Final Exam (Lipids) Flashcards
Chain lengths of lipids
- Short and medium chain fatty acids
- Long chain fatty acids
Short and medium chain fatty acids are transported in the blood via _______ and ___ require carnitine
Albumin
Don’t
Long chain fatty acid are transported in the blood via _______ and ____ require carnitine
Lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL)
Do
AMDR of Lipids
20-30% of our energy
Saturated fatty acid example
Hydrogenated oils
T/F LDL concentrations will be higher if saturated fats are present
True
Lipids produce __kcal/g
9
LDL and HDL concentration for a cis-MUFA
Low LDL
High HDL
(ideal)
LDL and HDL concentration for a trans-MUFA
Low HDL
High LDL
(Bad)
Example of a trans-MUFA
Partially hydrogenated oils
N-3 PUFA
EPA
DHA is made from this
What is produced if a COX enzyme reduces EPA?
3 series PG (Prostaglandin)
3 series TX (Thromboxanes)
What is produced if a LOX enzyme reduces EPA?
5 series LT (Leukotrienes)
N-6 PUFA
ARA
What is produced if a COX enzyme reduces ARA?
2 series PG
2 series TX
What is produced if a LOX enzyme reduces ARA?
4 series LT
What should we swap trans-MUFAs for?
MUFAs
PUFAs
Energy is obtained from lipids at:
Rest
Low intensity exercises
Lipids have a function in what part of the cell?
Membranes
During lipolysis, what is the rate limiting enzyme when turning TG into DG?
Adipose TG Lipase (ATGL)
During lipolysis, what is the rate limiting enzyme when turning DG into MG?
Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL)
During lipolysis, what is the rate limiting enzyme when turning MG into glycerol?
Monoglyceride Lipase (MGL)
MUFA and PUFA are targeted by ____ and _____
ROS
RNS
The RNS _______ is produced by ___
Nitric oxide
White Blood cells
ROS
- Superoxide
- Singlet oxygen
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Hydroxyl radical
- Peroxynitrite (ONOO-)
Most potent ROS
Hydroxyl radical
The hydroxyl radical is produced by ________ in response to _________
White blood cells
Tissue damage
Superoxide is produced by _____ and ____ in the ________
White blood cell and Phase 1 detox enzymes
Electron Transport System
Superoxide is quenched by ________
Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase in the cytosol requires _______ to function while superoxide dismutase in the mitochondria requires ________ to function
Cytosol = Copper Mitochondria = Manganese
Phase 1 detox enzyme that produces superoxide
Cytochrome P450
ROS that can fragment DNA
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-)
Peroxynitrite is formed by the formation of:
Superoxide
Nitric oxide
Lipoprotein that carries dietary and endogenous lipids
VLDL
VLDL is made in the ________ and carries mostly ________
Liver
Triglycerides
Found on VLDL to activate lipoprotein lipase
ApoC-2
Lipoprotein made from VLDL
LDL
LDL contains mostly __________
Cholesterol
LDL receptor ligand on LDL
ApoB-100
Lipoprotein that carries only dietary lipids
Chylomicrons
Chylomicrons carry mostly ________ and activate lipoprotein ligase via ______
Triglycerides
ApoC-2
T/F Chylomicrons are made in the liver
FALSE.
They are made in the small intestine and transport TG to the liver
Lipoprotein that carries mostly protein
HDL
HDL is made in the:
Liver and small intestine
LDL receptor ligand found on HDL
ApoE
Found on HDL. Used to activate an enzyme to pick up free cholesterol
ApoA-1
Enzyme activated by HDL to pick up free cholesterol
LCAT
T/F Activation of LCAT will cause HDL to pick up cholesterol esters
FALSE.
LCAT will only pick up FREE cholesterol when activated. Cholesterol esters are not free, so they will not be picked up
