

Nucleus of the solitary tract

Second order neurons in the taste pathway synapse in which thalamic nucleus?

Ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus

First order olfactory neurons synapse in which area of the brain?

The olfactory bulb

What are the two names for the second order neurons in the olfactory pathway?

Mitral cells/tufted cells

Besides projecting to the cerebral cortex and thalamus, what three other brain regions can second order olfactory neurons project to? What role does olfactory information play in each of these regions?

Hypothalamus—hunger, sexual arousal in animals Amygdala—emotional aspects of smell (primarily fear in animals) Hippocampus—odor memory

What six factors affect our olfactory discrimination as mentioned in the video?

``` Attention Hunger Biological sex Cigarette smoking Age The state of the nasal mucosa ```

What are the four properties of all muscle as mentioned in the video?

They contract They are excitable They are extensible They are elastic

What are the three proteins found in the thin myofilament?

Actin Troponin Tropomyosin

What are the two proteins found in the thick myofilament?

Myosin heavy chain | Myosin light chain

The myosin head has binding site for which three molecules?

ATP/ADP Myosin light chains Actin

Sound waves are waves of compressed and rarefied air True False

True

The stapedius and tensor tympani can protect your auditory hair cells from sudden, loud noises. a. True b. False

b. False

Stopping a constant forward motion feels the same to the vestibular system as starting a backward motion. a. True b. False

a. True

Opening a potassium channel in a hair cell cause the cell to a. depolarize b. hyperpolarize

a. depolarize

The vestibular cortex is in the a. parietal lobe b. occipital lobe c. temporal lobe d. frontal lobe

a. parietal lobe

A single odorant usually only activates one type of olfactory receptor. a. True b. False

b. False

The bumps you see on your tongue are the taste buds. a. True b. False

b. False

Actin is found in the a. Thick myofilament b. Thin myofilament

b. Thin myofilament

The best understood receptors for bitter taste are a. a Gs protein coupled receptor b. a Gq protein coupled receptor c. an ion channel d. a Gi protein coupled receptor

b. a Gq protein coupled receptor

The sweet receptor is a. an ion channel b. a Gs protein coupled receptor c. a Gq protein coupled receptor d. a Gi protein coupled receptor

b. a Gs protein coupled receptor

The actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction. a. True b. False

b. False

The myosin head binds to actin when it is a. dephosphorylated b. phosphorylated

b. phosphorylated

The I subunit of troponin binds to a. actin b. calcium c. myosin d. tropomyosin

a. actin

Alpha motor neurons release a. glycine b. norepinephrine c. epinephrine d. GABA e. dopamine f. serotonin g. glutamate h. acetylcholine

h. acetylcholine

What is the name of the large protein that attaches myosin to the Z disk?

Titin

A single action potential in an alpha motor neuron is sufficient to cause an action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber. a. True b. False

a. True

Calcium must come through the L-type calcium channel in order for the ryanodine receptor to open in skeletal muscle cells. a. True b. False

b. False

During the contraction phase of a skeletal muscle twitch, all the active sites on actin are exposed in the cells. a. True b. False

a. True

L-type calcium channels are present throughout the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell. a. True b. False

b. False

More calcium enters the cytoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum than from the extracellular fluid in response to an action potential in a skeletal muscle cell. a. True b. False

a. True

There are voltage-gated sodium channels in the T-tubules. a. True b. False

a. True

The lag phase is longer in a a. Isometric contraction b. Isotonic contraction

b. Isotonic contraction

Which phase is longer in an isometric skeletal muscle contraction? a. Contraction b. Relaxation

b. Relaxation

If the load on a skeletal muscle equals the tension developed by that skeletal muscle, you get a(n) _________________________ contraction. a. Concentric b. Eccentric c. Isometric

c. Isometric

If the load on a skeletal muscle is greater than the tension developed by that skeletal muscle, you get a(n) _________________________ contraction. a. Concentric b. Eccentric c. Isometric

b. Eccentric

If the load on a skeletal muscle is less than the tension developed by that skeletal muscle, you get a(n) _________________________ contraction. a. Concentric b. Eccentric c. Isometric

a. Concentric

You are more likely to injure a muscle with ____________________ contractions. a. Concentric b. Eccentric c. Isometric

b. Eccentric

During contraction a. The A band gets shorter b. The I band gets shorter c. The H zone gets shorter d. Both the A band and the I band get shorter e. Both the A band and the H zone get shorter f. Both the I band and the H zone get shorter g. Neither the A band, I band nor H zone get shorter

f. Both the I band and the H zone get shorter

Each thick myofilament is in contact with how many thin myofilaments? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5 f. 6 g. 7 h. 8 i. 9 j. 10

f. 6

Each thin myofilament is in contact with how many thick myofilaments? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5 f. 6 g. 7 h. 8 i. 9 j. 10

c. 3

A lack of ATP in a skeletal muscle cell will cause which of the following? (select all that apply) a. Calcium levels to rise in the cell b. The myosin head to stay bound to actin c. The myosin head to stay in the cocked position

b. The myosin head to stay bound to actin | c. The myosin head to stay in the cocked position

Which of the following is connected to the Z disk in skeletal muscle? (select all that apply) a. Actin b. Myosin c. Titin

a. Actin | c. Titin

Which of the following can you find in the I band? (select all that apply) a. Actin b. Myosin c. The H zone d. The M line e. The Z disk

a. Actin | e. The Z disk

Which of the following can you find in the A band? (select all that apply) a. Actin b. Myosin c. The H zone d. The M line e. The Z disk

a. Actin b. Myosin c. The H zone d. The M line

Put the steps of the cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle in order started from the first exposure of the actin active sites. a. ATP binds to the myosin head b. Conformational change in myosin head causes the myosin head to dephosphorylate c. Conformational change in the myosin head causes the myosin head loses affinity for and dissociate from actin d. Myosin head autophosphorylates e. Myosin head binds to actin f. Myosin head moves to the cocked position g. Powerstroke

e, b, g, a, c, d, f

A single alpha motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it innervates is called a _______________.

motor unit

Nerve gas blocks _______________.

acetylcholinesterase

The time between when you get an action potential in a skeletal muscle cell or alpha motor neuron to the start of contraction is called the ________________.

lag phase

Paralytic drugs are usually ________________ receptor | __________(agonists/antagonists).

1. nicotinic | 2. antagonists

Botulinum toxin cause the breakdown of what proteins?

SNARE proteins

What is the post-synaptic density called in a skeletal muscle cell?

Motor end plate

What is the segment of a skeletal muscle cell that goes from one Z disk to the next Z disk called?

Sarcomere

What neurotransmitter is released by alpha motor neurons?

Acetylcholine

What protein was mentioned as contributing to the extensibility and elasticity of skeletal muscle, as well as helping to keep myosin in register in the myofibril.

Titin

What receptor for neurotransmitter is present on skeletal muscle cells?

Nicotinic receptors

What is the name of the two calcium binding proteins in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what is their purpose?

1. Calsequestrin and calreticulin 2. They allow for more calcium to be stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by decreasing the concentration gradient for the calcium/hydrogen pump to work against.

What are the three subunits of troponin and what do each of the subunits bind to?

I—binds to actin C—binds to calcium T—binds to tropomyosin

In population coding, if I want to increase the tension developed in a muscle, what does the body do?

Recruits more motor units (fires more alpha motor neurons to that muscle)

During muscle fatigue, there is a substantial decrease in ATP in the cell. a. True b. False

b. False

In a resting smooth muscle cell, tropomyosin covers the active sites on actin. a. True b. False

b. False

Skeletal muscle fibers can change their phenotype. a. True b. False

a. True

Smooth muscles cells have T-tubules. a. True b. False

b. False

The muscles for eye movement only have fast-glycolytic fibers. a. True b. False

b. False

The myosin head has high affinity for actin in a smooth muscle cell when the light chains of myosin are a. Dephosphorylated b. Phosphorylated

b. Phosphorylated

A skeletal muscle cell that is not fatigued a. Will always generate the same tension in response to a single action potential b. Will generate less tension in response to a single action potential if the load is heavier c. Will generate more tension in response to a single action potential if the load is heavier

a. Will always generate the same tension in response to a single action potential.

At any point in the cross-bridge cycle, the myosin head has a. About equal affinity for ADP and ATP b. More affinity for ADP c. More affinity for ATP

a. About equal affinity for ADP and ATP

Delayed onset muscle soreness is caused by a. Both microtears and lactic acid b. Lactic acid in the muscle cell at the time of the soreness c. Microtears in the muscle and inflammation

c. Microtears in the muscle and inflammation

During muscle fatigue, a. Calcium levels are higher in the cytoplasm b. Calcium levels are lower in the cytoplasm c. Calcium levels are unchanged in the cytoplasm

a. Calcium levels are higher in the cytoplasm

Smooth muscle contraction is _______________________________ skeletal muscle contraction. a. About the same speed as b. Faster than c. Slower than

c. Slower than

Which fibers tend to be larger (have a larger diameter)? a. Type I fibers b. Type IIa fibers c. Type IIb fibers

c. Type IIb fibers

Which type of contraction is most likely to cause skeletal muscle hypertrophy? a. Concentric contraction b. Eccentric contraction c. Isometric contraction

b. Eccentric contraction

Which type of fiber would fatigue the quickest? a. Type I fibers b. Type IIa fibers c. Type IIb fibers

c. Type IIb fibers

Which type of fiber would have the most glycogen? a. Type I fibers b. Type IIa fibers c. Type IIb fibers

c. Type IIb fibers

Which type of fiber would have the most mitochondria? a. Type I fibers b. Type IIa fibers c. Type IIb fibers

a. Type I fibers

Which type of fiber would have the most myoglobin? a. Type I fibers b. Type IIa fibers c. Type IIb fibers

a. Type I fibers

1. A person who eats a standard diet of 50% of calories from carbohydrates, 20% from protein and 30% from fat runs a marathon in 4.5 hours. What would be true about the fuel this person’s skeletal muscles use to generate ATP? a. In the first hour, the skeletal muscles will use fatty acids for energy, then switch to using glucose. b. In the first hour, the skeletal muscles will use glucose for energy, then switch to using fatty acids. c. In the first two hours, the skeletal muscles will use fatty acids for energy, then switch to using glucose. d. In the first two hours, the skeletal muscles will use glucose for energy, then switch to using fatty acids. e. In the first three hours, the skeletal muscles will use fatty acids for energy, then switch to using glucose. f. In the first three hours, the skeletal muscles will use glucose for energy, then switch to using fatty acids. g. The skeletal muscles will use fatty acids for energy throughout the marathon. h. The skeletal muscles will use for energy throughout the marathon.

d. In the first two hours, the skeletal muscles will use glucose for energy, then switch to

At a skeletal muscle’s optimum length for contraction (select all that apply) a. All the myosin heads are next to actin b. The actin molecules are bumping up against each other or overlapping c. Titin is being compressed d. None of the above

a. All the myosin heads are next to actin

3. If a skeletal muscle is longer than its optimum length for contraction (select all that apply) a. All the myosin heads are next to actin b. The actin molecules maybe bumping up against each other or overlapping c. Titin is being compressed d. None of the above

d. None of the above

If a skeletal muscle is shorter than its optimum length for contraction (select all that apply) a. All the myosin heads are in next to actin b. The actin molecules maybe bumping up against each other or overlapping c. Titin is being compressed d. None of the above

a. All the myosin heads are in next to actin b. The actin molecules maybe bumping up against each other or overlapping c. Titin is being compressed

The constant tension maintained in a skeletal muscle by keeping some muscle fibers in tetanus is called ___________________.

muscle tone

What binds to myosin light-chain kinase to activate this enzyme in smooth muscle cells?

The calcium/calmodulin complex

What does calcium bind to in smooth muscle that leads to contraction?

calmodulin

What is actin bound to specifically in smooth muscle?

Dense bodies

What term is used to mean that a muscle partly, but not fully, relaxes before contracting again, then partly relaxes before contracting again and so forth for a period of time?

Unfused tetanus

What term is used to mean that a muscle stays fully contracted for a period of time?

Fused tetanus

List the three types of fatigue in order from most common to least common.

Central command fatigue Muscle fatigue Synaptic fatigue

List the three ways a skeletal muscle has of phosphorylating ADP in order from fastest to slowest.

phosphocreatine glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation

List the three ways a skeletal muscle has of phosphorylating ADP in order from most efficient to least efficient. State how many ATP molecules you can get from each original substrate with each method.

Oxidative phosphorylation—36 ATP molecules from one glucose molecule Glycolysis—2 ATP molecules from one glucose molecule Phosphocreatine—1 ATP molecule from one phosphocreatine molecule

What happens in synaptic fatigue?

The motor neuron releases acetylcholine faster than it can be made (usually the result of a disease the reduces the motor neuron’s ability to make acetylcholine)

True or false | The action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber is over before the muscle starts to contract.

True

Frequency coding is based on a. Higher calcium levels in the skeletal muscle cell b. More skeletal muscle cells firing action potentials

a. Higher calcium levels in the skeletal muscle cell

True or False | The level of calcium in the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell is constant when the cell is in fused tetanus.

False

True or False | The heavier the load the more myosin heads involved in cross-bridge cycling.

False

True or False | The use of fatty acids to generate ATP always requires oxygen.

True

Fast-glycolytic fibers are also called type I fibers type IIa fibers type IIb fibers

type IIb fibers

Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers are also called type I fibers type IIa fibers type IIb fibers

type IIa fibers

Slow-oxidative fibers are also called type I fibers type IIa fibers type IIb fibers

type I fibers

True or False | The muscles for eye movement only have fast-glycolytic fibers.

False

``` Increasing the concentration of potassium in the T-tubule would cause the action potentials in the T-tubules to depolarize faster depolarize slower repolarize faster repolarize slower ```

repolarize slower

It is normal for muscles to go into tetanus. a. True b. False

a. True

The shorter the muscle is when it contracts, the more force it will generate. True False

False

The velocity of muscle shortening decreases as the load increases. True False

True

In general, white meat should be slightly sweeter than dark meat. True False

True

The thin myofilament in smooth muscle does NOT contain actin troponin tropomyosin

troponin