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PID > Final Exam: Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Final Exam: Microbial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the building block of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotide

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2
Q

What are nucleic acids composed of?

A
  1. an nitrogenous base
  2. five carbon sugar
  3. up to 3 phosphate groups
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3
Q

What are the 4 components of nucleic acids?

A
  1. purines
  2. pyrimidines
  3. sugars
  4. nucleotide
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4
Q

component of nuceic acids that have a 6 carbon ring

A

pyrimidines

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5
Q

component of nucleic acids that consists of 2 joined carbon rings with 5 and 6 members

A

purines

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6
Q

how are elements in a nitrogenous base labeled?

A

numerically

purines: 1-9
Pyrimidines: 1-6

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7
Q

How are elements in sugar labeled?

A

numerically with ‘

ex: 3’ or 5’

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8
Q

how is sugar connected to the nitrogenous base

A

position 1’

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9
Q

how is the nitrogenous base linked to position 1 of the sugar?

A

by glycosidic bond from N1 of pyrimidine and N9 of purine

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10
Q

A always matches with ___, by ____ hydrogen bonds?

A

T; 2

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11
Q

G always matches with ___, by ___ hydrogen bonds

A

C; 3

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12
Q

What is the central dogma of genetic info.

A

DNA –Transcription–> RNA–Translation–> Protein

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13
Q

What is the DNA coding/Sense strand?

A

has the same sequence as mRNA

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14
Q

What is the DNA template/Antisense strand?

A

directing synthesis of mRNA via complementary base pairing

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15
Q

In which direction is the DNA sequence read?

A

5’ to 3’

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16
Q

replication would produce two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand.

A

Semi conservative replication

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17
Q

What are the 3 steps of synthesis of the leading and lagging strands of DNA?

A
  1. synthesis of Okazaki fragment
  2. Joining of okazaki fragment in lagging strand
  3. synthesis of new okazaki fragment
18
Q

List the 5 steps in DNA Replication.

A
  1. Helicases unwind the parental double helix
  2. single stranded binding P stabilize the unwound parental DNA
  3. Leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction by DNA polymerase
  4. Lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously
  5. After RNA primer is replaced with DNA, DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing strand
19
Q

Where is DNA found in a cell?

A

Nucleus

20
Q

Where is RNA found in a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

21
Q

Which type of ribosome is present in bacteria?

A

70S

22
Q

what are the 2 subunits of the 70S bacterial ribosome?

A

50S and 30S

23
Q

Which type of ribosome is present in mammals?

A

80S

24
Q

What are the 2 subunits of the 80S mammalian ribosome?

A

60S and 40S

25
Q

T/F Prokaryotic cells use a single RNA polymerase during transcription

A

T

26
Q

T/F Eukaryotic cells use a single RNA polymerase during transcription

A

F. use RNA polymerase I,II,III

27
Q

T/F. There are no introns used in prokaryotic transcription

A

T

28
Q

T/F prokaryotic transcription is monotronic?

A

F. Polycistronic

29
Q

T/F there is no 5’ cap in prokaryotic Transcription

A

T

30
Q

How many nucleotides are there in each codon?

A

4 nucleotides and 20 AAs

31
Q

changes in the sequence of DNA

A

Mutations

32
Q

What are the 6 diff types of mutations

A
  1. spontaneous
  2. induced
  3. silent
  4. missense
  5. Nonsense
  6. Frameshift
33
Q

Type of mutation where mutagens act directly by modifying a particular base or being incorporated into the nucleic acid

A

Induced mutation

34
Q

Type of mutation where there is no apparent effect

A

Silent mutation

35
Q

Type of mutation where there is a change in codon, Change in AA, and change in protein function

A

Missense mutation

36
Q

Type of mutation where there is a change in a coding codon to a termination codon, resulting in premature termination

A

Nonsense mutation

37
Q

Type of mutation inserting or deleting number of bp other than multiple of 3

A

Frameshift mutation

38
Q

What are 4 ways of genetic transfer of bacteria?

A
  1. Transformation
  2. conjunction
  3. transduction
  4. transposition
39
Q

What is transformation

A

acquisiton of new genetic markers by incorporation of added DNA

40
Q

What is conjunction?

A

“mating” between 2 bacteria involving transfer of genetic material

41
Q

What is transduction?

A

transfer of bacterial gene from one to another by a phage

42
Q

What is transposition?

A

movement of a transposon to a new site in the genome

PID (9 decks)

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