Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition > Exam 2 (Intro and Major minerals [Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, S] ) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Intro and Major minerals [Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, S] ) Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals represent ___% of our body weight

A

4-5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Breakdown of minerals in the body is: 50% ______, 25% _______, and 25% as the remaining ___ minerals

A

50% Calcium
25% Phosphorus
25% 14 other minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What % of Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in bones?

A

99% calcium

70% phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Things that make a mineral a mineral

A
  • Must be mined
  • Can’t be synthesized in labs
  • Mostly extracted as salt forms (Calcium carbonate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/F All minerals are absorbed in their ionic state

A

FALSE.

Heme Iron is the only mineral that is not absorbed in its ionic state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Absorption of minerals is often influenced by many _________ in the diet

A

Organ factors (Ex: Vitamin C enhances absorption from plants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most minerals with a positive charge are called this

A

Metals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most minerals with a negative charge are called this

A

Nonmetals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Only mineral with a + charge that is called a nonmetal

A

Hydrogen (H+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Names for proteins and enzymes that contains metal

A

Metalloproteins

Metalloenzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes a mineral a major mineral?

A

Requires >100 mg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Major minerals

A

Ca, Cl, Mg, P, K, Na, S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F About 2% of our total body weight is Ca

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F Calcium is found naturally in nature and supplements, so it does not need to be digested to be absorbed

A

FALSE.

Ca is found as salts in nature and supplements. The Ca must be released from the salt to be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most common form of Ca in supplements and fortified foods.

A

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does calcium carbonate require in order to be released?

A

At least 1 hour in an acidic environment (take with a meal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Other calcium salts. Do these require an acidic environment to release the Ca?

A

Calcium citrate
Calcium lactate

They do NOT require an acidic environment to release the Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Protein that enables Ca to be absorbed by active transport. What stimulates this protein? Is this protein saturable?

A

Calcium binding transport protein (Calbindin 9k)

Stimulated by Vitamin D

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What enables the passive diffusion of Ca absorption to start?

A

Passive diffusion starts when the Calbindin 9k (from active transport) becomes saturated during times when lots of Ca has been consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F The passive diffusion of calcium requires vitamin D

A

FALSE.

Only active transport requires Vitamin D, passive transport does not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Amount of Ca we can only absorb at a given time

A

500 mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Amount of Ca we can only absorb at a given time

A

500 mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The body has low blood calcium. Explain the steps (and hormones) used to increase serum calcium levels.

A

1) Low Ca causes PTH to be released from the parathyroid glands
2) PTH induces hydroxylase in the kidneys to activate calcitriol (active Vitamin D)
3) Calcitriol stimulates synthesis of Ca binding proteins
4) Ca binding proteins (Calbindin) increase Ca absorption in the small intestine and decrease Ca excretion in the kidneys.
5) Serum Ca levels normalize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Calcium binding proteins and which organ each acts on

A

Calbindin 9k = Small intestine (increases absorption)

Calbindin 28k = Kidneys (decreases excretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Enhances Ca absorption

A

Vitamin D
Sugars (lactose)
Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Inhibits Ca absorption

A 
Fiber
Phytate 
Oxalate
Divalent minerals (Zn, Mg, Cu)
Fatty acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Increases Ca excretion

A

Na
Protein
Caffeine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Decreases Ca excretion

A

Estrogen
K
P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ca RDA in adults 19-50 and adults >51

A

Adults 19-50 = 1000 mg

Adults >51 = 1200 mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ca sources

A 
Dairy
Fish (esp. canned)
Spinach 
Tofu
Fortified grains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ca functions

A

1) Bone mineralization (found with P, F, Mg, K, Sr, Na in osteoblasts)
2) Cell signaling (muscle contraction, nerve conduction, blood clotting, enzyme regulation, membrane permeability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Other nutrients (besides Ca) in bone calcification

A
  • Vitamin A (osteocyte mainenance)
  • Vitamin D (Ca absorption)
  • Vitamin K (protein formation)
  • Vitamin C and B6 (collagen synthesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Ca deficiency

A

Hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcemia

A

Tetany
Paresthesia
(nerves are hyperexcitable from lowering the threshold to fire action potentials)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcemia

A

Tetany
Paresthesia
(nerves are hyperexcitable from lowering the threshold to fire action potentials)

36
Q

Condition causing soft spongy bones in people under 45. Associated with a Vitamin D deficiency and impaired osteoblast function

A

Osteomalacia

37
Q

Condition causing brittle bones in adults over 45 due to increased osteoclast function.

A

Osteoporosis

38
Q

Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women due to less estrogen

A

Type I Osteoporosis

39
Q

Osteoporosis that’s age related in men and women over 70

A

Type II Osteoporosis

40
Q

Major symptom of Ca toxicity

A

Kidney stones, calcium deposits in tissues, hallucinations

41
Q

RQ: Which form is Ca absorbed in?

A

Calcium ion

42
Q

RQ: What stimulates PTH secretion?

A

Low serum Ca

43
Q

RQ: Where is calbindin 28k located in vivo?

A

Kidneys

44
Q

RQ: What is a clinical indicator of a Ca deficiency?

A

Tetany

45
Q

RQ: T/F A high sodium diet will cause Ca toxicity

A

FALSE

46
Q

RQ: What can blood Ca levels be used to diagnose?

A

Ca toxicity

47
Q

RQ: What can blood Ca levels be used to diagnose?

A

Ca toxicity

48
Q

2nd most abundant mineral in the body. 85% is stored in the skeleton

A

Phosphorus

49
Q

Functions of P

A

1) Bone mineralization (found with Ca, F, Mg, K, Sr, and Na in osteoblasts)
2) Nucleotide/Nucleoside phosphates (part of DNA and RNA backbone and second messenger in cells as cAMP)
3) Main mechanism for regulating enzymes (Turn enzymes on or off by phosphorylation via covalent modification)
4) Part of phospholipid
5) Acid-Base balance (P is main intracellular buffer)

50
Q

Excellent sources of P

A

-Meat
-Poultry
-Fish
-Eggs
(Animal products)

51
Q

P deficiency symptoms

A

Arrhythmias, skeletal/cardiac myopathy, decreased diaphragm contractility, reduced cardiac output, death

52
Q

P toxicity symptoms

A

Hypocalcemia and tetany

P competes with Ca for absorption; lots of P causes a Ca deficiency

53
Q

RQ: T/F Blood pressure regulation is a function of P

A

FALSE

54
Q

RQ: Name a poor source of P

A

Banana (and other plant products)

55
Q

RQ: Is tetany a sign of a P deficiency?

A

NO

Tetany is a sign of a P toxicity

56
Q

RQ: A patient consumes a high P diet. What mineral will they probably be low in?

A

Ca

P toxicity causes hypocalcemia

57
Q

RQ: Where does the body get Ca to normalize blood values?

A

From bone

58
Q

4th most abundant mineral in the body. 54% stored in the skeleton and 45% stored in soft tissues

A

Magnesium

59
Q

Functions of Mg

A

1) Bone mineralization (found with Ca, F, P, K, Sr, and Na is osteoblasts)
2) Cofactor for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins along with protein and DNA synthesis (>300 enzymes, predominately kinases that use ATP/ADP)
3) Muscle relaxation (Ca-channel blocker)
4) Required for PTH release
5) Required for Vitamin D activation

60
Q

T/F Mg is a metalloprotein

A

FALSE

It is a metalloenzyme

61
Q

T/F Mg is used to help stabilize ATP

A

True

62
Q

T/F Mg is used to help stabilize ATP

A

True

63
Q

Good sources of Mg

A

-Seeds
-Nuts
-Grains
-Legumes
-Dark green leafy vegetables
(Plant products)

64
Q

Major symptoms of hypomagnesia

A

Personality changes and tetany

65
Q

What mineral deficiencies usually precede a Mg deficiency?

A

Ca and K

66
Q

Symptoms of hypermagnesia

A

Diarrhea, nausea, flushing, slurred speech, migraines

67
Q

Major cation in ECF

A

Sodium

68
Q

Functions of Na

A

1) Fluid balance (maintains osmotic pressure with K and Cl)

2) Na/K ATPase pump (generates an electrochemical potential gradient for nerve transmission and muscle contraction)

69
Q

Sources of Na

A
  • Salt (NaCl)
  • Processed or canned foods
  • Condiments
  • Cured meats
  • Naturally found in meats, veggies, and grains
70
Q

Symptoms of hyponatremia

A

Muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, coma, seizures

71
Q

Symptoms of hypernatremia

A

Hypertension, hypocalcemia, osteoporosis, and tetany

Excess Na increases Ca excretion eventually causing hypocalcemia

72
Q

Major cation in ICF

A

Potassium

73
Q

Functions of K

A

1) Fluid balance (maintains osmotic pressure with Na and Cl)
2) Na/K ATPase pump (generates an electrochemical potential gradient for nerve transmission and muscle contraction
3) Inhibits Ca excretion (Na does the exact opposite)

74
Q

Symptoms of hypokalemia

A

Cardiac arrhythmias, myopathy, irritability, mental conduson, glucose intolerance

75
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

A

Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest

76
Q

RQ: What mineral stabilizes ATP?

A

Mg

77
Q

RQ: Where are you more likely to find Mg and K?
A. Plants
B. Animals
C. Plantimals

A

A. Plants

78
Q

RQ: Mg deficiency may present as _______ while a toxicity may present as _________

A 
Deficiency = muscle weakness
Toxicity = Slurred speech
79
Q

RQ: Mineral utilized by kinases

A

Mg

80
Q

RQ: T/F The average American does not meet their daily Na requirement

A

FALSE.

81
Q

RQ: T/F All hypertensive patients would benefit from a reduced Na diet

A

True

82
Q

RQ: What is a clinical indicator of both hypo- and hyperkalemia?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias

83
Q 
RQ: Which of the following does NOT lead to hypocalcemia?
A. Hyperphosphatemia
B. Hypomagnesemia
C. Hypernatremia 
D. Hyperkalemia
A

D. Hyperkalemia

(High P = Low Ca;
Low Mg = Low Ca;
High Na = Low Ca;
High K = High Ca by inhibiting Ca secretion)

84
Q

Major anion in the ECF

A

Chloride

85
Q

Functions of Cl

A

1) Fluid balance (maintains osmotic pressure with K and Na)
2) Part of HCl in gastric juice
3) Assists in destruction of foreign compounds during phagocytosis of WBC (part of hypochlorous acid)

86
Q

Sources of Cl

A 
Salt
Processed foods
Eggs
Meat
Seafood
87
Q

Symptom of a Cl deficiency

A

Convulsions

Nutrition (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions