Exam 3 Bio 322 Flashcards
In regular aerobic exercisers, the baroreceptor reflex resets to a higher mean arterial pressure before the person starts exercising.
a. True
b. False
a. True
The increase in mean arterial pressure during a moderate aerobic exercise is due to the normal operation of the baroreceptor reflex.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Where is iron primarily stored in the body?
a. lungs
b. spleen
c. stomach
d. liver
e. bone marrow
f. heart
g. pancreas
h. kidney
d. liver
What organ is the primary destroyer of damaged red blood cells in normal individuals?
a. bone marrow
b. kidney
c. spleen
d. heart
e. lungs
f. stomach
g. liver
h. pancreas
c. spleen
What organ produces erythropoietin?
a. bone marrow
b. pancreas
c. stomach
d. heart
e. liver
f. spleen
g. kidney
h. lungs
g. kidney
Where is most of the iron in your body?
In red blood cells bound to hemoglobin
About how long does a red blood cell live in circulation?
About 120 days
What is normal red blood cell turnover (as a percent of total circulating red blood cells)?
About 1% per day
What is the single most common protein in the blood?
Fibrinogen
Other than fatigue, what other factor would prevent you from holding a very heavy weight up for very long?
Blocking blood flow so that the oxygen is not delivered and waste products build up
What does desquamation mean? (how it is used)
Loss of epithelial cells from a surface
What word refers to the development of red blood cells, and where in the body does this process occur?
Erythropoiesis-bone marrow
What three factors were mentioned in lecture as contributing to arterial diastolic pressure?
- Heart Rate
- Systolic pressure/pulse pressure
- Total peripheral pressure
What four factors during aerobic exercise contribute to the increase in venous return?
- Increased activity of the skeletal muscle pump
- Increased depth and frequency of inspiration
- Sympathetically mediated increase in venous tone
- Faster blood flow away from the arterioles
What two types of receptors are activated in muscles during exercise that send inputs into the medulla oblongata? What do each receptor type detect during exercise?
- Mechanoreceptors-contractions
2. Chemoreceptors-low O2, high metabolites
Describe the shape of a human red blood cell.
Biconcave disc
What is the advantage of not having a nucleus if you are a red blood cell?
more surface area
fold easier
more room for hemoglobin
In which ways can iron normally leave the body?
desquamation
menstral blood
What two vitamins are needed to make DNA were mentioned in the video? These vitamins are needed to make which nucleotide in DNA? Which of these vitamins can only be found in animal products?
- Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) needed to make thymine
2. Vitamin B12 (found in animal sources)
What hormone is needed to make red blood cells? What is the primary stimulus for its production?
Erythropoietin-decreased O2 to the kidney
What is hemostasis?
Stoppage of bleeding
What are the three steps of hemostasis in order?
- Vasoconstriction + contact stickiness
- Platelet plug
- Formation of blood clot (thrombus)
Other than thromboxane A2, what other chemical was mentioned in the video as being secreted by activated platelets and what is its effect?
Serotonin-causes vasodilation
Increasing heart rate would tend to
a. decrease diastolic pressure
b. decrease pulse pressure
c. increase diastolic pressure
d. increase pulse pressure
b. decrease pulse pressure
c. increase diastolic pressure
During intense aerobic exercise diastolic pressure
a. decrease
b. increases
c. stays the same
a. decrease
During intense muscle contraction total peripheral resistance
a. decreases
b. does not change
c. increases
c. increases
The resetting of the baroreceptors during exercise is due to
a. central command
b. mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors in the exercising muscle
a. central command
Most of the iron used in making new red blood cells come directly from the diet.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Free iron is damaging to cells.
a. True
b. False
a. True
Von Willebrand Factor is normally found in the blood.
a. True
b. False
a. True
Increasing total peripheral resistance would tend to
a. decrease diastolic pressure
b. decrease pulse pressure
c. increase diastolic pressure
d. increase pulse pressure
c. increase diastolic pressure
What protein hydrolyses the fibrin clot?
Plasmin
What word means the breakdown of the clot?
fibrinolysis
What normal blood protein can activate plasminogen and is often used clinically to dissolve clots? (full name and abbreviation)
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
What two chemicals were mentioned in the video as being released by healthy endothelial cells near a site of injury that can inhibit the formation of the platelet plug?
- NO2 (nitric oxide)
2. prostacyclin
What are the two phases of a respiratory cycle?
- Inspiration
2. Expiration
What are two other names for factor III?
- Tissue Factor (TF)
2. Thromboplastin
List the seven functions of the respiratory system as stated in the video.
- Provides O2
- Eliminates CO2
- Helps regulate pH
- Forms speech sounds (phonation)
- Defends against pathogens
- Regulates blood concentrations of chemicals
- Traps and dissolves blood clots arising from systemic veins
Why is it not dangerous to have a low number of small systemic venous clots break off and get lodged in lung arteries?
Because there are excess pulmonary arteries at rest, so it is not harmful to reduce blood flow to a few arteries in the lung
Draw a flow chart for pathway of inhibiting clotting using tissue factor pathway inhibitor.
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor binds to tissue factor
Conformational change in tissue factor
tissue factor cannot bind nor activate factor VII
Draw a flow chart for pathway of inhibiting clotting using antithrombin III.
Antithrombin III binds to heparin
Antithrombin III inactivates thrombin and other clotting factors
Draw a flow chart for pathway of inhibiting clotting using thrombomodulin.
thrombomodulin binds to thrombin
conformational change in thrombin
thrombin activates protein C
protein C inactivates factors Va and VIIIa
Most of the clotting factors in the blood are produced by
a. the kidney
b. the bone marrow
c. the liver
d. the spleen
e. the lungs
f. the heart
g. the endothelial cells
h. the brain
c. the liver
Which vitamin was mentioned in the videos as being required to produce the clotting factors.
a. cyanocobalamin
b. vitamin D
c. vitamin C
d. vitamin E
e. vitamin K
f. folate
g. niacin
h. thiamine
e. vitamin K
Which of the following can be found in circulation? (select all that apply)
a. thrombomodulin
b. plasminogen
c. tissue factor pathway inhibitor
d. haparin
e. protein C
f. antithrombin III
b. plasminogen
c. tissue factor pathway inhibitor
e. protein C
f. antithrombin III
Which of the following are found on the surface of endothelial cells? (select all that apply)
a. tissue factor pathway inhibitor
b. antithrombin III
c. thrombomodulin
d. heparin
e. protein C
f. plasminogen
c. thrombomodulin
d. heparin
What is the average resting minute ventilation?
4000 mL/min or 4L/min
What structure is present in the respiratory zones of the airway, but not in the conducting zones?
Alveoli
What is the name of the primary defense mechanism against pathogen entry in the conducting zone of the airway?
Mucous elevator
What defense do we have against pathogen entry if the pathogens make it all the way to the alveoli?
Macrophages
What is the deterministic equation for air flow in the lungs?
Flow=(pressure in alveoli-pressure in atmosphere)/resistance of the airway
What is the deterministic equation for lung volume?
Volume=transpulmonary pressure x lung compliance
What is the equation for transpulmonary pressure?
transpulmonary pressure=alveolar pressure-intrapleural pressure
What is the equation for the transmural pressure across the chest wall?
Transmural pressure across chest wall=intrapleural pressure-atmospheric pressure
What is the purpose of the plural sac?
to reduce friction
What is the purpose of the nasal conchae?
Create turbulent airflow so that particles breathed in get trapped in the mucus
When and why would it be beneficial for bronchiolar smooth muscle to contract?
When particulates enter one part of the lung. It prevents particulates from getting into the space for gas exchange.
The intrapleural cavity is always expanded enough to give a negative intrapleural pressure. What causes this expansion?
The elastic recoil of the lung makes it collapse away from the chest wall and the elastic recoil of the chest wall makes it expand away from the lung so the intrapleural space expands.
What are the six steps of respiration in order?
- Ventilation
- Gas exchange-between alveoli and blood
- transport in blood-from alveolar capillaries to systemic capillaries
- gas exchange-between blood and cells
- cellular respiration
- transport in blood-from tissue back to lungs
Draw a flow chart for the mechanism of inspiration (not including end-inspiration).
Draw on a separate piece of paper
If transpulmonary pressure increases the volume of the lung would tend to
a. decrease
b. increase
b. increase
What limits aerobic capacity in healthy individuals?
a. minute ventilation
b. cardiac output
b. cardiac output
Increasing the volume of a sealed container of air _______________ the pressure in that container.
a. decreases
b. increases
c. does not affect
a. decreases
Approximately how much can minute ventilation increase over resting levels with heavy exercise?
a. 10-fold
b. 15-fold
c. 5-fold
d. 20-fold
d. 20-fold
The intraplueral pressure tends to
a. Pull the chest wall outward and compress the lung
b. Pull the chest wall inward and compress the lung
c. Pull the chest wall outward and expand the lung
d. Pull the chest wall inward and expand the lung
d. Pull the chest wall inward and expand the lung
A negative air flow occurs with
a. expiration
b. inspiration
b. inspiration
At end-inspiration, the angle of the ribs is more _______________ compared to end-expiration.
a. downward
b. upward
b. upward
In normal breathing the intraplural pressure is
a. Always negative
b. Always positive
c. Negative during inspiration and positive during expiration
d. Positive during inspiration and negative during expiration
a. Always negative
What are the last cells to develop in a fetus that is necessary for survival outside the womb?
Type II alveolar cells
What is the primary determinate of the resistance to airflow in the pulmonary system?
Radius of the airway
What are two accessory muscles of inspiration that are not normally activated during relaxed breathing?
- Scalenes
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Pectoralis major
(Only need to know 2 for exam)
What two factors determine pulmonary compliance?
- Thickness of the tissue (elastic nature of the lung)
2. Surface tension
What is the substance that decreases the surface tension of the water in the alveoli? What cells make this substance?
Surfactant-type II alveolar cells
What are three endogenous chemicals that affect bronchiolar smooth muscle and for each state if it causes bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation.
Epinephrine-bronchodilation
Bradykinin-bronchoconstriction
Leukotrienes-bronchoconstriction
If pulmonary compliance is higher than normal, it is harder to
a. exhale
b. inhale
a. exhale
If pulmonary compliance is lower than normal, it is harder to
a. exhale
b. inhale
b. inhale
Which receptor for epinephrine is on bronchiolar smooth muscle?
a. alpha-2 adrenergic receptors
b. beta-2 adrenergic receptors
c. beta-3 adrenergic receptors
d. beta-1 adrenergic receptors
e. alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
b. beta-2 adrenergic receptors
At rest, during expiration (select all that apply)
a. the abdominal muscles contract more
b. the scalene muscles contract more
c. the external intercostal muscles contract more
d. the internal intercostal muscles contract more
e. the diaphragm contracts more
f. none of these muscles contract more
f. none of these muscles contract more
During forced expiration (select all that apply)
a. The scalene muscles contract more
b. The abdominal muscles contract more
c. None of these muscles contract more
d. The diaphragm contracts more
e. The external intercostal muscles contract more
f. The internal intercostal muscles contract more
b. The abdominal muscles contract more
f. The internal intercostal muscles contract more
Surfactant
a. Decreases pulmonary compliance
b. Does not affect pulmonary compliance
c. Increases pulmonary compliance
c. Increases pulmonary compliance
Without surfactant
a. Only the largest alveoli would inflate during inspiration
b. Only the smallest alveoli would inflate during inspiration
a. Only the largest alveoli would inflate during inspiration
Bronchioles are larger during
a. expiration
b. inspiration
b. inspiration
Which would have a larger effect on alveolar ventilation?
a. Doubling the respiratory rate
b. Doubling the tidal volume
c. Doubling either would have the same effect on alveolar ventilation
b. Doubling the tidal volume
The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is a measure of
a. Both concentration of oxygen and pressure exerted by oxygen in the blood
b. The concentration of oxygen in the blood
c. The pressure exerted by oxygen in the blood
b. The concentration of oxygen in the blood
Increasing altitude would directly tend to (select all that apply)
a. Decrease alveolar PCO2
b. Decrease alveolar PO2
c. Increase alveolar PCO2
d. Increase alveolar PO2
b. Decrease alveolar PO2
Increasing metabolism would tend to (select all that apply)
a. Decrease alveolar PCO2
b. Decrease alveolar PO2
c. Increase alveolar PCO2
d. Increase alveolar PO2
b. Decrease alveolar PO2
c. Increase alveolar PCO2
Increasing alveolar ventilation would tend to (select all that apply)
a. Decrease alveolar PCO2
b. Decrease alveolar PO2
c. Increase alveolar PCO2
d. Increase alveolar PO2
a. Decrease alveolar PCO2
d. Increase alveolar PO2
As blood flows through the last half of a pulmonary capillary at rest, it does not receive any oxygen from the alveolus.
a. True
b. False
a. True
A decrease in oxygen concentration in pulmonary arterioles causes them to
a. Pulmonary arterioles are not very sensitive to oxygen concentration
b. Vasoconstrict
c. Vasodilate
b. Vasoconstrict
A decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in pulmonary arterioles causes them to
a. Pulmonary arterioles are not very sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration
b. Vasoconstrict
c. Vasodilate
a. Pulmonary arterioles are not very sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration
A decrease in oxygen concentration in bronchioles causes them to
a. Bronchioles are not very sensitive to oxygen concentration
b. Bronchoconstrict
c. Bronchodilate
a. Bronchioles are not very sensitive to oxygen concentration
A decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in bronchioles causes them to
a. Bronchioles are not very sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration
b. Bronchoconstrict
c. Bronchodilate
b. Bronchoconstrict
How many hemoglobin subunits form the hemoglobin molecule?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
d. 4
Once oxygen binds to one subunit of hemoglobin, the other subunits of hemoglobin have a lower affinity for oxygen.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Decreasing the arterial PO2 from 100 mmHg to 60 mmHg results in a 40% decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Approximately what percentage of the oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin?
98%
What is the normal average partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli across the respiratory cycle?
105 mmHg
What is the normal average partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli across the respiratory cycle?
40 mmHg
What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic arteries?
100 mmHg
What is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the systemic arteries?
40 mmHg
What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic veins at rest?
40 mmHg
What is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the systemic veins at rest?
46 mmHg
What is the average dead space in the respiratory tract?
150 mL
At rest, approximately how much of the oxygen in the arteries goes into the tissues in the capillaries?
25%
What is the minute ventilation if the tidal volume is 600 ml and the respiratory rate is 10 breaths per minute?
600mL x 10 bpm=6,000 mL/min
What is the alveolar ventilation if the tidal volume is 600 ml and the respiratory rate is 10
breaths per minute?
(600-150) x 10 = 4,500 mL/min
If atmospheric pressure is 700 mmHg and humidity is very low, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere?
There is 21% oxygen in the atmosphere
700 mmHg x 0.21 = 147 mmHg
If atmospheric pressure is 700 mmHg, what is the partial pressure of the oxygen in the mid-trachea during inspiration?
700 mmHg - 47 mmHg (water vapor pressure) = 653 mmHg
653 mmHg x .21 (percent O2 in the atm) = 137.13 mmHg
What disorder is characterized by a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?
Anemia
What name is used for hemoglobin when oxygen is bound to it?
oxyhemoglobin
What name is used for hemoglobin when oxygen is not bound to it?
deoxyhemoglobin
What molecule does oxygen bind to in hemoglobin and what dietary mineral is a part of this molecule?
heme, contains iron
What are the two components of physiological dead space?
- Anatomical dead space
2. Alveolar dead space
What two factors related to hemoglobin determine the total amount of oxygen in the blood?
- Percent saturation of hemoglobin
2. Total number of hemoglobin molecules you have
What are the three factors discussed in the video that determine the diffusion of a gas into a liquid? Which of these change significantly in the body?
- Temperature
- Solubility of the gas in the liquid
- The partial pressure of the gas (can change in the body)
Describe the anatomical mechanism for helping to match ventilation and perfusion.
Gravity causes more perfusion of the inferior lung when we are standing or sitting. Because the diaphragm is inferior to the lung when it contracts, it will cause the more inferior alveoli to open first. The inferior alveoli open first and are more perfused.
Which of the following would be defined as hyperventilation? (select all that apply)
a. An arterial PCO2 of 45 mmHg
b. An arterial PCO2 of 35 mmHg
c. An arterial PO2 of 80 mmHg
d. An arterial PO2 of 120 mmHg
e. An arterial PO2 of 90 mmHg
f. An arterial PCO2 of 30 mmHg
g. An arterial PO2 of 110 mmHg
b. An arterial PCO2 of 35 mmHg
f. An arterial PCO2 of 30 mmHg
During exercise (select all that apply)
a. Arterial PCO2 is higher than at rest
b. Venous PO2 is higher than at rest
c. Arterial PO2 is higher than at rest
d. Arterial PCO2 is lower than at rest
e. Arterial PO2 is lower than at rest
f. Venous PO2 is lower than at rest
g. Venous PCO2 is higher than at rest
h. Venous PCO2 is lower than at rest
f. Venous PO2 is lower than at rest
g. Venous PCO2 is higher than at rest
Assuming the PO2 in the alveolus and the pulmonary capillary blood is 105 mmHg, the highest number of oxygen molecules per liter would be
a. There would be an equally high amount in the alveolus and dissolved in the blood
b. There would be an equally high amount in the alveolus and bound to hemoglobin
c. In the alveolus
d. There would be an equally high amount bound to hemoglobin and dissolved in the blood
e. Dissolved in the blood
f. Bound to hemoglobin
g. There would be the same amount bound to hemoglobin, dissolved in the blood and in the alveolus
f. Bound to hemoglobin
Assuming the PO2 in the alveolus and the pulmonary capillary blood is 105 mmHg, the lowest number of oxygen molecules per liter would be
a. Bound to hemoglobin
b. Dissolved in the blood
c. In the alveolus
d. There would be an equally low amount bound to hemoglobin and dissolved in the blood
e. There would be an equally low amount in the alveolus and bound to hemoglobin
f. There would be an equally low amount in the alveolus and dissolved in the blood
g. There would be the same amount bound to hemoglobin, dissolved in the blood and in the alveolus
b. Dissolved in the blood
