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Nutrition > Exam 2 (Trace minerals [Fe, Zn, Cu, F]) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Trace minerals [Fe, Zn, Cu, F]) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes a mineral a trace mineral?

A

Require 1-100 mg/day

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2
Q

Trace minerals

A

Fe, Zn, Cu, F

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3
Q

Trace minerals

A

Fe, Zn, Cu, F

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4
Q

The majority of the Fe stored in the body is in ________

A

Hemoglobin (65%)

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5
Q

Iron from animal products that is part of a “globin”. Absrobed using a carrier protein

A

Heme iron

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6
Q

Protein that absorbs heme iron

A

Heme carrier protein 1

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7
Q

Iron from plants and supplements. Reduced in the small intestine and absorbed using a generic divalent mineral transporter

A

Nonheme iron

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8
Q

Vitamin required to absorb nonheme Fe

A

Vitamin C

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9
Q

What is sued to break down heme Fe in the body?

A

Pepsin in the stomach and proteases in the small intestine

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10
Q

T/F Heme Fe is absorbed by activated transport using the heme carrier ATPase pump

A

FALSE.

Heme Fe is absorbed by facilitated diffusion using the heme carrier protein 1 (hcp1)

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11
Q

After absorption into the enterocyte, what enzyme is used to release the Fe from the heme?

A

Heme oxygenase

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12
Q

T/F Heme Fe and nonheme Fe have the same charge

A

FALSE.
Heme Fe = +2
Nonheme Fe = +3

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13
Q

Enzyme in the small intestine used to turn Fe+3 into Fe+2 so the Fe can be absorbed

A

Ferrireductase

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14
Q

What vitamin does Ferrireductase require to absorb Fe in the small intestine?

A

Vitamin C

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15
Q

Why must Fe be bound to a protein at all times in the body?

A

Fe is highly reactive

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16
Q

If the body does not need the absorbed Fe right away, it will be bound by _______ in the _________

A

Ferritin

Enterocyte

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17
Q

If the Fe bound to ferritin is not used by the body in 2-3 days, what happens to it?

A

It is sloughed off with the lining of the small intestine

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18
Q

If the body needs the Fe bound to ferritin, how does the Fe get past the basolateral membrane? Does this have any change on the charge of the Fe?

A

Gets across basolateral membrane by the protein Terroportin.

Moving across the basolateral membrane changes the Fe from +2 to +3

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19
Q

What does Ferroportin require to get Fe across the basolateral membrane?

A

Copper

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20
Q

What picks up the Fe+3 after it is transported across the membrane by ferroportin? Where does the Fe go then?

A

Fe +3 is picked up by Transferrin and sent to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

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21
Q

Two ways iron is stored in the body

A

1) Made into myoglobin and hemoglobin
OR
2) Bound to ferritin for storage in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

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22
Q

When iron stores are low, ferritin levels are _____ while transferrin levels are ______

A 
Ferritin = low
Transferrin = high

We don’t want the Fe bound to ferritin, we want it absorbed and bound to transferrin so it can deliver to places all over the body that need it

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23
Q

When iron stores are high, ferritin levels are ______ while transferrin levels are ____

A 
Ferritin = high
Transferrin = low

Fe is very reactive, so it must be bound to a protein like ferritin until the body needs its. We don’t want to absorb the highly reactive Fe and send it around the body, so we keep it bound to ferritin until it sloughs off with the small intestine lining

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24
Q

When iron stores are high, ferritin levels are ______ while transferrin levels are ____

A 
Ferritin = high
Transferrin = low

Fe is very reactive, so it must be bound to a protein like ferritin until the body needs its. We don’t want to absorb the highly reactive Fe and send it around the body, so we keep it bound to ferritin until it sloughs off with the small intestine lining

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25
Q

When iron stores are high, ferritin levels are ______ while transferrin levels are ____

A 
Ferritin = high
Transferrin = low

Fe is very reactive, so it must be bound to a protein like ferritin until the body needs its. We don’t want to absorb the highly reactive Fe and send it around the body, so we keep it bound to ferritin until it sloughs off with the small intestine lining

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26
Q

Functions of Fe

A

1) Heme proteins (hemoglobin and myoglobin = transports and/or stores Oxygen)
2) Heme enzymes (cytochromes = ETS, cytochrome P-450 = Drug detoxification, and Catalase = hydrogen peroxide metabolism)

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27
Q

Fe can be found in Complex II of the ETS

A

FALSE.

Part of Complex III and IV (cytochrome c and a+a3)

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28
Q

Peroxide enzymes that require Fe

A

Catalase

Myeloperoxidase

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29
Q

Where are the peroxide enzymes found?

A

Peroxisomes of cell and white blood cells

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30
Q

T/F Fe is the only vitamin/mineral that is required more by women then men

A

True

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31
Q

RDA for Fe in men and women

A 
Men = 8 mg/day
Women = 18 mg/day
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32
Q

Sources of Fe

A

Seafood, lean meat, poultry, legumes, vegetables, black strap molasses, dried fruits, and whole grain or enriched breads

33
Q

Most common nutritional deficiency in the U.S.

A

Iron deficiency

34
Q

Symptoms of an iron deficiency

A

Pallor, fatigue, decreased cognition, short attention span, and depressed immune system

35
Q

Iron supplementation can cause a _____ depletion. This is why we can’t take these two supplements at the same time

A

Zinc (or Copper)

36
Q

Symptom of iron toxicity

A

Organ damage (iron deposition and creation of free radical = Fe+3, +OH, and -OH)

37
Q

RQ: Which class of enzymes is required for digestion of heme iron prior to absorption?

A

Hydrolase

Proteases are hydrolases

38
Q

RQ: Which carrier protein is synthesized in both the SI and the liver?

A

Ferritin

39
Q

RQ: Which compound from chocolate can decrease iron absorption?

A

Oxalate

40
Q 
RQ: Which compound does not contain a heme?
A) Heme Fe
B) Catalase 
C) Myoglobin 
D) Cytochrome p450 2C17
A

B) Catalase

41
Q

RQ: What patient is most likely to have an iron deficiency?

A

15 year old female gymnast

42
Q

RQ: What patient is most likely to have an iron deficiency?

A

15 year old female gymnast

43
Q

RQ: When a patient presents with an Fe deficiency, which blood protein is elevated?

A

Transferrin

44
Q

RQ: Which mineral deficiency may lead to an iron deficiency?

A

Copper

Required by ferriportin to absorb iron

45
Q

RQ: Severe Fe deficiency may lead to impaired activation of Vitamin ___

A

D

Need cytochrome P450 enzymes, which requires Fe

46
Q

RQ: Severe Fe deficiency may lead to impaired activation of Vitamin ___

A

D

Need cytochrome P450 enzymes, which requires Fe

47
Q

Functions of Zinc

A

1) Cofactor (>300 enzymes, especially matrix metalloproteinases (MMP’s))
2) Cell growth and replication (concentrated in the cell nucleus)
3) Bone formation (required for osteoblast activity)
4) Immune function (shortens duration of colds)
5) Insulin secretion

48
Q

Zinc is used as a cofactor for the enzyme _______, which is used to quench free radicals found in the ______

A 
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Cytosol
49
Q

Folate contains many glutamic acid residues which are removed by this zinc dependent enzyme in the brush border

A

Conjugase

50
Q

T/F Zinc has not been shown to decrease the duration of a cold

A 
FALSE.
Zinc acetate (>75 mg/day) has been shown to decrease the duration of a cold by 42%
51
Q

Sources of Zn

A

Seafood (#1)
Legumes
Meat
Dairy

52
Q

Signs/Symptoms of a Zn deficiency

A
  • Taste problems
  • Alopecia
  • Decreased growth
  • Poor wound healing
  • Dermatitis
  • Delayed sexual maturation
  • Impaired immune function (low NK cells)
53
Q

Symptoms of Zn toxicity

A
  • Metallic taste
  • Headache
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Copper deficiency
54
Q

RQ: Zn is required for digestion of _______ and ________

A

Folate and Protein

55
Q

RQ: Zn is required to release _____ from the liver

A

Vitamin A

56
Q

RQ: Which compound decreases Zn absorption?

A

Iron

57
Q

RQ: What is the best source of Zn?

A

Seafood

58
Q

RQ: What is a clinical indicator of a Zn deficiency?

A

Diminished taste mechanism

59
Q

Copper containing glycoprotein. An oxidative enzyme

A

Ceruloplasmin

60
Q

Functions of Copper

A

Cofactor

1) Fe transport out of the enterocyte (ceruloplasmin)
2) Metabolism of superoxide, catecholamines, serotonin
3) Synthesis of ATP (cytochrome C) and peptide hormones (amine oxidases)
4) Cross linking of collagen (lysyl oxidase)

61
Q

How does Fe+2 change to Fe+3 when it is brought out of the enterocyte?

A

Ceruloplasmin-Cu+2 oxidizes the Fe+2 to Fe+3 while ites crossing attached to ferroportin while making itself into Ceruloplasmin-Cu+1

62
Q

T/F Cytochrome C contains 3 copper atoms per molecule

A

True

63
Q

Sources of Cu

A
  • Oysters
  • Nuts and seeds
  • Legumes
  • Cocoa
  • Dried fruits
  • Meat
64
Q

Sources of Cu

A
  • Oysters
  • Nuts and seeds
  • Legumes
  • Cocoa
  • Dried fruits
  • Meat
65
Q

Symptoms of a Cu deficiency

A
  • Anemia
  • Depigmentation of skin and hair
  • Bone demineralization
  • Neutropenia (impaired immunity)
66
Q

Symptoms of Cu toxicity

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Gastric pain
  • Jaundice
  • Kidney damage (little to no urine output)
67
Q

Genetic condition that causes an inability to excrete Cu (therefore Cu toxicity). What is the hallmark symptom of this condition?

A

Wilson’s disease

Kayser-Fleischer rings around the cornea

68
Q

RQ: Which AOX enzyme required both Zn and Cu?

A

Cytosolic superoxide dismutase

69
Q

RQ: Supplements of __________ decrease Cu absorption, while ________ supplements increase Cu excretion

A

Zn decreases Cu absorption

Molybdenum increase Cu secretion

70
Q

RQ: Genetic disorder associated with an increase in Cu excretion leading to deficiency

A

Menkes syndrome

71
Q

Functions of Fluoride

A

1) Prevention of dental caries

2) Bone health

72
Q

F facilitates crystallization of __ and ___ as ______, which is more acid resistant than hydroxyapatite

A

Ca
P
Fluoroapatite

73
Q

T/F Fluoride can decrease vertebral fracture risk by 70% and nonvertebral fracture risk by 50%

A

True

74
Q

Sources of F

A
  • Fluoridated water
  • Fluoridated toothpaste
  • Tea (depends on brew and type = black > green > white)
75
Q

T/F Fluoridation has only decreased cavities by 15%

A

FALSE.

It has decreased cavities by >50%

76
Q

F deficiency symptoms

A
  • Dental caries

- Osteoporosis

77
Q

Chronic symptoms of Fluorosis

A

Fluorosis = Fluoride toxicity

  • Mottling of teeth
  • Pitting of bones
78
Q

Acute symptoms of Fluorosis

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Heart arrhythmias
  • Death

Nutrition (11 decks)

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