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Anatomy and Physiology Exams > Exam 2 Bio 322 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Bio 322 Flashcards

1
Q

Which vessels can change their resistance the most?

a. arterioles
b. arteries
c. capillaries
d. veins
e. venules

A

a. arterioles

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2
Q

Which vessels determine the blood flow to a particular organ?

a. arteries
b. venules
c. arterioles
d. veins
e. capillaries

A

c. arterioles

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3
Q

The _______________________________, the greater the vascular tone.

a. higher the sarcoplasmic potassium
b. lower the sarcoplasmic sodium
c. lower the sarcoplasmic chloride
d. higher the sarcoplasmic chloride
e. higher the sarcoplasmic calcium
f. lower the sarcoplasmic potassium
g. lower the sarcoplasmic calcium
h. higher the sacroplasmic sodium

A

e. higher the sarcoplasmic calcium

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4
Q

Blood pressure is pulsatile in at least some (select all that apply)

a. capillaries
b. arteries
c. venules
d. arterioles
e. veins

A

b. arteries

d. arterioles

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5
Q

When compliance is higher (select all that apply)

a. diastolic pressure is lower
b. mean arterial pressure is higher
c. mean arterial pressure is lower
d. systolic pressure is higher
e. systolic pressure is lower
f. diastolic pressure is higher

A

e. systolic pressure is lower

f. diastolic pressure is higher

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6
Q

The compliance of the arteries is very volatile (changes often).

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

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7
Q

The higher the compliance of an elastic structure the

a. higher the elastic recoil of the structure
b. lower the elastic recoil of the structure

A

b. lower the elastic recoil of the structure

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8
Q

After about 50 years of age, arterial compliance tends to

a. decrease
b. increase

A

a. decrease

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9
Q

The blood flow through one arteriole is ______________ the flow through one artery.

a. faster than
b. slower than
c. the same as

A

b. slower than

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10
Q

When vascular smooth muscle contracts you get

a. vasoconstriction
b. vasodilation

A

a. vasoconstriction

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11
Q

Blood flow through all the arteries combined equals the blood flow through all the arterioles combined.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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12
Q

The higher the resistance downstream, the higher the pressure upstream.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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13
Q

Chronic aerobic exercise

a. Decreases arterial compliance
b. Increases arterial compliance

A

b. Increases arterial compliance

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14
Q

Which of the following statements is/are true? (select all that apply)

a. Compliance of an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure
b. Pressure in an elastic structure determines the compliance of that structure
c. Volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the compliance of that structure
d. Volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure

A

a. Compliance of an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure
d. Volume of substance in an elastic structure determines the pressure in that structure

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15
Q

What term means a vessel increased in diameter?

A

Vasodilation

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16
Q

What term means a vessel decreased in diameter?

A

Vasoconstriction

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17
Q

What is the adjective form of atrium?

A

Atrial

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18
Q

What is the adjective form of artery?

A

Arterial

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19
Q

What is the deterministic equation for the flow of blood to a particular organ?

A

Flow to Organ=Mean arterial pressure/resistance of organ

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20
Q

What three factors determine the pulse pressure?

A
  1. Stroke volume
  2. Speed of ejection of stroke volume
  3. Arterial compliance
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21
Q

Vasodilation can be triggered by

a. decreased osmolarity
b. increased osmolarity

A

b. increased osmolarity

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22
Q

The myogenic response is part of (select all that apply)

a. active hyperemia
b. flow autoregulation
c. reactive hyperemia
d. response to injury

A

b. flow autoregulation

c. reactive hyperemia

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23
Q

In which of the following mechanisms does a decrease in oxygen trigger vasodilation? (select all that apply)

a. active hyperemia
b. flow autoregulation
c. reactive hyperemia
d. response to injury

A

a. active hyperemia
b. flow autoregulation
c. reactive hyperemia

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24
Q

What type of receptor is the α1 adrenergic receptor?

a. Gi protein-coupled receptor
b. Gq protein-coupled receptor
c. Gs protein-coupled receptor
d. Ion-channel receptor

A

b. Gq protein-coupled receptor

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25
Q

Increasing the stretch on an arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cell would tend to cause

a. increased calcium in the cell
b. decreased calcium in the cell

A

a. increased calcium in the cell

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26
Q

Which branch(es) of the nervous system innervate(s) the vasculature? (select all that apply)

a. parasympathetic
b. sympathetic
c. somatic

A

b. sympathetic

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27
Q

There is no sympathetic activity to the vasculature at rest.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

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28
Q

Nitric oxide is only produced when endothelial cells are stressed.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

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29
Q

Prostacyclin is only produced when endothelial cells are stressed.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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30
Q

The three primary hormones to affect vascular smooth muscle can cause vasoconstriction.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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31
Q

Sympathetic withdrawal generally causes

a. vasoconstriction
b. vasodilation

A

b. vasodilation

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32
Q

Angiotensin II acts on _________receptors on vascular smooth muscle.

a. AT1
b. AT2

A

a. AT1

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33
Q

Vasopressin acts on _________receptors on vascular smooth muscle.

a. V1
b. V2

A

a. V1

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34
Q

Blocking all the adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle would cause blood pressure to
fall to levels unconducive to life.
a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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35
Q

The vasoconstriction in the skin that occurs when you are cold is primarily due to

a. Endocrine factors
b. Local factors
c. Nervous factors

A

c. Nervous factors

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36
Q

__________________________ glands secrete to the outside of the body.

A

exocrine

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37
Q

Hypoxia and other stresses can trigger cells to release which nucleoside discussed in lecture?

A

Adenosine (vasodilation)

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38
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by most of the sympathetic neurons to the vasculature?

A

norepinephrine

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39
Q

What word given in the lecture videos means an increase in blood flow?

A

hyperemia

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40
Q

What specific channel in vascular smooth muscle is important for the myogenic response?

A

Stretch-sensitive calcium channel

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41
Q

What is the name of the mechanism whereby an increase in the metabolic activity of a tissue leads to an increase in blood flow to that tissue?

A

active hyperemia

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42
Q

What is the name of the mechanism whereby a decrease in arterial blood pressure to an organ leads to vasodilation of the arterioles in that organ?

A

flow autoregulation

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43
Q

Which of the three primary hormones to affect vascular smooth muscle can cause vasodilation and what receptor does it act on to cause this effect?

A

epinephrine (beta 2)

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44
Q

Which three tissue types have the most well developed active hyperemia mechanisms?

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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45
Q

What three chemicals or type of chemicals mentioned in the video are released in response to injury that can cause vasodilation?

A

eicosanoids (made from arachidonic acid)
Adenosine
Bradykinin

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46
Q

What are the primary three hormones to affect vascular smooth muscle?

A

epinephrine
angiotensin II
vasopressin

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47
Q

What are three chemicals known to stimulate nitric oxide secretion by endothelial cells?

A

Histamine
Bradykinin
Acetylcholine

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48
Q

What are three chemicals released by endothelial cells that act on vascular smooth muscle cells and what is the effect of each (vasoconstriction or vasodilation)?

A

Nitric Oxide- vasodilation
Prostacyclin- vasodilation
endothelin I- vasoconstriction

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49
Q

What chemicals that can trigger arteriolar vasodilation increase in the interstitial fluid surrounding a cell when that cell becomes more metabolically active?

A

K+, CO2, H+, adenosine

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50
Q

The driving force for flow from the heart to the capillaries is the same as the driving force for
flow from the capillaries back to the heart.
a. True
b. False

A

b. False

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51
Q

Given the following, what is the net filtration pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary = 25 mmHg
Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium = normal
Oncotic pressure in the capillary = 30 mmHg
Oncotic pressure in the interstitium = 5 mmHg

A

NFP=0

NFP=25-0-30+5

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52
Q

In the above example, there would be (NFP=0)

a. Net absorption
b. Net filtration
c. Neither filtration nor absorption

A

c. Neither filtration nor absorption

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53
Q

In most capillaries, everything in the plasma can pass through fenestrae into the interstitium except _______________________.

A

proteins

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54
Q

What word means transport of fluid across the cell in vesicles?

A

transcytosis

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55
Q

What is the standard abbreviation for oncotic pressure?

A

pi

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56
Q

Other than diffusion, what is another primary mechanism in the brain for transport of substances into and out of capillaries?

A

carrier-mediated transport

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57
Q

What creates the concentration gradient for the diffusion of gases, nutrients and waste products between the plasma and the interstitial fluid?

A

Metabolism

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58
Q

What layers make up the capillary wall?

A

Endothelial cells and their basement membrane

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59
Q

Why is it important to have slow blood flow through the capillaries?

A

Maximizes time for diffusion of nutrients, gases, & waste products

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60
Q

Normally about how much of the fluid that is filtered on the arterial side of a capillary is not absorbed on the venous side?

61
Q

What normally happens to the fluid that was filtered out of a capillary on the arterial side but not absorbed on the venous side?

A

It enters the lymphatic vessels

62
Q

Which three organs or types of organs have the largest changes in metabolic rate?

a. digestive tract organs
b. liver
c. skeletal muscle
d. glands
e. lymph nodes
f. heart
g. spleen
i. kidneys

A

c. skeletal muscle
d. glands
f. heart

63
Q

The myogenic response is most well developed in which four of the following organs or types of organs?

a. heart
b. skeletal muscle
c. digestive tract organs
d. kidneys
e. liver
f. spleen
g. glands
h. lymph nodes

A

c. digestive tract organs
d. kidneys
e. liver
f. spleen

64
Q

Which adrenergic receptor is on post-synaptic vascular smooth muscle?

a. beta-3
b. beta-1
c. beta-2
d. alpha-1
e. alpha-2

A

d. alpha-1

65
Q

What type of receptor is the vasopressin receptor on vascular smooth muscle?

a. Gi protein-coupled receptor
b. Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
c. Gs protein-coupled receptor
d. Intracellular receptor
e. Ion-channel receptor
f. Gq protein-coupled receptor
g. Receptor tyrosine kinase
h. Guanylyl cyclase receptor

A

f. Gq protein-coupled receptor

66
Q

What type of receptor is the angiotensin II receptor on vascular smooth muscle?

a. Gs protein-coupled receptor
b. Receptor tyrosine kinase
c. Intracellular receptor
d. Gq protein-coupled receptor
e. Gi protein-coupled receptor
f. Guanylyl cyclase receptor
g. Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
h. Ion-channel receptor

A

d. Gq protein-coupled receptor

67
Q

Resistance to blood flow is greater in the

a. veins
b. arteries

A

b. arteries

68
Q

In normal physiology, filtration occurs out of

a. capillaries
b. veins
c. venules
d. arteries
e. arterioles

A

a. capillaries

69
Q

The slowest blood flow is through

a. capillaries
b. arterioles
c. veins
d. venules
e. arteries

A

a. capillaries

70
Q

Large proteins can pass through capillary fenestrae in

a. the testis
b. the uterus
c. the pancreas
d. the lungs
e. the spleen
f. the brain
g. the kidney
h. the liver
i. the ovary
j. the heart

A

h. the liver

71
Q

___________________ have valves that allow only one-way blood flow. (select all that apply)

a. capillaries
b. arteries
c. arterioles
d. venules
e. veins

72
Q

Most capillaries have water-filled gaps between the endothelial cells.

a. True
b. False

73
Q

Precapillary sphincters can contract enough to completely close-off a sphincter.

a. True
b. False

74
Q

Precapillary sphincters contract when

a. Oxygen levels are high and metabolite levels are low
b. Oxygen levels are low and metabolite levels are high

A

a. Oxygen levels are high and metabolite levels are low

75
Q

In most capillaries, nutrient, gas and waste product exchange across capillaries is primarily by

a. bulk flow
b. diffusion
c. mediated transport
d. vesicle transport

A

b. diffusion

76
Q

The brain cannot limit the movement of ____________________________ across capillaries.

a. hydrophilic substances
b. lipophilic substances

A

b. lipophilic substances

77
Q

There is more than three times more interstitial fluid in the body than plasma in the body.

a. True
b. False

78
Q

The bulk flow of interstitial fluid into a capillary is called

a. absorption
b. filtration

A

a. absorption

79
Q

Water moves from

a. High osmotic pressure to low osmotic pressure
b. Low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure

A

b. Low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure

80
Q

Normally the protein concentration in the plasma is _______________ the protein concentration in the interstitial fluid.

a. higher than
b. lower than
c. the same as

A

a. higher than

81
Q

Normally, all of the fluid that filters out of the arterial side of a capillary is absorbed on the venous side.

a. True
b. False

82
Q

Venous valves are present in the large veins in the torso.

a. True
b. False

83
Q

Increasing heart rate without changing venous return would increase cardiac output.

a. True
b. False

84
Q

What is the primary cardiovascular variable that the body works to maintain constant?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

85
Q

What is the name for the short-term negative feedback reflex that controls mean arterial pressure?

A

Baroreceptor reflex

86
Q

What neurotransmitter is released onto veins and what receptor do the venous smooth muscle cells have for that neurotransmitter?

A

Norepinephrine, Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

87
Q

What is the deterministic equation for mean arterial pressure?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure=Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

88
Q

What are the primary four factors that can increase venous pressure that were mentioned in the video?

A
  1. Sympathetic nerve activity in the veins
  2. blood volume
  3. skeletal muscle pump
  4. respiratory pump
89
Q

Draw a flow chart for how a hemorrhage will lead to a decrease in mean arterial pressure.

A

Do on a separate sheet of paper

90
Q

List the five components of a negative feedback reflex and state where or what these components are for the regulation of mean arterial pressure.

A
  1. Receptors-aortic arch, carotid sinus
  2. Afferent pathways-nerves-glossopharyngeal, vagus
  3. An integration center (brain) Baroreceptors synapse into the nucleus of the solitary tract)
  4. Efferent pathways-sympathetic nerves (angiotensin II, vasopressin, epinephrine) and parasympathetic (vagus)
  5. Effectors-heart, arterioles, veins
    Response-vasoconstriction or vasodilation, increase in heart rate/decrease in heart rate, increased force of ventricular contraction/decreased force of ventricular contraction
91
Q

An increase in mean arterial pressure will ___________________ the frequency of action potentials in the baroreceptor afferents.

a. increase
b. decrease

A

a. increase

92
Q

Sympathetic activity to venous smooth muscle causes

a. Venodilation and decreased vascular compliance
b. Venoconstriction and increased vascular compliance
c. Venodilation and increased vascular compliance
d. Venoconstriction and decreased vascular compliance

A

d. Venoconstriction and decreased vascular compliance

93
Q

When total peripheral resistance changes it is because the total resistance in all the systemic ________________________ changed.

a. veins
b. capillaries
c. venules
d. arteries
e. arterioles

A

e. arterioles

94
Q

At any given time, most of the blood in your body is in the

a. systemic veins
b. systemic capillaries
c. systemic arteries
d. heart
e. systemic arterioles
f. pulmonary circulation

A

a. systemic veins

95
Q

Which of the following is the main controller of venous vascular tone?

a. nitric oxide from endothelial cells
b. endothelin-1 from endothelial cells
c. circulating vasopressin
d. circulating angiotensin II
e. the sympathetic nervous system
f. prostacyclin from endothelial cells

A

e. the sympathetic nervous system

96
Q

Which are more compliant?

a. arteries
b. veins

97
Q

The skeletal muscle pump only works in veins with valves.

a. True
b. False

98
Q

When muscles contract, the pressure in the veins that run through that muscle

a. decreases
b. increases
c. is not affected

A

b. increases

99
Q

If some arterioles vasodilate and some vasoconstrict, mean arterial pressure may stay the same.

a. True
b. False

100
Q

Venous return increases with

a. expiration
b. inspiration

A

b. inspiration

101
Q

Venous return increases if you breathe deeper.

a. True
b. False

102
Q

Increasing heart rate _____________ stroke volume

a. decreases
b. does not affect
c. increases

A

a. decreases

103
Q

Vasodilation in some arterioles with no change in the rest of the arterioles will lead to ___________ in MAP.

a. decreased
b. increased
c. no change in

A

a. decreased

104
Q

Total pulmonary vascular resistance is ________________________ total peripheral resistance.

a. less than
b. more than
c. the same as

A

a. less than

105
Q

Increasing the hematocrit would tend to __________ MAP.

a. decrease
b. increase

A

b. increase

106
Q

Which nerve carries baroreceptor afferents from the carotid sinus?

a. the glossopharyngeal nerve
b. the hypoglossal nerve
c. the trigeminal nerve
d. the vagus nerve

A

a. the glossopharyngeal nerve

107
Q

Which nerve carries baroreceptor afferents from the aortic arch?

a. the glossopharyngeal nerve
b. the hypoglossal nerve
c. the trigeminal nerve
d. the vagus nerve

A

d. the vagus nerve

108
Q

Which nerve carries parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons to the heart?

a. the glossopharyngeal nerve
b. the hypoglossal nerve
c. the trigeminal nerve
d. the vagus nerve

A

d. the vagus nerve

109
Q

What does the PQ interval tell you?

a. The interval between beats
b. The length of the action potential in the atria
c. The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
d. The length of the action potential in the ventricle
e. The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
f. The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize

A

c. The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His

110
Q

What does the QRS interval tell you?

a. The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize
b. The interval between beats
c. The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
d. The length of the action potential in the atria
e. The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
f. The length of the action potential in the ventricle

A

e. The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize

111
Q

What does the QT interval tell you?

a. The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
b. The length of the action potential in the atria
c. The interval between beats
d. The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize
e. The length of the action potential in the ventricle
f. The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize

A

e. The length of the action potential in the ventricle

112
Q

What does the RR interval tell you?

a. The time it takes for the both atria to completely depolarize
b. The length of the action potential in the ventricle
c. The interval between beats
d. The time it takes for both ventricles to completely depolarize
e. The time it takes for the action potential to travel from the SA node to the bundles of His
f. The length of the action potential in the atria

A

c. The interval between beats

113
Q

Diving in cold water should

a. decrease heart rate
b. increase heart rate

A

a. decrease heart rate

114
Q

A deep inspiration should cause the mean electrical axis to ____________________ meaning because the apex of the heart is has moved to the _______________.

a. decrease, left
b. increase, left
c. decrease, right
d. increase, right

A

d. increase, right

115
Q

The normal mean electrical axis of the heart is the the

a. right of the body
b. left of the body

A

b. left of the body

116
Q

On average ____________ have a higher blood pressure.

a. females
b. males

117
Q

On average _________ have a higher heart rate

a. females
b. males

A

a. females

118
Q

Blood pressure tends to be ______________________ in your head than your feet when you are sitting or standing.

a. the same
b. lower
c. higher

119
Q

Standing up from a supine position would cause blood pressure at the level of the heart to

a. stay the same
b. decrease
c. increase

A

c. increase

120
Q

An increase in diastolic pressure with no change in pulse pressure or heart rate is indicative of

a. an increase in total peripheral resistance
b. an increase in cardiac output

A

a. an increase in total peripheral resistance

121
Q

An increase in pulse pressure is indicative of

a. an increase in total peripheral resistance
b. an increase in cardiac output

A

b. an increase in cardiac output

122
Q

Aerobic exercise tends to

a. increase total peripheral resistance
b. decrease total peripheral resistance

A

b. decrease total peripheral resistance

123
Q

Isometric contractions tend to

a. increase total peripheral resistance
b. decrease total peripheral resistance

A

a. increase total peripheral resistance

124
Q

Cold stress causes

a. decrease total peripheral resistance
b. an increase in total peripheral resistance

A

b. an increase in total peripheral resistance

125
Q

While on a long airline flight or car drive, it is important to contract the muscles in the legs occasionally to prevent blood clot formation.

a. True
b. False

126
Q

Which of the following is elevated when you are standing compared to when you are lying down? (select all that apply)

a. Blood pressure at the level of the heart
b. Parasympathetic activity
c. Sympathetic activity
d. Total peripheral resistance
e. Venous compliance

A

a. Blood pressure at the level of the heart
c. Sympathetic activity
d. Total peripheral resistance

127
Q

The evidence suggests that changes in ______________________________
are the biggest contributor to essential hypertension.

A

sympathetic activity

128
Q

Other than the baroreceptors, what is another short-term regulator of mean arterial pressure?

129
Q

What is the mechanism for the vasoconstriction to the intestines and kidneys during a moderate exercise?

A

myogenic response

130
Q

What is the mechanism(s) for the vasoconstriction to the intestines and kidneys during an intense exercise?

A

myogenic response + sympathetic nervous system

131
Q

Where are low pressure baroreceptors found?

A

right side of heart, large systemic veins-vena cavae

132
Q

What are the two proposed mechanisms for the long-term control of blood pressure?

A
  1. changes in blood volume regulated by the kidney

2. brain regulating sympathetic activity

133
Q

What are three conditions mentioned in the video that can reduce baroreceptor reflex gain?

A
  1. Pregnancy
  2. Diabetes
  3. Chronic heart failure
134
Q

What is the advantage of increasing skin blood flow during exercise?

A

Helps us regulate body temperature by dissipating heat

135
Q

Aerobic exercise triggers vasodilation in which three organs, and what is the mechanism for the vasodilation in each organ?

A
  1. skin-sympathetic withdrawal
  2. skeletal muscles-active hyperemia
  3. heart-active hyperemia
136
Q

Draw a flow chart for the reflex that would bring our blood pressure back to normal following a decrease in blood pressure caused by a hemorrhage.

A

Will not have to draw the flowchart, but better know it because there will be mc questions on the exam based on it

137
Q

In a moderate aerobic exercise, arterioles to the intestines and kidney vasoconstrict.

a. True
b. False

138
Q

In an intense aerobic exercise, blood flow to the liver and kidney is reduced.

a. True
b. False

139
Q

Which of the following variable(s) would decrease in a moderate exercise? (select all that apply)

a. systolic pressure
b. none of these variable would decrease
c. heart rate
d. mean arterial pressure
e. cardiac output
f. venous return
g. diastolic pressure
h. total peripheral resistance
i. stroke volume

A

h. total peripheral resistance

140
Q

Which of the following variables would increase in a moderate exercise? (select all that apply)

a. total peripheral resistance
b. diastolic pressure
c. venous return
d. none of these variable would increase
e. cardiac output
f. heart rate
g. stroke volume
h. mean arterial pressure
i. systolic pressure

A

c. venous return
e. cardiac output
f. heart rate
g. stroke volume
h. mean arterial pressure
i. systolic pressure

141
Q

Which of the following would increase following a decrease in mean arterial pressure? (select all that apply)

a. baroreceptor afferent firing rate
b. sympathetic activity
c. parasympathetic activity

A

b. sympathetic activity

142
Q

A healthy, non-pregnant person has a _______________ baroreceptor reflex gain.

a. high
b. low

143
Q

The baroreceptor reflex works to defend the

a. normal blood pressure
b. prevailing blood pressure

A

b. prevailing blood pressure

144
Q

Low pressure baroreceptors are involved in _______________________ reflexes.

a. feed-forward
b. negative feedback
c. positive feedback
d. resetting the set-point

A

a. feed-forward

145
Q

Blood pressure should always be measured clinically at the level of the heart.

a. True
b. False

146
Q

When you are standing up, more fluid filters out of the blood vessels in your feet than in your hands.

a. True
b. False

147
Q

In a moderate aerobic exercise, blood flow to the liver and kidney is reduced.

a. True
b. False

148
Q

Blood flow to the brain increases during aerobic exercise.

a. True
b. False

Anatomy and Physiology Exams (7 decks)

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