Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
A smaller organism that lives on/in and at the expense of a larger organism
A
Parasite
2
Q
What are the 3 main classes of parasites that can cause disease in humans?
A
- Helminths
- Ectoparasites
- Protozoa
3
Q
What is Toxocara canis?
A
Round worm
4
Q
What are the 3 characteristics we can look at when diagnosing parasites
A
SIS
Host Species
Site of Infection
Size of Parasite
5
Q
What are the 4 factors used to treat/prevent parasite infections?
A
- Parasiticides
- Sustainable management of the host
- Management of the environment
- Use life cycle to determine treatment and prevention
6
Q
What must we understand in order to treat parasitic infection?
A
Taxonomic classification host identification life cycle site of infection parthenogenesis and lesions clinical signs diagnosis treatment and prevention
7
Q
What are nematodes?
A
Roundworms
8
Q
What are cestodes
A
Tapeworms
9
Q
Are there different genders of roundworms?
A
Yes
10
Q
Are there different genders of Tapeworms?
A
Nope, hermaphrodites
11
Q
What are the 2 segments of the tapeworm?
A
- scolex- holdfast organ
2. strobila- body with proglottids
12
Q
What is the only type of worm with proglottids
A
Tapeworms
13
Q
What are trematodes?
A
Flukes
14
Q
do flukes have a direct or lindirect life cycle?
A
Indirect
15
Q
What are the 2 classifications of Arthropods
A
Insects and arachnids
16
Q
List the different types of parasitic insects
A
Flies, Fleas, Lice, Hemiptera (bed bugs)
17
Q
List the 2 types of parasitic arachnids
A
Ticks and Mites
18
Q
What are 3 characteristics you can use to identify Insects
A
- 3 pairs of legs
- 3 body segments: Head, thorax, abdoment
3 Antenna
19
Q
What are 3 characteristis you can use to identify adult arachnids
A
- 4 pairs of legs ( 3 in larvae)
- 2 body segments : Cephalo-thorax and abdomen
- Palps, but no antennae
20
Q
What is a scutum?
A
hard body plate covering arachnids
21
Q
What are protozoa?
A
unicellular eukaryotic animals
22
Q
How are protozoa classified
A
based on their mode of locomotion
23
Q
what are the different classifications of protozoa based on locomotion?
A
- Pseudopodia
- flagella
- gliding movements
- cilia
24
Q
What are the 3 groups of eukaryotic organisms that afflict health and wellbeing of animals?
A
- Protozoa
- Helminths
- Arthropods
25
Which type of parasites are single celled and nucleated
Protozoa
26
Which type of parasite are worm- like animals, showing differentiation
Helminths
27
Which type of parasites are ectoparasites?
Arthropods
28
What are the 3 categories of Helminths we talked about in class?
1. Nematode (roundworm)
2. Cestode (Tapeworms)
3. Trematode (Flukes)
29
What are the 2 types of Trematodes we talked aboout?
Arachnids and insects
30
What are the 2 general classifications of parasites
1. Ectoparasites
Lives on host
2. Endoparasites
Lives in host
31
Which general classification of parasites cause infestations?
Ectoparasites
32
Which general classification of parasites cause infections?
Endoparasites
33
What is a Definitive host?
Harbors adult or sexual stage of parasite
34
What is an intermediate host?
Harbors larval or asexual stage of parasite
35
What is and incidental host?
an unusual host, unnecessary for the maintenance of the parasite in nature
36
What is Acquired immunity?
conferred by a host's specific immunity response developed as a result of a previous parasitic infection
37
What is premunition?
resistance to reinfection or superinfection conferred by presence of parasites that are alive but are in check by host immunity.
Ex: toxoplasmosis
38
What are 6 common routes of parasite entry
1. Ingestion
2. Skin penetration
3. Transplacental
4. Transmammary
5. Arthropod bite
6. Sexual contact
39
What are the 3 ways parasites cause mechanical tissue damage?
1. Blockage of internal organs
2. Pressure atrophy
3. Migration through tissues
40
What are the 3 toxic parasite products?
1. destructive enzymes
2. endotoxins
3. toxic secretions
41
What is innate immune Response?
Functions in normal host without prior exposure to invading microbes
42
What is Adaptive immune response?
consists of antibody response and lymphocyte-mediated response tailored to a particular microbial infection and characterized by memory
43
What is the response time for innate immunity?
Minutes/hours
44
What is the response time for adaptive immunity
Days
45
Which of the 2 types of immunity has persistent memory?
Adaptive
46
Making one species innately susceptible and another resistant to certain infections
Constitutional factors
47
What are 3 natural barriers against parasite infections
1. mechanical
2. chemical
3. microbiological
48
What are the 2 types of interferons?
IFN-a, IFN-b
49
What are the 3 jobs of IFNs
1. Induce resistance to viral replication in all cells
2. Inc. MHC class I expression and antigen presentation in all cells
3. Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
50
What is another name for IFN alpha
Leukocyte interferon
51
What is another name for IFN beta
Fibroblast interferon
52
What are the 2 types of interferons?
Type I and Type II
53
Which type of interferon is Alpha?
Type I
54
Which type of interferon is beta?
Type II
55
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
B cells, T cells, Large granular lymphocytes
56
What is phagocytosis?
Engulfment and digestion of infectious agent or other foreign bodies by phagocytic cells
57
what are the 2 phagocytic cells?
Phagocytes and neutrophils
58
What are the 5 steps of phagocytisis?
1. Bacterium becomes attached to pseudopodia
2. Bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome
3. Phagosome fuses with lysosome
4. Lysosomal enzymes digest captured material
5. Digestion products are released from cell
59
How does the innate immune system distinguish infected cells from uninfected cells?
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and missing/altered self receptors (NKcells)
60
How does the adaptive immune system distinguish infected cells from uninfected cells?
Antigen presentation (MHC), Antibodies, T cell receptors
61
What are the 3 types of pattern recognition receptors (PRR)
1. Toll like receptors
2. Rig like receptors
3. Complement
62
What do PRR recognize?
PAMP Pathogen associated molecular patterns
63
What cleans up dead neutrophils?
Macrophages
64
What are neutrophils?
Function to phagocytize and kill extracellular bacterial and yeast pathogens in acute inflamation
65
Where are neutrophils stored when not needed?
bone marrow
66
What type of WBC is important in defense against helminths
Eosinophils
67
Large granular lymphocytes that lack antigen specific receptors
Natural killer cells
68
What stimulates NK cells to divide?
IFN produced by infected cells and dendritic cells
69
How do NK cells kill
Releasing perforins and granzymes that perforate membranes and trigger caspase mediated cell death
70
What are the 2 interactions needed in order for NK cells to recognize if infected or not?
1. activating
| 2. blocking
71
Which molecule is responsible for the activating interaction of NK cells?
Virus infection- associated ligand
72
Which molecule is responsible for the Blocking interaction of NK cells?
MHC I molecule
73
What is a complement?
host defense against microbial infections
74
How is the inactive form of a complement activated?
Enzymatic cleavage
75
What are the 3 complement pathways?
1. Classical pathway
2. Alternative pathway
3. Lectin pathway
76
What is the name of the pathway that all activation pathways turn into?
Terminal pathway
77
What is the activator of the classical pathway?
Binding of Ab to Ag, C1 reactive protein binding
78
What activates the lectin pathway?
mannan binding lectin (MBL) binds mannose on pathogen surfaces
79
What activates the alternative pathway?
contact of microbial cell wall with C3
80
What are the 3 consequences of complement activation?
1. Lysis
2. opsonization
3. activationof inflammatory response
81
What are the 2 distinct types of adaptive immune responses
Primary and secondary humoral immunity
82
What is humoral immunity?
Mediated by antibodies secreted by antigen activated b cells and their progeny plasma cells
83
What are some characteristics of the secondary humoral response?
```
shorter lag phase
greater magnitude
class switched IgG
```
84
What are 2 jobs of antigens
1. induce specific adaptive immune responses
| 2. react specifically with products of the response
85
What are paratopes?
Part of an antibody which recognizes an antigen, the antigen binding site of an antibody
86
What does MHC stand for?
Major histocompatibility complex
87
what recognizes native Ag w/o processing or MHC?
BCRs and Abs
88
What recognizes processed Ag on MHC?
TCRs
