Exam 4 Bio 322 Flashcards
_____________ and anything in the plasma bound to them, will not be filtered into Bowman’s capsule.
dProteins
Approximately what percentage of the carbon dioxide produced by cells stays in the blood as dissolved carbon dioxide?
10%
Approximately what percent of the carbon dioxide produced by cells bind to hemoglobin in the blood?
30%
What name is given to hemoglobin that has carbon dioxide bound to it?
carbaminohemoglobin
What is normal body pH?
7.40
What is venous blood pH?
7.36
Approximately how much of the plasma that enters a glomerulus is usually filtered into Bowman’s capsule?
20%
What protein buffers blood pH by binding to hydrogen ions?
deoxyhemoglobin
Where, specifically, do you find the rhythm-generation neurons for respiration?
Pre-Botzinger complex in the ventral respiratory group
What organ makes DPG and what stimulates its release into the blood?
Kidney-low oxygen delivery to the kidney
What are the names of the areas in the pons that regulate breathing?
pneumotaxic center
apneustic center
Where, specifically, do you find the peripheral chemoreceptors?
Carotid bodies
Aortic arch
Peripheral chemoreceptors are directly sensitive to which two chemicals in the blood?
- O2
2. H+
What effect do the pontine respiratory regions have on breathing?
They smooth the transition between inspiration and expiration
What three variables determine the glomerular filtration rate?
- Net filtration pressure
- Permeability of the corpuscular membranes
- surface area available for filtration
What is the equation for renal excretion based on the three basic renal processes?
Amount of substance excreted in the urine=Amount filtered + Amount secreted - amount absorbed
What happens to the carbon dioxide produced by cells and transported in the blood that does not stay dissolved or bound to hemoglobin? Draw the reaction and dissociation that occurs and include the enzyme that is involved.
It is converted to carbonic acid which dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
What happens in the chloride shift in red blood cells?
Bicarbonate is exchanged for Cl- across the red blood cell plasma membrane
What are the five functions of the kidney that were mentioned in the video?
- Regulation of water and ion balance
- Removal of metabolic waste products from the blood
- Removal of foreign chemicals
- Gluconeogenesis
- Production of hormones/enzymes
What is the mechanism of action and effect of mesangial cells in the kidney?
Mesangial cells close off glomeruli to decrease the surface area available for filtration thus decreasing glomerular filtration.
Given the following,
Glomerular filtration rate=130 ml/min
Plasma sodium concentration= 150 mM
Urine collection time= 1 hour
Urine sodium concentration= 20 mM
Urine volume collected=60 ml
a. What is the filtered load of sodium?
b. What is the excretion rate of sodium
c. Is sodium netly secreted, netly reabsorbed or neither?
a. 19.5 mmol/min
b. 20 umol/min
c. Netly reabsorbed
Hemoglobin has ___________ affinity for oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries versus the systemic capillaries
a. a higher
b. a lower
c. the same
a. a higher
Carbonic anhydrase is found
a. both in red blood cells and in the plasma
b. in red blood cells but not the plasma
c. in the plasma but not in red blood cells
b. in red blood cells but not the plasma
Carbon dioxide binds covalently to hemoglobin.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Hyperventilation leads to
a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
Inspiratory neurons are found in the
a. dorsal respiratory group
b. ventral respiratory group
c. both the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
c. both the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
Expiratory neurons are found in the
a. dorsal respiratory group
b. ventral respiratory group
c. both the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
b. ventral respiratory group
Lung stretch receptors are important regulators of breath depth at rest.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Central chemoreceptors respond (directly or indirectly) to changes in which arterial blood chemicals?
a. carbon dioxide
b. metabolic acids
c. oxygen
a. carbon dioxide
What is the primary organ to do gluconeogenesis in the body?
a. lung
b. kidney
c. liver
d. spleen
c. liver
The fenestrae in glomerular capillaries are _______________ in most other capillary beds.
a. larger than
b. smaller than
c. the same size as
a. larger than
As plasma flows through the glomerular capillary there is the largest
a. decrease in hydrostatic pressure
b. decrease in oncotic pressure
c. increase in hydrostatic pressure
d. increase in oncotic pressure
d. increase in oncotic pressure
Net filtration pressure at the end of the glomerular capillary is usually
a. negative
b. positive
c. zero
c. zero
The entire plasma volume is normally filtered in the kidney
a. once every two hours
b. once every hour
c. 60 times per day
d. 125 times per day
c. 60 times per day
Which of the following would tend to increase glomerular filtration rate? (select all that apply)
a. Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction
b. Afferent arteriole vasodilation
c. Efferent arteriole vasoconstriction
d. Efferent arteriole vasodilation
b. Afferent arteriole vasodilation
c. Efferent arteriole vasoconstriction
Changing the level of smooth muscle activity in the afferent and/or efferent arterioles
a. Changes corpuscular membrane permeability
b. Changes the surface area available for filtration
c. Changes glomerular hydrostatic pressure
d. Changes glomerular oncotic pressure
c. Changes glomerular hydrostatic pressure
In healthy people, the renal excretion of glucose varies with glucose intake.
a. True
b. False
b. False
In non-regulated reabsorption, usually ____________________ of a filtered substance gets reabsorbed in the nephron.
a. a set percentage
b. a variable amount
c. all
d. none
c. all
In individuals on a very low carbohydrate, high fat (ketogenic) diet the liver produces ketones, which enter the blood. Ketones are acidic. You would expect someone on a ketogenic diet to have _____________________arterial PCO2 compared to individuals on a standard American diet.
a. a lower
b. the same
c. a higher
a. a lower
The primary determinate of hemoglobin saturation is
a. The temperature
b. The PCO2
c. the pH
d. The PO2
e. the concentration of DPG
d. The PO2
Which of the following would increase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? (select all that apply)
a. None of these would increase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
b. Increasing the PCO2
c. Increasing the pH
d. Increasing the concentration of DPG
e. Increasing the temperature
c. Increasing the pH
Which of the following values is/are zero in healthy individuals? (select all that apply)
a. oncotic pressure in Bowman’s capsule
b. hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus
c. oncotic pressure in the glomerulus
d. hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule
e. none of these values should be zero
a. oncotic pressure in Bowman’s capsule
Sodium is NOT reabsorbed in (select all that apply)
a. The ascending loop of Henle
b. The cortical collecting ducts
c. The descending loop of Henle
d. The distal convoluted tubule
e. The medullary collecting ducts
f. The proximal convoluted tubule
c. The descending loop of Henle
e. The medullary collecting ducts
Most water-soluble vitamins
a. Are not filtered in the kidney
b. Are filtered in the kidney and reabsorbed by transporters
c. Are filtered in the kidney and reabsorbed by channels
d. Are filtered in the kidney and reabsorbed by simple diffusion through the tubular
membranes
e. Are filtered in the kidney and not reabsorbed
b. Are filtered in the kidney and reabsorbed by transporters
The reabsorption of many substances in the kidney is tied to the reabsorption of what ion?
Sodium
The secretion of many substances in the kidney is tied to the reabsorption of what ion?
Sodium
If a substance in freely filtered in the renal corpuscle, and its concentration in the afferent arteriole is 45 mg/ml, what is its concentration in the efferent arteriole?
45 mg/mL
Substance X is freely-filtered, not secreted, and not reabsorbed. Given the following
information, what is the clearance of substance X? If not enough information is given to
determine the clearance, state that, and state what other value(s) you would need to know.
Glomerular filtration rate = 145 ml/min
Plasma concentration of substance X = 2 mg/ml
Urine flow rate = 200 ml/hour
145 ml/min
Substance Y is freely-filtered. Given the following information, what is the clearance of substance Y? If not enough information is given to determine the clearance, state that, and state what other value(s) you would need to know.
Glomerular filtration rate = 145 ml/min
Plasma concentration of substance Y = 2 mg/ml
Time for urine collection = 2 hours
Urine concentration of substance Y = 20 mg/ml
Urine volume collected = 240 ml
20 mL/min
There is ______________________ of substance Y.
a. net reabsorption
b. net secretion
c. Neither net reabsorption nor net secretion
a. net reabsorption
What nerve carries post-ganglionic sympathetic axons toward the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters?
hypogastric nerve
What nerve carries pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons toward the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters?
pelvic nerve
What nerve carries alpha motor neuron axons toward the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters?
pudendal nerve
What receptor for the sympathetic nervous system/circulating epinephrine is present on the internal urinary sphincter, and what type of receptor is it?
alpha-1 adrenergic, Gq-protein-coupled receptor
What receptor for the sympathetic nervous system/circulating epinephrine is present on the detrusor muscle, and what type of receptor is it?
Beta-2 adrenergic, Gs-protein coupled receptor
What nerve carries urinary bladder stretch receptor afferents to the spinal cord?
pelvic nerve
What receptor for the parasympathetic nervous system is present on the internal urinary sphincter, and what type of receptor is it?
M2 muscarinic receptor, Gi-protein-coupled receptor
What receptor for the parasympathetic nervous system is present on the detrusor muscle, and what type of receptor is it?
M3 muscarinic Gq-protein-coupled receptor
The micturition reflex cannot be consciously controlled until children are about how old?
2 years old
What is the name of the channel for sodium in the apical membrane of distal convoluted tubular cells?
ENaC
What are the three substances normally excreted from the body that contain sodium? Which substance has the greatest variation in the amount of sodium excreted based on the needs of the body?
- Sweat
- Urine (most variablility)
- Feces
What are the four locations where water is normally lost from the body, and which location(s) are regulated to control total body water?
- Skin
- Respiratory airways
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Urinary tract (where water balance is)
What are four conditions mentioned in the video that can lead to greater than normal sodium and water loss?
- Severe sweating
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- hemorrhage
What is the physiological definition of clearance?
The volume of plasma completely cleared of a particular substance per unit time
How does a concentration gradient for diffusion develop between the proximal convoluted tubule and the peritubular capillaries for a substance that is freely filtered?
As water is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules, the concentration of the solutes in the tubule increases and the concentration in the blood decreases, creating a diffusion gradient for the substance to be reabsorbed.
Why would you see glucose in the urine before the renal transport maximum for glucose is reached?
Not all nephrons have the same number of glucose transporters. When you reach the transport maximum for the nephron with the fewest transporters, you will start seeing glucose in the urine. You do not reach the transport maximum for the whole kidney until the nephron with the most transporters is saturated.
All epithelial cells have the sodium-potassium pump in
a. Their basolateral membrane
b. Their apical membrane
c. Both their apical and basolateral membrane
d. It varies by epithelial cell
a. Their basolateral membrane
In non-regulated reabsorption, the substance
a. would never appear in the urine
b. would always appear in the urine
c. may appear in the urine if the blood concentration is high enough
c. may appear in the urine if the blood concentration is high enough
It is easier to consume toxic levels of most water-soluble vitamins than most fat-soluble vitamins.
a. True
b. False
b. False
The renal clearance of all freely-filtered substances equals the glomerular filtration rate.
a. True
b. False
b. False
The clearance of creatinine is
a. Equal to the glomerular filtration rate
b. Greater than the glomerular filtration rate
c. Less than the glomerular filtration rate
b. Greater than the glomerular filtration rate
The sympathetic nervous system innervates the (select all that apply)
a. detrusor muscle
b. external urinary sphincter
c. internal urinary sphincter
c. internal urinary sphincter
The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the (select all that apply)
a. detrusor muscle
b. external urinary sphincter
c. internal urinary sphincter
a. detrusor muscle
c. internal urinary sphincter
The somatic nervous system innervates the (select all that apply)
a. detrusor muscle
b. external urinary sphincter
c. internal urinary sphincter
b. external urinary sphincter
Activation of the _______________________ nervous system leads to micturition
a. parasympathetic
b. somatic
c. sympathetic
a. parasympathetic
Increasing sodium consumption significantly increases blood pressure in most people.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Contraction of the detrusor muscle
a. Increases urinary bladder compliance and pressure
b. Decreases urinary bladder compliance and pressure
c. Increases urinary bladder compliance and decreases pressure
d. Decreases urinary bladder compliance and increases pressure
d. Decreases urinary bladder compliance and increases pressure
Water is actively reabsorbed in the kidney.
a. True
b. False
b. False
How sodium gets across the apical membrane of kidney tubular cells varies depending on the segment of the tubule.
a. True
b. False
a. True
As sodium is reabsorbed, the osmolarity of the tubule
a. decreases and the blood increases
b. increases and the blood decreases
a. decreases and the blood increases
Excessive water consumption during exercise or mental stress can lead to death by
a. hypokalemia
b. hypernatremia
c. hypocalcemia
d. hyponatremia
e. hyperkalemia
f. hypercalcemia
d. hyponatremia
The urinary bladder stretch receptor afferent neuron is
a. gabaergic
b. sertonergic
c. dopaminergic
d. adrenergic
e. cholinergic
f. glycinergic
g. glutamatergic
g. glutamatergic
Activation of the urinary bladder stretch receptor and micturition center leads to (select all that apply)
a. Activation of the somatic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
b. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
c. Inactivation of the somatic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
d. Inactivation of the sympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
e. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
f. Inactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
b. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
c. Inactivation of the somatic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
d. Inactivation of the sympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
Activation of the urinary bladder stretch receptor directly leads to (select all that apply)
a. Inactivation of the somatic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
b. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
c. Inactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
d. Inactivation of the sympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
e. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
f. Activation of the somatic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
b. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters
If a substance in freely filtered in the renal corpuscle, and its concentration in the afferent arteriole is 35 mg/ml, what is its concentration in Bowman’s capsule in mg/ml?
35 mg/ml
The countercurrent systems in the kidney can create an interstitium osmolarity of up to about
a. 300 mOsm
b. 700 mOsm
c. 1400 mOsm
d. 2000 mOsm
b. 700 mOsm
When more water is reabsorbed in the medullary collecting duct
a. less sodium is reabsorbed
b. less urea is reabsorbed
c. more sodium is reabsorbed
d. more urea is reabsorbed
d. more urea is reabsorbed
In the kidney, sodium is (select all that apply)
a. freely filtered
b. reabsorbed
c. secreted
a. freely filtered
b. reabsorbed
Normally, ___________ of the sodium filtered is excreted in the urine.
a. a variable amount
b. all
c. none
a. a variable amount
The sympathetic nervous system causes (select all that apply)
a. Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction
b. Afferent arteriole vasodilation
c. Efferent arteriole vasoconstriction
d. Efferent arteriole vasodilation
a. Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction
Atrial natriuretic factor causes (select all that apply)
a. Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction
b. Afferent arteriole vasodilation
c. Efferent arteriole vasoconstriction
d. Efferent arteriole vasodilation
b. Afferent arteriole vasodilation
c. Efferent arteriole vasoconstriction
Which adrenergic receptor is present on renal arteriolar smooth muscle?
a. α1
b. α2
c. β1
d. β2
a. α1
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system to the kidney ___________________ glomerular filtration rate.
a. decreases
b. does not affect
c. increases
a. decreases
Decreasing mean arterial pressure decreases hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus.
a. True
b. False
a. True
Atrial natriuretic factor stimulates aldosterone production.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Atrial natriuretic factor is not usually important in regulating sodium in the body of healthy people.
a. True
b. False
a. True
Which vasopressin receptor has the highest affinity for vasopressin?
a. V1
b. V2
b. V2
Increases in blood pressure can increase sodium reabsorption directly.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Vasopressinergic neurons are more sensitive to changes in _______________ around the normal range.
a. blood pressure
b. osmolarity
b. osmolarity
Vasopressin is released in response it
a. high body osmolarity
b. low body osmolarity
a. high body osmolarity
Stress tends to
a. decrease vasopressin release
b. increase vasopressin release
b. increase vasopressin release
Aquaporin-2 can be found (select all that apply)
a. The basolateral membrane of a tubule cell
b. Inside the tubule cell
c. The apical membrane of a tubule cell
b. Inside the tubule cell
c. The apical membrane of a tubule cell
The V2 vasopressin receptor can be found (select all that apply)
a. The basolateral membrane of a tubule cell
b. Inside the tubule cell
c. The apical membrane of a tubule cell
a. The basolateral membrane of a tubule cell
Vasopressin causes water channels to move from
a. intracellular vesicles to the apical membrane
b. intracellular vesicles to the basolateral membrane
c. the apical membrane to intracellular vesicles
d. the basolateral membrane to intracellular vesicles
a. intracellular vesicles to the apical membrane
All cells always have aquaporin channels in their plasma membrane.
a. True
b. False
a. True
Vasopressin
a. Decreases water reabsorption in the kidney
b. Decreases water secretion in the kidney
c. Increases water reabsorption in the kidney
d. Increases water secretion in the kidney
c. Increases water reabsorption in the kidney
Low vasopressin levels leads to
a. Osmotic diuresis
b. Water diuresis
b. Water diuresis
Diabetes mellitus is associated with
a. osmotic diuresis
b. water diuresis
a. osmotic diuresis
The highest osmolarity the urine can have is close to 300 mOsm.
a. True
b. False
b. False
All the loops of Henle participate in creating a hypertonic interstitium in the renal pyramids.
a. True
b. False
b. False
All the loops of Henle participate in creating a hypertonic interstitium in the renal pyramids.
a. True
b. False
b. False
As filtrate travels down a long loop of Henle
a. Its osmolarity decreases as ions are reabsorbed
b. Its osmolarity decreases as water is secreted
c. Its osmolarity increases as ions are secreted
d. Its osmolarity increases as water is reabsorbed
d. Its osmolarity increases as water is reabsorbed
As filtrate travels up a long loop of Henle
a. Its osmolarity decreases as ions are reabsorbed
b. Its osmolarity decreases as water is secreted
c. Its osmolarity increases as ions are secreted
d. Its osmolarity increases as water is reabsorbed
a. Its osmolarity decreases as ions are reabsorbed
The greatest osmolarity difference that can develop across a tubular cell apical membrane in the loop of Henle is about
a. 0 mOsm
b. 100 mOsm
c. 200 mOsm
d. 300 mOsm
c. 200 mOsm
Sodium is actively transported across ________________ of ascending loop of Henle tubular cells.
a. Both the apical and basolateral membranes
b. Neither the apical nor the basolateral membranes
c. The apical membrane
d. The basolateral membrane
d. The basolateral membrane
Potassium is actively transported across ________________ of ascending loop of Henle tubular cells.
a. Both the apical and basolateral membranes
b. Neither the apical nor the basolateral membranes
c. The apical membrane
d. The basolateral membrane
a. Both the apical and basolateral membranes
Chloride is actively transported across ________________ of ascending loop of Henle tubular cells.
a. Both the apical and basolateral membranes
b. Neither the apical nor the basolateral membranes
c. The apical membrane
d. The basolateral membrane
c. The apical membrane
The arterial end of renal vasa recta capillaries
a. Absorbs more solute than water
b. Absorbs more water than solute
c. Absorbs the same amount of water and solute
a. Absorbs more solute that water
A decrease in total body sodium, without a change in total body water will
a. Decrease blood volume
b. Increase blood volume
c. Not change blood volume
Explain your answer to the above question.
a. Decrease blood volume
As sodium levels decrease, blood osmolarity decreases causing there to be a greater osmolarity in cells than in the blood so water moves into the cell (out of blood).
What type of receptor is the V2 vasopressin receptor?
Gs protein coupled receptor
What type of receptor is the mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) receptor?
Intracellular receptor (transcription factor)
What is the specific water channel that can be on the apical membrane of a collecting duct tubule cell?
Aquaporin 2
Which type of nephrons help to create the hypertonic interstitium in the renal pyramids?
juxtamedullary nephrons
What is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of angiotensin II?
Renin
What word means increase sodium in the urine?
natriuresis
What solute is the most concentrated in the urine?
urea
Where is vasopressin released into the blood?
posterior pituitary
What hormone was mentioned in the video as a stimulator of aldosterone production?
Angiotensin II
What organ and what part of that organ produces aldosterone?
Adrenal cortex
Where specifically is vasopressin made?
supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus (both are in the hypothalamus)
Which three ions are transported by the co-transporter on the apical membrane of ascending loop of Henle tubular cells?
- K+
- Na+
- Cl-
List three genes whose transcription increases with the activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor.
- ENaC
- Na+/K+ pump
- apical K+ leak channel
What does countercurrent mean in renal physiology? Which two structures in the kidney were stated to have a countercurrent in the video?
Flow of a liquid through tubes in opposite directions right next to each other
- loops of Henle
- vasa recta
Draw a figure showing the production of angiotensin II, including the locations and cells that produce the initial substrate and the enzymes.
Draw on separate sheet of paper
Draw a flow chart for all the ways a decrease in arterial pressure can stimulate renin secretion.
If you have acidosis and both blood carbon dioxide levels and bicarbonate levels are low, what is the cause of the acidosis? a. The kidneys b. The lungs c. Both the kidneys and the lungs
a. The kidneys
If you have alkalosis and both blood carbon dioxide levels and bicarbonate levels are low, what is the cause of the alkalosis? a. The kidneys b. The lungs c. Both the kidneys and the lungs
b. The lungs
Phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid result from the breakdown of __________________________ in the body.
proteins
What hormone is the primary regulator of potassium in the kidney?
Aldosterone
What is the scientific word for chewing?
Mastication
What ion can directly stimulate the release of aldosterone?
Potassium
What abnormal condition mentioned in the video could lead to alkalosis, if not compensated for in the body?
Vomiting
What abnormal condition mentioned in the video could lead to acidosis, if not compensated for in the body?
Diarrhea
What two hormones are the primary regulators of calcium excretion by the kidney?
Vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone
What are the three stimuli for thirst mentioned in the video?
- Increased plasma osmolarity
- Decreased plasma volume
- Dry mouth or throat
Which stimulus for thirst may involve angiotensin II?
Plasma volume
What are the macronutrients? For each macronutrient, state the most common form usually consumed, what forms can be absorbed.
Macronutrients form eaten food absorbed
- Carbohydrates starch monosaccharide
- fat triglyceride free fatty acids monoglyceride
- protein protein (polypeptide) amino acids
Draw a flow chart for the reflex that helps return plasma volume to normal following a
hemorrhage.
Decrease in plasma volume
increase in aldosterone
increase in sodium reabsorption in the kidney
increase in plasma osmolarity
increase in vasopressin
increase in water reabsorption in the kidney
Draw a diagram for the reabsorption of bicarbonate ion in a renal tubular cell. Be sure to label the apical and basolateral membranes.
Draw on a separate sheet of paper
Draw two diagrams for how a renal tubular cell can make new bicarbonate ion to put into the blood.
The location with the highest osmolarity in the body is
a. the inner renal pyramids
b. the outer renal columns
c. the inner renal cortex
d. the inner renal columns
e. the outer renal pyramids
f. all location in the body have the same osmolarity
g. the outer renal cortex
a. the inner renal pyramids
V2 vasopressin receptors are located in (select all that apply)
a. descending loops of Henle
b. Bowman’s capsules
c. arterioles
d. distal convoluted tubules
e. medullary collecting ducts
f. cortical collecting ducts
g. ascending loops of Henle
h. proximal convoluted tubules
e. medullary collecting ducts
f. cortical collecting ducts
Mineralocorticoid receptors are found in (select all that apply)
a. proximal convoluted tubules
b. distal convoluted tubules
c. ascending loops of Henle
d. descending loops of Henle
e. Bowman’s capsules
f. medullary collecting ducts
g. cortical collecting ducts
b. distal convoluted tubules
g. cortical collecting ducts
Aldosterone (select all that apply)
a. Decrease sodium reabsorption
b. Increases sodium reabsorption
c. Increases sodium secretion
d. Increases sodium filtration
e. Decreases sodium secretion
f. Decreases sodium filtration
b. Increases sodium reabsorption
Atrial natriuretic factor (select all that apply)
a. Increases sodium filtration
b. Decreases sodium secretion
c. Decreases sodium filtration
d. Decreases sodium reabsorption
e. Increases sodium secretion
f. Increases sodium reabsorption
a. Increases sodium filtration
d. Decreases sodium reabsorption
Sweat is
a. Hyperosmotic
b. Hypo-osmotic
c. Iso-osmotic
b. Hypo-osmotic
The primary stimulus for thirst in most situations is
a. High blood pressure
b. High body osmolarity
c. Low blood pressure
d. Low body osmolarity
b. High body osmolarity
If you are thirsty and drink water, you will stop feeling thirsty before your osmolarity returns to normal.
a. True
b. False
a. True
Which type of salt appetite is most common?
a. Hedonistic
b. Regulatory
a. Hedonistic
Changes in blood potassium levels has the biggest effect on the
a. Brain
b. Heart
c. Kidney
d. Liver
b. Heart
It is more important for our survival to regulate blood _________________ levels.
a. potassium
b. sodium
a. potassium
In the kidney, potassium is (select all that apply)
a. freely filtered
b. reabsorbed
c. secreted
a. freely filtered
b. reabsorbed
c. secreted
In order to regulate blood potassium concentration, renal ___________ of potassium is regulated. (Select all that apply)
a. filtration
b. reabsorption
c. secretion
c. secretion
In the kidney, bicarbonate ion is (select all that apply)
a. freely filtered
b. reabsorbed
c. secreted
a. freely filtered
b. reabsorbed
c. secreted
Increasing extracellular potassium causes cells to
a. depolarize
b. hyperpolarize
a. depolarize
Tubular cells in all segments of the nephron have potassium channels on ________________ membrane.
a. Both their apical and basolateral
b. Neither their apical nor basolateral
c. Their apical
d. Their basolateral
d. Their basolateral
Almost all of the potassium in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle
a. True
b. False
a. True
Increasing blood potassium levels directly
a. Decreases potassium reabsorption
b. Decreases potassium secretion
c. Increases potassium reabsorption
d. Increases potassium secretion
d. Increases potassium secretion
Usually more water and electrolytes are secreted into the digestive tract each day than are consumed.
a. True
b. False
a. True
Higher consumption of potassium is associated with a _______________ blood pressure.
a. higher
b. lower
b. lower
In the kidney, calcium is (select all that apply)
a. Freely filtered
b. Reabsorbed
c. Secreted
b. Reabsorbed
In the kidney, phosphate is (select all that apply)
a. Freely filtered
b. Reabsorbed
c. Secreted
b. Reabsorbed
Most of the regulation of the final composition of the urine occurs in the
a. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
b. Loop of Henle
c. Proximal convoluted tubule
d. Renal corpusle
a. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
Bicarbonate ion is a
a. strong acid
b. strong base
c. weak acid
d. weak base
d. weak base
The secretion of hydrogen across the apical membrane of renal tubular cells is
a. active
b. passive
a. active
The reabsorption of bicarbonate ion across the basolateral membrane of renal tubular cells is
a. active
b. passive
a. active
If the kidney reabsorbs all the bicarbonate ion from the tubule, it will stop the secretion of hydrogen ion.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Carbonic acid is a
a. strong acid
b. weak acid
b. weak acid
If you have alkalosis, your body pH is
a. greater than 7.4
b. less than 7.4
a. greater than 7.4
Buffers remove hydrogen from the body.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Which organ system can respond quicker to changes in blood pH?
a. the pulmonary system
b. the urinary system
a. the pulmonary system
Chewing is a type of digestion.
a. True
b. False
a. True
The system that has the greatest surface area exposed to the environment is the
a. Digestive system
b. Integumentary system
c. Pulmonary system
d. Urinary system
a. Digestive system
Reabsorption of bicarbonate ion occurs in all segments of the nephron EXCEPT,
a. Cortical collecting duct
b. Proximal convoluted tubule
c. Medullary collecting duct
d. Distal convoluted tubule
e. Ascending loop of Henle
f. Descending loop of Henle
f. Descending loop of Henle
Aldosterone in the kidney
a. Stimulates potassium secretion
b. Stimulates potassium reabsorption
c. Inhibits potassium filtration
d. Inhibits potassium reabsorption
e. Stimulates potassium filtration
f. Inhibits potassium secretion
a. Stimulates potassium secretion
Calcium excretion is regulated in the (select all that apply)
a. Distal convoluted tubule
b. Ascending loop of Henle
c. Proximal convoluted tubule
d. Descending loop of Henle
e. Cortical collecting duct
f. Medullary collecting duct
a. Distal convoluted tubule
e. Cortical collecting duct
Regulation of renal phosphate excretion occurs in the (select all that apply)
a. Proximal convoluted tubule
b. Distal convoluted tubule
c. Descending loop of Henle
d. Medullary collecting duct
e. Ascending loop of Henle
f. Cortical collecting duct
a. Proximal convoluted tubule
Parathyroid hormone (select all that apply)
a. Decreases calcium reabsorption
b. Decreases phosphate reabsorption
c. Decreases phosphate secretion
d. Increases calcium secretion
e. Increases phosphate reabsorption
f. Increases phosphate secretion
g. Decreases calcium secretion
h. Increases calcium reabsorption
b. Decreases phosphate reabsorption
h. Increases calcium reabsorption
In a fasting urine sample, which of the following is considered an abnormal finding in the urine?
a. Urea
b. Glucose
c. Sodium
d. Water
b. Glucose
In which structure does filtration of plasma to form filtrate occur?
a. Proximal convoluted tubule
b. Distal tubule
c. Glomerulus
d. Loop of Henle
c. Glomerulus
How are the results of a dipstick urinalysis determined?
a. The stick is inserted into a dipstick reader and results are recorded.
b. The dipstick is placed in an osmometer and results are then recorded.
c. The dipstick is observed under a microscope after being inoculated with urine.
d. Color changes of the individual pads are compared to a standard.
d. Color changes of the individual pads are compared to a standard.
All of the following are considered abnormal findings in a dipstick urinalysis except __________________
a. proteins
b. glucose
c. urea
d. red blood cells
c. urea
Urine is primarily composed of ______________
a. urea
b. creatinine
c. water
d. sodium
c. water
The presence of leukocytes in urine indicated which of the following?
a. Dehydration
b. Urinary tract infection
c. Kidney damage
d. Diabetes
b. Urinary tract infection
A urine sample with the lowest pH would have:
a. the lowest concentration of hydrogen ions.
b. the highest concentration of hydrogen ions.
c. about the same concentration of hydrogen ions.
b. the highest concentration of hydrogen ions.
Assume that the rate of filtrate formation was the same for each student. The student who drank soda produced urine with the lowest level of sodium chloride because:
a. the level of ADH in his blood was low, so water remained in the collecting duct, rather than passing into the blood.
b. the level of ADH in his blood was low, so water passed from the collecting duct into the blood.
c. the level of ADH in his blood was high, so water remained in the collecting duct, rather than passing into the blood.
d. the level of ADH in his blood was high, so water passed from the collecting duct into the blood.
a. the level of ADH in his blood was low, so water remained in the collecting duct, rather than passing into the blood.
If you have a solution and water is removed from the solution, what happens to the concentration of the solute?
a. The concentration of the solute increases.
b. The concentration of the solute does not change.
c. The concentration of the solute decreases.
a. The concentration of the solute increases.
Judging from the volume of the urine produced by each student, which person had the lowest level of ADH in their blood at the 40-minute mark?
a. The student who drank soda, which had no salt.
b. All three students had the same level of ADH.
c. The student who drank nothing.
d. The student who drank tomato juice, which had the same salt concentration as blood plasma.
a. The student who drank soda, which had no salt.
Compare the pH of the urine from the student who drank soda with the student who drank tomato juice. After 40 minutes, the urine from the student who drank soda had:
a. a higher pH.
b. the same pH.
c. a lower pH.
a. a higher pH.
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, and this means water flows:
a. from the blood into the collecting duct to decrease the volume of the fluid in the collecting duct.
b. from the collecting duct into the blood to increase the volume of the fluid in the collecting duct.
c. from the collecting duct into the blood to decrease the volume of the fluid in the collecting duct.
d. from the blood into the collecting duct to increase the volume of the fluid in the collecting duct.
c. from the collecting duct into the blood to decrease the volume of the fluid in the collecting duct.
Assume that the rate of hydrogen ion secretion along the length of the renal tubule was the same for each student. The student who drank soda produced urine with the highest pH because:
a. his blood had fewer hydrogen ions.
b. water stayed in the collecting duct, rather than being absorbed back into the blood, so that the concentration of hydrogen ions in the urine was low.
d. one function of ADH is to remove hydrogen ions from the nephron.
e. excess water was removed from the nephron and passed into the blood.
b. water stayed in the collecting duct, rather than being absorbed back into the blood, so that the concentration of hydrogen ions in the urine was low.
Which student produced urine with the lowest concentration of sodium chloride at the 40-minute mark?
a. The student who drank soda, which had no salt.
b. The student who drank tomato juice, which had the same salt concentration as blood plasma.
c. The student who drank nothing.
a. The student who drank soda, which had no salt.
Tomato juice has a similar sodium concentration to blood plasma. How would salt and water in the tomato juice affect the ADH secretion of this human subject?
a. The level of ADH in his blood decreased so more water was reabsorbed.
b. The level of ADH in his blood increased so more water was reabsorbed.
c. The level of ADH in his blood increased so less water was reabsorbed.
d. The level of ADH in his blood decreased so less water was reabsorbed.
b. The level of ADH in his blood increased so more water was reabsorbed.
If solution A has a higher pH than solution B, then solution A is said to be:
a. neutral.
b. more alkaline than solution B.
c. more acidic than solution B
b. more alkaline than solution B.
Enteric neurons can be post-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system.
a. True
b. False
a. True
Circulating epinephrine
a. speeds up digestion
b. slows down digestion
c. does not affect the speed of digestion
b. slows down digestion
Generally, sphincters contract in response to increased _____________________ pressure.
a. distal
b. proximal
a. distal
The lower esophageal sphincter in humans allows backflow.
a. True
b. False
a. True
In response to proximal pressure, the reflex response of the external anal sphincter is to
a. contract
b. relax
a. contract
In response to food entering the stomach,
a. The fundus of the stomach contracts
b. The fundus of the stomach relaxes
b. The fundus of the stomach relaxes
Gastric pressure usually increases as the volume of food in the stomach increases from zero.
a. True
b. False
b. False
About ___________________ of chyme is delivered to the small intestine from the stomach at a time.
a. Two teaspoons
b. Two tablespoons
c. Two cups
a. Two teaspoons
Gastrin ____________________ somatostatin secretion.
a. inhibits
b. stimulates
b. stimulates
Acetylcholine ________________ somatostatin secretion.
a. inhibits
b. stimulates
a. inhibits
The circadian rhythm of gastric acid secretion leads to a ___________ stomach luminal pH in the morning.
a. higher
b. lower
a. higher
There is no strong evidence that the sympathetic nervous system innervates anything in the digestive tract except ________________________________________.
blood vessels
The type of contraction that propels material through the digestive tract by a wave of contraction that moves distally through the organ is called ______________________________.
peristalsis
What protein moves hydrogen across the apical membrane of a parietal cell?
H+/K+ pump
What protein moves chloride across the basolateral membrane of a parietal cell?
HCO3-/Cl- exchanger
What is the primary purpose of stomach acid?
Kill pathogens
The gastric phase of gastric acid secretion is primarily dependent on which secretagogue of gastric acid?
Gastrin
What type of receptor is the M4 muscarinic receptor?
Gi protein coupled receptor
Which two nerves carry parasympathetic pre-ganglion neurons to the gut?
- Vagus nerve
2. Pelvic nerve
What are two secretagogues for histamine in the stomach?
- Gastrin
2. Acetylcholine
What two effects do the secretagogues for gastric acid have in the parietal cell that leads to the secretion of acid?
- Insertion of the H+/K+ pumps into the apical membrane
2. Increase activity of H+/K+ pumps
What are the names of the two enteric plexes, and where is each located within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract?
- Myenteric plexus-between circular and longitudinal muscularis externa
- Submucosal plexus-between submucosa and muscularis externa
What are two inhibitors of acid secretion that act on the parietal cell and what type of receptor does each act on?
- Somatostatin-Gi protein coupled receptor
2. Prostaglandin-Gi protein coupled receptor
Besides direct effects on parietal cells, what are two other ways that somatostatin and
prostaglandin decrease gastric acid secretion?
Inhibit the secretion of gastrin and histamine
What are the stimuli for acetylcholine secretion onto parietal and ECL cells?
- Taste, smell, thought of food
2. Gastric distension
What are the stimuli for gastrin release into the blood?
- luminal peptides
2. gastrin releasing peptide
What are the three phases of gastric acid secretion in response to a meal, and about what percent of the total acid secreted in response to a meal is released in each phase?
- Cephalic phase=30%
- Gastric phase=50-60%
- Intestinal phase=5-10%
What is the stimulus and mechanism for the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion?
Smell thought, taste of food
Acetylcholine release by activation of the vagus onto ECL cells and parietal cells and gastrin releasing peptide onto G cells
Describe the steps of deglutition.
Voluntary-tongue pushes bolus of food toward pharynx
Pharyngeal-soft palate moves up to close off nasopharynx, elevation of pharynx, successive contraction of pharyngeal muscles, bolus pushes down epiglottis, upper esophageal sphincter opens
Esophageal-parastolic contraction of the esophagus pushes down bolus toward stomach and lower esophageal sphincter opens
Describe the steps of defecation.
flexure of the hips
relaxation of pelvic floor and external anal sphincter
abdominal muscles contract
Fill in the table for the secretagogues for gastric acid.
Most likely the whole table won’t be on the exam, but you do need to know all the content on it
Draw a flow chart for the stimuli and mechanism for gastric acid secretion in the gastric phase.
Flow chart won’t be on exam, but be able to answer questions based off of it.
Assuming each of the following meals have the same number of calories, which would make you feel full longer, because it will stay in your stomach longer?
a. A large bowl of cereal with skim milk, toast with jam, a banana, and a large glass of orange juice
b. A couple of fried eggs, two slices of bacon, toast with butter, and a cup of coffee with cream
b. A couple of fried eggs, two slices of bacon, toast with butter, and a cup of coffee with cream
The primary central input to the enteric nervous system comes from the ________________ nervous system.
a. sympathetic
b. somatic
c. parasympathetic
c. parasympathetic
Relaxation of the fundus during gastric accommodation is dependent on
a. local reflexes
b. the pelvic nerve
c. hormones
d. the vagus nerve
d. the vagus nerve
What cells release somatostatin? I cells G cells S cells D cells
D cells
