Exam 2 (Intro and Major minerals [Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, S] ) Flashcards
Minerals represent ___% of our body weight
4-5%
Breakdown of minerals in the body is: 50% ______, 25% _______, and 25% as the remaining ___ minerals
50% Calcium
25% Phosphorus
25% 14 other minerals
What % of Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in bones?
99% calcium
70% phosphorus
Things that make a mineral a mineral
- Must be mined
- Can’t be synthesized in labs
- Mostly extracted as salt forms (Calcium carbonate)
T/F All minerals are absorbed in their ionic state
FALSE.
Heme Iron is the only mineral that is not absorbed in its ionic state
Absorption of minerals is often influenced by many _________ in the diet
Organ factors (Ex: Vitamin C enhances absorption from plants)
Most minerals with a positive charge are called this
Metals
Most minerals with a negative charge are called this
Nonmetals
Only mineral with a + charge that is called a nonmetal
Hydrogen (H+)
Names for proteins and enzymes that contains metal
Metalloproteins
Metalloenzymes
What makes a mineral a major mineral?
Requires >100 mg/day
Major minerals
Ca, Cl, Mg, P, K, Na, S
T/F About 2% of our total body weight is Ca
True
T/F Calcium is found naturally in nature and supplements, so it does not need to be digested to be absorbed
FALSE.
Ca is found as salts in nature and supplements. The Ca must be released from the salt to be absorbed
Most common form of Ca in supplements and fortified foods.
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
What does calcium carbonate require in order to be released?
At least 1 hour in an acidic environment (take with a meal)
Other calcium salts. Do these require an acidic environment to release the Ca?
Calcium citrate
Calcium lactate
They do NOT require an acidic environment to release the Ca
Protein that enables Ca to be absorbed by active transport. What stimulates this protein? Is this protein saturable?
Calcium binding transport protein (Calbindin 9k)
Stimulated by Vitamin D
Yes
What enables the passive diffusion of Ca absorption to start?
Passive diffusion starts when the Calbindin 9k (from active transport) becomes saturated during times when lots of Ca has been consumed
T/F The passive diffusion of calcium requires vitamin D
FALSE.
Only active transport requires Vitamin D, passive transport does not
Amount of Ca we can only absorb at a given time
500 mg
Amount of Ca we can only absorb at a given time
500 mg
The body has low blood calcium. Explain the steps (and hormones) used to increase serum calcium levels.
1) Low Ca causes PTH to be released from the parathyroid glands
2) PTH induces hydroxylase in the kidneys to activate calcitriol (active Vitamin D)
3) Calcitriol stimulates synthesis of Ca binding proteins
4) Ca binding proteins (Calbindin) increase Ca absorption in the small intestine and decrease Ca excretion in the kidneys.
5) Serum Ca levels normalize
Calcium binding proteins and which organ each acts on
Calbindin 9k = Small intestine (increases absorption)
Calbindin 28k = Kidneys (decreases excretion)
Enhances Ca absorption
Vitamin D
Sugars (lactose)
Protein
Inhibits Ca absorption
Fiber Phytate Oxalate Divalent minerals (Zn, Mg, Cu) Fatty acids
Increases Ca excretion
Na
Protein
Caffeine
Decreases Ca excretion
Estrogen
K
P
Ca RDA in adults 19-50 and adults >51
Adults 19-50 = 1000 mg
Adults >51 = 1200 mg
Ca sources
Dairy Fish (esp. canned) Spinach Tofu Fortified grains
Ca functions
1) Bone mineralization (found with P, F, Mg, K, Sr, Na in osteoblasts)
2) Cell signaling (muscle contraction, nerve conduction, blood clotting, enzyme regulation, membrane permeability)
Other nutrients (besides Ca) in bone calcification
- Vitamin A (osteocyte mainenance)
- Vitamin D (Ca absorption)
- Vitamin K (protein formation)
- Vitamin C and B6 (collagen synthesis)
Ca deficiency
Hypocalcemia
Symptoms of hypocalcemia
Tetany
Paresthesia
(nerves are hyperexcitable from lowering the threshold to fire action potentials)
Symptoms of hypocalcemia
Tetany
Paresthesia
(nerves are hyperexcitable from lowering the threshold to fire action potentials)
Condition causing soft spongy bones in people under 45. Associated with a Vitamin D deficiency and impaired osteoblast function
Osteomalacia
Condition causing brittle bones in adults over 45 due to increased osteoclast function.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women due to less estrogen
Type I Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis that’s age related in men and women over 70
Type II Osteoporosis
Major symptom of Ca toxicity
Kidney stones, calcium deposits in tissues, hallucinations
RQ: Which form is Ca absorbed in?
Calcium ion
RQ: What stimulates PTH secretion?
Low serum Ca
RQ: Where is calbindin 28k located in vivo?
Kidneys
RQ: What is a clinical indicator of a Ca deficiency?
Tetany
RQ: T/F A high sodium diet will cause Ca toxicity
FALSE
RQ: What can blood Ca levels be used to diagnose?
Ca toxicity
RQ: What can blood Ca levels be used to diagnose?
Ca toxicity
2nd most abundant mineral in the body. 85% is stored in the skeleton
Phosphorus
Functions of P
1) Bone mineralization (found with Ca, F, Mg, K, Sr, and Na in osteoblasts)
2) Nucleotide/Nucleoside phosphates (part of DNA and RNA backbone and second messenger in cells as cAMP)
3) Main mechanism for regulating enzymes (Turn enzymes on or off by phosphorylation via covalent modification)
4) Part of phospholipid
5) Acid-Base balance (P is main intracellular buffer)
Excellent sources of P
-Meat
-Poultry
-Fish
-Eggs
(Animal products)
P deficiency symptoms
Arrhythmias, skeletal/cardiac myopathy, decreased diaphragm contractility, reduced cardiac output, death
P toxicity symptoms
Hypocalcemia and tetany
P competes with Ca for absorption; lots of P causes a Ca deficiency
RQ: T/F Blood pressure regulation is a function of P
FALSE
RQ: Name a poor source of P
Banana (and other plant products)
RQ: Is tetany a sign of a P deficiency?
NO
Tetany is a sign of a P toxicity
RQ: A patient consumes a high P diet. What mineral will they probably be low in?
Ca
P toxicity causes hypocalcemia
RQ: Where does the body get Ca to normalize blood values?
From bone
4th most abundant mineral in the body. 54% stored in the skeleton and 45% stored in soft tissues
Magnesium
Functions of Mg
1) Bone mineralization (found with Ca, F, P, K, Sr, and Na is osteoblasts)
2) Cofactor for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins along with protein and DNA synthesis (>300 enzymes, predominately kinases that use ATP/ADP)
3) Muscle relaxation (Ca-channel blocker)
4) Required for PTH release
5) Required for Vitamin D activation
T/F Mg is a metalloprotein
FALSE
It is a metalloenzyme
T/F Mg is used to help stabilize ATP
True
T/F Mg is used to help stabilize ATP
True
Good sources of Mg
-Seeds
-Nuts
-Grains
-Legumes
-Dark green leafy vegetables
(Plant products)
Major symptoms of hypomagnesia
Personality changes and tetany
What mineral deficiencies usually precede a Mg deficiency?
Ca and K
Symptoms of hypermagnesia
Diarrhea, nausea, flushing, slurred speech, migraines
Major cation in ECF
Sodium
Functions of Na
1) Fluid balance (maintains osmotic pressure with K and Cl)
2) Na/K ATPase pump (generates an electrochemical potential gradient for nerve transmission and muscle contraction)
Sources of Na
- Salt (NaCl)
- Processed or canned foods
- Condiments
- Cured meats
- Naturally found in meats, veggies, and grains
Symptoms of hyponatremia
Muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, coma, seizures
Symptoms of hypernatremia
Hypertension, hypocalcemia, osteoporosis, and tetany
Excess Na increases Ca excretion eventually causing hypocalcemia
Major cation in ICF
Potassium
Functions of K
1) Fluid balance (maintains osmotic pressure with Na and Cl)
2) Na/K ATPase pump (generates an electrochemical potential gradient for nerve transmission and muscle contraction
3) Inhibits Ca excretion (Na does the exact opposite)
Symptoms of hypokalemia
Cardiac arrhythmias, myopathy, irritability, mental conduson, glucose intolerance
Symptoms of hyperkalemia
Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest
RQ: What mineral stabilizes ATP?
Mg
RQ: Where are you more likely to find Mg and K?
A. Plants
B. Animals
C. Plantimals
A. Plants
RQ: Mg deficiency may present as _______ while a toxicity may present as _________
Deficiency = muscle weakness Toxicity = Slurred speech
RQ: Mineral utilized by kinases
Mg
RQ: T/F The average American does not meet their daily Na requirement
FALSE.
RQ: T/F All hypertensive patients would benefit from a reduced Na diet
True
RQ: What is a clinical indicator of both hypo- and hyperkalemia?
Cardiac arrhythmias
RQ: Which of the following does NOT lead to hypocalcemia? A. Hyperphosphatemia B. Hypomagnesemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hyperkalemia
D. Hyperkalemia
(High P = Low Ca;
Low Mg = Low Ca;
High Na = Low Ca;
High K = High Ca by inhibiting Ca secretion)
Major anion in the ECF
Chloride
Functions of Cl
1) Fluid balance (maintains osmotic pressure with K and Na)
2) Part of HCl in gastric juice
3) Assists in destruction of foreign compounds during phagocytosis of WBC (part of hypochlorous acid)
Sources of Cl
Salt Processed foods Eggs Meat Seafood
Symptom of a Cl deficiency
Convulsions
