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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A smaller organism that lives on/in and at the expense of a larger organism

A

Parasite

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2
Q

What are the 3 main classes of parasites that can cause disease in humans?

A
  1. Helminths
  2. Ectoparasites
  3. Protozoa
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3
Q

What is Toxocara canis?

A

Round worm

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4
Q

What are the 3 characteristics we can look at when diagnosing parasites

A

SIS

Host Species
Site of Infection
Size of Parasite

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5
Q

What are the 4 factors used to treat/prevent parasite infections?

A
  1. Parasiticides
  2. Sustainable management of the host
  3. Management of the environment
  4. Use life cycle to determine treatment and prevention
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6
Q

What must we understand in order to treat parasitic infection?

A 
Taxonomic classification
host
identification
life cycle
site of infection
parthenogenesis and lesions
clinical signs
diagnosis
treatment and prevention
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7
Q

What are nematodes?

A

Roundworms

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8
Q

What are cestodes

A

Tapeworms

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9
Q

Are there different genders of roundworms?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Are there different genders of Tapeworms?

A

Nope, hermaphrodites

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11
Q

What are the 2 segments of the tapeworm?

A
  1. scolex- holdfast organ

2. strobila- body with proglottids

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12
Q

What is the only type of worm with proglottids

A

Tapeworms

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13
Q

What are trematodes?

A

Flukes

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14
Q

do flukes have a direct or lindirect life cycle?

A

Indirect

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15
Q

What are the 2 classifications of Arthropods

A

Insects and arachnids

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16
Q

List the different types of parasitic insects

A

Flies, Fleas, Lice, Hemiptera (bed bugs)

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17
Q

List the 2 types of parasitic arachnids

A

Ticks and Mites

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18
Q

What are 3 characteristics you can use to identify Insects

A
  1. 3 pairs of legs
  2. 3 body segments: Head, thorax, abdoment
    3 Antenna
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19
Q

What are 3 characteristis you can use to identify adult arachnids

A
  1. 4 pairs of legs ( 3 in larvae)
  2. 2 body segments : Cephalo-thorax and abdomen
  3. Palps, but no antennae
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20
Q

What is a scutum?

A

hard body plate covering arachnids

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21
Q

What are protozoa?

A

unicellular eukaryotic animals

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22
Q

How are protozoa classified

A

based on their mode of locomotion

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23
Q

what are the different classifications of protozoa based on locomotion?

A
  1. Pseudopodia
  2. flagella
  3. gliding movements
  4. cilia
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24
Q

What are the 3 groups of eukaryotic organisms that afflict health and wellbeing of animals?

A
  1. Protozoa
  2. Helminths
  3. Arthropods
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25
Q

Which type of parasites are single celled and nucleated

A

Protozoa

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26
Q

Which type of parasite are worm- like animals, showing differentiation

A

Helminths

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27
Q

Which type of parasites are ectoparasites?

A

Arthropods

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28
Q

What are the 3 categories of Helminths we talked about in class?

A
  1. Nematode (roundworm)
  2. Cestode (Tapeworms)
  3. Trematode (Flukes)
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29
Q

What are the 2 types of Trematodes we talked aboout?

A

Arachnids and insects

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30
Q

What are the 2 general classifications of parasites

A
  1. Ectoparasites
    Lives on host
  2. Endoparasites
    Lives in host
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31
Q

Which general classification of parasites cause infestations?

A

Ectoparasites

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32
Q

Which general classification of parasites cause infections?

A

Endoparasites

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33
Q

What is a Definitive host?

A

Harbors adult or sexual stage of parasite

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34
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

Harbors larval or asexual stage of parasite

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35
Q

What is and incidental host?

A

an unusual host, unnecessary for the maintenance of the parasite in nature

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36
Q

What is Acquired immunity?

A

conferred by a host’s specific immunity response developed as a result of a previous parasitic infection

37
Q

What is premunition?

A

resistance to reinfection or superinfection conferred by presence of parasites that are alive but are in check by host immunity.

Ex: toxoplasmosis

38
Q

What are 6 common routes of parasite entry

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Skin penetration
  3. Transplacental
  4. Transmammary
  5. Arthropod bite
  6. Sexual contact
39
Q

What are the 3 ways parasites cause mechanical tissue damage?

A
  1. Blockage of internal organs
  2. Pressure atrophy
  3. Migration through tissues
40
Q

What are the 3 toxic parasite products?

A
  1. destructive enzymes
  2. endotoxins
  3. toxic secretions
41
Q

What is innate immune Response?

A

Functions in normal host without prior exposure to invading microbes

42
Q

What is Adaptive immune response?

A

consists of antibody response and lymphocyte-mediated response tailored to a particular microbial infection and characterized by memory

43
Q

What is the response time for innate immunity?

A

Minutes/hours

44
Q

What is the response time for adaptive immunity

45
Q

Which of the 2 types of immunity has persistent memory?

46
Q

Making one species innately susceptible and another resistant to certain infections

A

Constitutional factors

47
Q

What are 3 natural barriers against parasite infections

A
  1. mechanical
  2. chemical
  3. microbiological
48
Q

What are the 2 types of interferons?

A

IFN-a, IFN-b

49
Q

What are the 3 jobs of IFNs

A
  1. Induce resistance to viral replication in all cells
  2. Inc. MHC class I expression and antigen presentation in all cells
  3. Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
50
Q

What is another name for IFN alpha

A

Leukocyte interferon

51
Q

What is another name for IFN beta

A

Fibroblast interferon

52
Q

What are the 2 types of interferons?

A

Type I and Type II

53
Q

Which type of interferon is Alpha?

54
Q

Which type of interferon is beta?

55
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells, T cells, Large granular lymphocytes

56
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Engulfment and digestion of infectious agent or other foreign bodies by phagocytic cells

57
Q

what are the 2 phagocytic cells?

A

Phagocytes and neutrophils

58
Q

What are the 5 steps of phagocytisis?

A
  1. Bacterium becomes attached to pseudopodia
  2. Bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome
  3. Phagosome fuses with lysosome
  4. Lysosomal enzymes digest captured material
  5. Digestion products are released from cell
59
Q

How does the innate immune system distinguish infected cells from uninfected cells?

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and missing/altered self receptors (NKcells)

60
Q

How does the adaptive immune system distinguish infected cells from uninfected cells?

A

Antigen presentation (MHC), Antibodies, T cell receptors

61
Q

What are the 3 types of pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

A
  1. Toll like receptors
  2. Rig like receptors
  3. Complement
62
Q

What do PRR recognize?

A

PAMP Pathogen associated molecular patterns

63
Q

What cleans up dead neutrophils?

A

Macrophages

64
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Function to phagocytize and kill extracellular bacterial and yeast pathogens in acute inflamation

65
Q

Where are neutrophils stored when not needed?

A

bone marrow

66
Q

What type of WBC is important in defense against helminths

A

Eosinophils

67
Q

Large granular lymphocytes that lack antigen specific receptors

A

Natural killer cells

68
Q

What stimulates NK cells to divide?

A

IFN produced by infected cells and dendritic cells

69
Q

How do NK cells kill

A

Releasing perforins and granzymes that perforate membranes and trigger caspase mediated cell death

70
Q

What are the 2 interactions needed in order for NK cells to recognize if infected or not?

A
  1. activating

2. blocking

71
Q

Which molecule is responsible for the activating interaction of NK cells?

A

Virus infection- associated ligand

72
Q

Which molecule is responsible for the Blocking interaction of NK cells?

A

MHC I molecule

73
Q

What is a complement?

A

host defense against microbial infections

74
Q

How is the inactive form of a complement activated?

A

Enzymatic cleavage

75
Q

What are the 3 complement pathways?

A
  1. Classical pathway
  2. Alternative pathway
  3. Lectin pathway
76
Q

What is the name of the pathway that all activation pathways turn into?

A

Terminal pathway

77
Q

What is the activator of the classical pathway?

A

Binding of Ab to Ag, C1 reactive protein binding

78
Q

What activates the lectin pathway?

A

mannan binding lectin (MBL) binds mannose on pathogen surfaces

79
Q

What activates the alternative pathway?

A

contact of microbial cell wall with C3

80
Q

What are the 3 consequences of complement activation?

A
  1. Lysis
  2. opsonization
  3. activationof inflammatory response
81
Q

What are the 2 distinct types of adaptive immune responses

A

Primary and secondary humoral immunity

82
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Mediated by antibodies secreted by antigen activated b cells and their progeny plasma cells

83
Q

What are some characteristics of the secondary humoral response?

A 
shorter lag phase
greater magnitude
class switched IgG
84
Q

What are 2 jobs of antigens

A
  1. induce specific adaptive immune responses

2. react specifically with products of the response

85
Q

What are paratopes?

A

Part of an antibody which recognizes an antigen, the antigen binding site of an antibody

86
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

87
Q

what recognizes native Ag w/o processing or MHC?

A

BCRs and Abs

88
Q

What recognizes processed Ag on MHC?

PID (9 decks)

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