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Nutrition > Exam 1: Water Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Exam 1: Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A 
Folate 
Riboflavin 
Niacin 
Thiamin 
B6
B12
Pantothenic acid
Biotin 
Vitamin C
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2
Q

T/F Water soluble vitamins are not significantly lost during cooking, are stored in large quantities, and are not transported by carriers from diet and supplements

A

FALSE.

  • WSV are significantly lost during cooking
  • Are stored in very little quantities
  • Are transported by carriers
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3
Q

Dietary water soluble vitamins are absorbed by __________ while supplement water soluble vitamins are absorbed by __________

A 
Dietary = facilitated diffusion 
Supplements = passive diffusion
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4
Q

What B complex vitamins are known for releasing energy?

A 
Thiamin 
Riboflavin 
Pantothenic acid
Biotin 
B6
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5
Q

What B complex vitamins are known for influencing hematopoietic cells?

A

Folate
B12
B6
Pantothenic acid

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6
Q

This water soluble is nonessential for most animals and plants, but is essential for humans, primates, fruit bats, and guinea pigs. Also known as ascorbic acid

A

Vitamin C

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7
Q

Functions of Vitamin C

A

1) Antioxidant (regenerates vitamin E)
2) Coenzyme (helps iron and copper enzymes hydroxylate to make collagen, carnitine, and Nt’s)
3) Absorption of nonheme iron (from plants and supplements)

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8
Q

Sources of vitamin C

A

Peppers
Citrus fruits and fruit juices
Broccoli
Dark green leafy veggies

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9
Q

Vitamin C RDA’s for men, women, and smokers (both men and women)

A

Men = 90 mg
Women = 75 mg
Men (+35 for Smoking)= 125 mg
Women (+35 for Smoking) = 110 mg

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10
Q

What effects does cooking have on Vitamin C?

A
  • Easily extracted in water

- Easily oxidized

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11
Q

T/F Frozen fruits and vegetables contain more vitamin C than fresh fruits and vegetables that have been shipped a far distance

A

True

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12
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency name

A

Scurvy

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13
Q

4 H’s of Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency)

A

1) Hemorrhagic signs (poor wound healing)
2) Hyperkeratosis of hair follicles
3) Hypochondriasis (psychological problems)
4) Hematologic (impaired collagen synthesis and decreased iron absorption)

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14
Q

People who may suffer vitamin C toxicity or have problems associated with it

A

1) Kidney disease = increased risk of kidney stones

2) Impaired iron metabolism leading to iron toxicity (vitamin C helps with nonheme iron absorption)

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15
Q

B1

A

Thiamin

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16
Q

Function of TDP

A

TDP = Coenzyme form of Thiamin

  • Energy production (pyruvate to acetyl CoA)
  • NADPH and pentose synthesis
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17
Q

What enzymes are associated with TDP?

A
  • Dehydrogenases (use TDP to make acetyl CoA from pyruvate)

- Transketolases (TDP found within the enzyme to help make NADPH and pentose synthesis)

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18
Q

Function of TTP

A

TTP= Noncoenzyme form of Thiamin

-Regulates Na+ channels and Cl- transport in nerve conduction (Nervous system associated)

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19
Q

Primary source of Thiamin

A

Pork

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20
Q

What destroys thiamin?

A 
Thiaminases
Sulfites 
Heat 
Oxidation 
Light
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21
Q

Specific symptom associated with early thiamin deficiency

A

Tender calf muscles

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22
Q

Major targets of thiamin deficiency

A

Peripheral nerves
Heart
Brain

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23
Q

Thiamin deficiency associated with alcoholics

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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24
Q

Chronic adult thiamin deficiency.

A

Wet beriberi

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25
Q

Chronic infant thiamin deficiency

A

Acute beriberi

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26
Q

Chronic geriatric thiamin deficiency

A

Dry beriberi

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27
Q

T/F Multiple heart problems, peripheral edema, tense calf muscles, high blood pressure, and peripheral neuropathy are all associated with Dry beriberi

A

FALSE.

These are all associated with Wet beriberi (Dry = muscle weakness, extremity wasting, peripheral neuropathy)

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28
Q

Who is at risk for a thiamin deficiency in the U.S.?

A
  • Elderly (impaired absorption and dietary deficiency)
  • Alcoholics (impaired absorption and dietary deficiency)
  • Babies (dietary deficiency)
  • Patients with malabsorptive conditions like Crohn’s, celiac disease, CF, etc. impaired absorption)
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29
Q

Tolerable upper intake of Thiamin

A

None (toxicity is rare)

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30
Q

B2

A

Riboflavin

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31
Q

Coenzymes that contain a riboflavin ring. Found in ETS, coenzymes for dehydrogenases, 1st step of beta-oxidation, and Krebs cycle.

A

FAD and FMN

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32
Q

FAD and FMN are used for the synthesis of ______ and _____

A

Niacin

B6

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33
Q

___ mg of tryptophan = ___ mg of niacin

A

60 mg of tryptophan = 1 mg of niacin

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34
Q

Sources of riboflavin

A 
Dairy
Dark green vegetables
Whole grains
Eggs
Meats
Fortified cerals
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35
Q

T/F Riboflavin is destroyed by cooking, but stable with UV light and alkaline pH

A

FALSE.

Riboflavin is stable during cooking, but destroyed by UV light and alkaline pH

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36
Q

Name for a riboflavin deficiency

A

Ariboflavinosis

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37
Q

Symptom that arises from ariboflavinosis. Presents as lesions in the corner of the mouth

A

Cheilosis

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38
Q

Symptom that arises from ariboflavinosis. Presents as cracks at the corner of the mouth

A

Angular stomatitis

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39
Q

Symptoms that arise from ariboflavinosis. Presents as swelling and a bright red surface of the tongue

A

Glossitis (swelling) and magenta tongue (red tongue)

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40
Q

T/F Ariboflavinosis is seldom present by itself. It normally is found with other B vitamin deficiencies

A

True

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41
Q

Severe riboflavin deficiency inhibits ________ and ______ synthesis

A

B6

NAD

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42
Q

Who is at risk for developing a riboflavin deficiency?

A
  • Alcoholics
  • People in developing nations
  • Diabetics (enhanced riboflavin excretion)
  • Patients with thyroid disorders (altered metabolism)
  • Tricylic antidepressants decrease riboflavin absorption
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43
Q

What has been shown to be an effective dose for treating migraines?

A

Riboflavin

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44
Q

T/F Riboflavin has no tolerable upper intake set

A

True

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45
Q

B3

A

Niacin

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46
Q

60 mg of this amino acid is required to make 1 mg of niacin

A

Tryptophan

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47
Q

Cofactor required for NAD/NADP synthesis

A

Iron

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48
Q

Function of niacin

A

Coenzymes for >200 enzymes

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49
Q

Niacin derivatives are coenzymes for mostly this type of enzyme

A

Dehydrogenases

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50
Q

Niacin derivative. Used in glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Beta-oxidation, and ethanol metabolism

A

NAD

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51
Q

Niacin derivative. Used in fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and folate synthesis

A

NADP

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52
Q

In OHOT (beta-oxidation), what B vitamins are used?

A

1st O = Riboflavin (makes FADH2)

2nd O = Niacin (makes NADH)

53
Q

T/F The average american consumes 900 mg of tryptophan daily, providing 15 mg NE

A

True

54
Q

Sources of niacin

A

Meats, peanuts, yeast, enriched cereals

55
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

Pellagra (Rough + Skin)

56
Q

4 D’s of Pellagra

A

1) Dermatitis (sunburn on face, neck, and extremities)
2) Dementia (headache, memory loss, delirium)
3) Diarrhea (glossitis, cheilosis, stomatitis)
4) Death (very rare)

57
Q

What 2 B vitamin deficiencies are usually found together?

A

Pellagra (Niacin)

Ariboflavinosis (Riboflavin)

58
Q

B5

A

Pantothenic acid

59
Q

Pantothenic acid is part of _____ and _____

A 
Coenzyme A (CoA)
Acyl-Carrier Protein (ACP)
60
Q

Functions of pantothenic acid

A

Coenzyme
+Metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins
+Synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, bile acids, and steroid hormones
+Posttranslational acetylation of proteins)

61
Q

Sources of pantothenic acid

A

Found almost everywhere in many foods

62
Q

Pantothenic acid deficiency

A

Burning Feet Syndrome

63
Q

T/F Burning Feet Syndrome is prevalent in people over 40 with a European-Caucasian ancestry.

A

Burning Feet Syndrome is very rare

64
Q

Why do people with Burning Feet Syndrome feel fatigued or weak?

A

BFS = Pantothenic acid deficiency

Makes low Coenzyme A which means the body can’t make adequate ATP causing lethargy

65
Q

T/F There is no toxicity reported with Pantothenic acid

A

True

66
Q

B7

A

Biotin

67
Q

Functions of Biotin

A

-Noncoenzyme
+Transcription of several enzymes
-Coenzyme
+Bound to several carboxylases

68
Q

How does biotin affect fatty acid synthesis?

A

Biotin is associated with Acetyl CoA Carboxylase turning acetyl CoA into malonyl CoA (committed step in Fatty acid synthesis)

69
Q

T/F Eating raw eggs is an excellent source of Biotin

A

FALSE.

Raw eggs contain a biotin chelator, preventing absorption. Properly cooking the eggs will help with absorption of biotin

70
Q

Major symptom associated with a Biotin deficiency

A

Hypercholesterolemia

71
Q

T/F Biotin deficiency is so common that 50-80% of pregnant women have it, leading to possible birth defects or abnormal metabolism.

A

FALSE.
50-80% of pregnant women have a MARGINAL biotin deficiency that can cause birth defects. Biotin deficiency over all is rare

72
Q

T/F There is no toxicity associated with biotin

A

True

73
Q

Functions of B6

A

Coenzyme (PLP)
+Used by >100 enzymes
+Required for amino acid and glycogen metabolism
+Needed for synthesis of heme, sphingolipids in myelin sheath, steroids, niacin, and Neurotransmitters, and histidine

74
Q

What neurotransmitters are made from vitamin B6?

A

Serotonin
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
GABA (made from glutamate)

75
Q

T/F Vitamin B6 has a higher availability from plants than animals

A

FALSE.

B6 has higher availability from animal than plants (easier to utilize from animals than plants)

76
Q

Major symptom associated with a vitamin B6 deficiency

A

Peripheral neuropathy

77
Q

Why does a B6 deficiency cause peripheral neuropathy?

A

B6 is required to make sphingolipids in the myelin sheath of nerves. Low B6 means its harder to make the myelin which decreases nerve transduction.

78
Q

Who is most at risk for a vitamin B6 deficiency?

A
  • Patients taking corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, penicillin, and isoniazid(TB medication)
  • Celiac disease
  • Renal dialysis
79
Q

B9

A

Folate (Pteroylmonoglutamic acid)

80
Q

Reduced form of B9 in supplements

A

Folic acid

81
Q

T/F Folic acid need to be digested to be absorbed

A

FALSE.

Folic acid from supplements is in the reduced form so it does not need to be digested to be absorbed

82
Q

Folate contains many _____________ residues which are removed by _________ in the brush border

A

Glutamic acid

Conjugase

83
Q

What are common conjugase inhibitors?

A

Legumes
Oranges
Cabbage
Chronic alcohol consumption?

84
Q

80% of folate is absorbed in the ______ and reduced via _______

A

Small intestine

Enterocytes

85
Q

Reduced form of folate that travels from the small intestine to the liver

A

THF (Tetrahydrofolate)

86
Q

From the liver, THF is bound to _________ in the plasma

A

Folate Binding Protein

87
Q

T/F Almost all of the THF in the blood is eventually stored in the liver.

A

FALSE
50% = stored in the liver
Remaining = found in cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells (important for DNA and RNA synthesis)

88
Q

What ion is required by conjugase to function?

A

Zinc

89
Q

What other B vitamin is required to make THF?

A

Niacin

90
Q

Function of folate

A

Coenzyme
+ Donor and acceptor in 1 carbon metabolism
+ DNA synthesis and repair
+ Formation of RBC and WBC
+ AA metabolism (histidine to glutamate and homocysteine to methionine)

91
Q

What B vitamin besides folate allows the amino acid metabolism of homocysteine to methionine?

A

B12 (Cobalamin)

92
Q

How does a cobalamin deficiency affect the breakdown of THF?

A

THF cannot be regenerated and folate is trapped as 5-methyl THF

93
Q

What name is given to the fact that a cobalamin deficiency prevents THF from being regenerated and trapping it as 5-methyl THF?

A

Methyl-Folate Trap

94
Q

Best source of folate. Is folate lost during cooking?

A

Dark green leafy vegetables

50-90% of folate is lost during cooking

95
Q

T/F Folate is 1 of 5 vitamins required by law to be added to foods

A

FALSE.

Folate is the only vitamin required by law to be added to foods

96
Q

Folate deficiency causes this condition

A

Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia

97
Q

Folate deficiency is associated with ______ defects like ________ and ________

A

Neural tube defects
Spina bifida
Anencephaly

98
Q

T/F Folate supplementation can prevent 95% of all neural tube defects

A

FALSE.

Prevents 70% of NTD

99
Q

T/F Folic acid does increase a persons risk of developing cancer

A

True

RR = 1.07 overall and 1.24 for Prostate cancer

100
Q

What polymorphisms are present in the mutated C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene?

A

MTHFR gene
CC (normal) = 100% activity
CT (mutant) = 65% activity
TT (mutant) = 30% activity

101
Q

T/F A MTHFR gene mutation is present in 30-40% of Pacific islanders and 40% of ADHD patients

A

FALSE.

MTHFR mutation is present in 5-10% of Caucasians and 16% of autistic patients

102
Q

Patients with the 677TT (homozygous mutation) polymorphism have an increased risk of what?

A
  • Cancer (Breast = 180%; Esophageal = 163%)
  • Migraines (37%)
  • Heart disease (higher levels of LDL oxidation)
  • Infertility and miscarriages
  • Fracture risk (23%)
103
Q

High doses of folate can mask a _________________ and/or bind with ____ in the GI tract causing a deficiency

A

B12 deficiency

Zinc

104
Q

B12

A

Cobalamin

105
Q

What are the several forms of B12 that our bodies can form into an active coenzyme?

A
  • Cyanocobalamin (CN)
  • Hydroxocobalamin (OH)
  • Hydrocobalamin (H2O)
  • Nitrocobalamin (NO2)
106
Q

Active coenzymes of B12

A

1) 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (5-deoxyadenosyl)

2) Methylcobalamin (CH3)

107
Q

Most common form of B12 in supplements

A

Cyanocobalamin

108
Q

Enzyme that breaks the B12-protein bond in the stomach

A

Pepsin

109
Q

_________ secreted from the _________ in the stomach required to absorb B12

A

Intrinsic factor (IF)

110
Q

________ secreted from the saliva and stomach. Bonds to B12 in the stomach before being removed and allowing IF to attach to the B12

A

R protein

111
Q

Enzyme that removes R protein from B12 in the small intestine

A

Proteases

112
Q

The IF receptor in the _____ binds the B12-IF complex and absorbs it by _____________

A

Ileum

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

113
Q

How would omeprazole causing a B12 deficiency?

A

PPI’s like omeprazole decrease IF secretion, which prevents the formation of the IF-B12 complex, not allowing absorption of B12 in the ileum

114
Q

Conditions that can decrease B12 digestion and absorption

A
  • Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (too much HCl)
  • Medications for GERD (low HCl)
  • Pancreatic insufficiency (low proteases; can’t release B12 from R proteins)
  • Malabsorptive syndromes (Celiac’s, Crohn’s, IBS, CF, etc.)
115
Q

T/F 85% of B12 is absorbed in the jejunum and released into the enterocytes

A

FALSE.

~50% is absorbed in the ileum and B12 is released into the enterocytes

116
Q

Once in the enterocyte, B12 is bond to ______ in the blood and sent to the ______

A

Transcobalamins

Liver

117
Q

Where is B12 stored in the body?

A
  • Liver (50%)
  • Bone
  • Brain
  • Muscles
118
Q

Functions of B12

A

Coenzyme (methylcobalamin)
-Myelination
Coenzyme (adenosylcobalamin)
-Metabolism of odd chain fatty acids and amino acids

119
Q

What amino acids are metabolized using the coenzyme adenosylcobalamin (B12)?

A

Threonine

Isoleucine

120
Q

T/F 33% of B12 is lost during cooking. Meats, dairies, and fortified sources are some of the best sources of B12

A

True

121
Q

B12 deficiency can cause this condition due to decreased DNA synthesis

A

Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia (like a folate deficiency)

122
Q

T/F With megaloblastic macrocytic anemia, supplementation of folate can help get rid of hematologic symptoms, but not neurologic symptoms due to demyleination of nerves from a possible B12 deficiency covered up by the folate deficiency

A

True

123
Q

Main symptom of a B12 deficiency

A

Peripheral neuropathy

124
Q

Type of megaloblastic anemia where antibodies attack gastric parieral and mucosal cells causing a decrease in HCL secretion and B12 absorption.

A

Pernicious anemia

125
Q

T/F There is no one treatment for pernicious anemia

A

FALSE.

B12 injections can be used to treat pernicious anemia

126
Q

Why would a strict vegan not develop B12 deficiency symptoms for 5-10 years after starting their diet?

A

B12 is stored throughout the whole body (50% in the liver) so we have enough in our bodies to live off of for years

127
Q

T/F Most B12 deficiencies are due to inadequate intake instead of inadequate absorption

A

FALSE.

Inadequate absorption is more likely to cause B12 deficiency than inadequate intake

128
Q

Who is at risk for developing a B12 deficiency?

A
  • Strict vegetarians/vegans
  • Elderly
  • Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (too much HCl)
  • Pernicious anemia (AIC- parietal cell attack)
  • Gastritis (impaired IF release)
  • Achlorhydria (lack of HCl)
  • Malabsorptive conditions
  • PPI’s (acid reducing meds)
  • Pregnant women
129
Q

T/F There is no toxicity associated with B12

A

True

Nutrition (11 decks)

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