Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Nutrition > Exam 2 (Trace minerals [Fe, Zn, Cu, F]) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Trace minerals [Fe, Zn, Cu, F]) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes a mineral a trace mineral?

A

Require 1-100 mg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Trace minerals

A

Fe, Zn, Cu, F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Trace minerals

A

Fe, Zn, Cu, F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The majority of the Fe stored in the body is in ________

A

Hemoglobin (65%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Iron from animal products that is part of a “globin”. Absrobed using a carrier protein

A

Heme iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Protein that absorbs heme iron

A

Heme carrier protein 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Iron from plants and supplements. Reduced in the small intestine and absorbed using a generic divalent mineral transporter

A

Nonheme iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vitamin required to absorb nonheme Fe

A

Vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is sued to break down heme Fe in the body?

A

Pepsin in the stomach and proteases in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F Heme Fe is absorbed by activated transport using the heme carrier ATPase pump

A

FALSE.

Heme Fe is absorbed by facilitated diffusion using the heme carrier protein 1 (hcp1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

After absorption into the enterocyte, what enzyme is used to release the Fe from the heme?

A

Heme oxygenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F Heme Fe and nonheme Fe have the same charge

A

FALSE.
Heme Fe = +2
Nonheme Fe = +3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Enzyme in the small intestine used to turn Fe+3 into Fe+2 so the Fe can be absorbed

A

Ferrireductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What vitamin does Ferrireductase require to absorb Fe in the small intestine?

A

Vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why must Fe be bound to a protein at all times in the body?

A

Fe is highly reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If the body does not need the absorbed Fe right away, it will be bound by _______ in the _________

A

Ferritin

Enterocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If the Fe bound to ferritin is not used by the body in 2-3 days, what happens to it?

A

It is sloughed off with the lining of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If the body needs the Fe bound to ferritin, how does the Fe get past the basolateral membrane? Does this have any change on the charge of the Fe?

A

Gets across basolateral membrane by the protein Terroportin.

Moving across the basolateral membrane changes the Fe from +2 to +3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does Ferroportin require to get Fe across the basolateral membrane?

A

Copper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What picks up the Fe+3 after it is transported across the membrane by ferroportin? Where does the Fe go then?

A

Fe +3 is picked up by Transferrin and sent to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Two ways iron is stored in the body

A

1) Made into myoglobin and hemoglobin
OR
2) Bound to ferritin for storage in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When iron stores are low, ferritin levels are _____ while transferrin levels are ______

A 
Ferritin = low
Transferrin = high

We don’t want the Fe bound to ferritin, we want it absorbed and bound to transferrin so it can deliver to places all over the body that need it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When iron stores are high, ferritin levels are ______ while transferrin levels are ____

A 
Ferritin = high
Transferrin = low

Fe is very reactive, so it must be bound to a protein like ferritin until the body needs its. We don’t want to absorb the highly reactive Fe and send it around the body, so we keep it bound to ferritin until it sloughs off with the small intestine lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When iron stores are high, ferritin levels are ______ while transferrin levels are ____

A 
Ferritin = high
Transferrin = low

Fe is very reactive, so it must be bound to a protein like ferritin until the body needs its. We don’t want to absorb the highly reactive Fe and send it around the body, so we keep it bound to ferritin until it sloughs off with the small intestine lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When iron stores are high, ferritin levels are ______ while transferrin levels are ____

A 
Ferritin = high
Transferrin = low

Fe is very reactive, so it must be bound to a protein like ferritin until the body needs its. We don’t want to absorb the highly reactive Fe and send it around the body, so we keep it bound to ferritin until it sloughs off with the small intestine lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Functions of Fe

A

1) Heme proteins (hemoglobin and myoglobin = transports and/or stores Oxygen)
2) Heme enzymes (cytochromes = ETS, cytochrome P-450 = Drug detoxification, and Catalase = hydrogen peroxide metabolism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fe can be found in Complex II of the ETS

A

FALSE.

Part of Complex III and IV (cytochrome c and a+a3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Peroxide enzymes that require Fe

A

Catalase

Myeloperoxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where are the peroxide enzymes found?

A

Peroxisomes of cell and white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

T/F Fe is the only vitamin/mineral that is required more by women then men

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

RDA for Fe in men and women

A 
Men = 8 mg/day
Women = 18 mg/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sources of Fe

A

Seafood, lean meat, poultry, legumes, vegetables, black strap molasses, dried fruits, and whole grain or enriched breads

33
Q

Most common nutritional deficiency in the U.S.

A

Iron deficiency

34
Q

Symptoms of an iron deficiency

A

Pallor, fatigue, decreased cognition, short attention span, and depressed immune system

35
Q

Iron supplementation can cause a _____ depletion. This is why we can’t take these two supplements at the same time

A

Zinc (or Copper)

36
Q

Symptom of iron toxicity

A

Organ damage (iron deposition and creation of free radical = Fe+3, +OH, and -OH)

37
Q

RQ: Which class of enzymes is required for digestion of heme iron prior to absorption?

A

Hydrolase

Proteases are hydrolases

38
Q

RQ: Which carrier protein is synthesized in both the SI and the liver?

39
Q

RQ: Which compound from chocolate can decrease iron absorption?

40
Q 
RQ: Which compound does not contain a heme?
A) Heme Fe
B) Catalase 
C) Myoglobin 
D) Cytochrome p450 2C17
A

B) Catalase

41
Q

RQ: What patient is most likely to have an iron deficiency?

A

15 year old female gymnast

42
Q

RQ: What patient is most likely to have an iron deficiency?

A

15 year old female gymnast

43
Q

RQ: When a patient presents with an Fe deficiency, which blood protein is elevated?

A

Transferrin

44
Q

RQ: Which mineral deficiency may lead to an iron deficiency?

A

Copper

Required by ferriportin to absorb iron

45
Q

RQ: Severe Fe deficiency may lead to impaired activation of Vitamin ___

A

D

Need cytochrome P450 enzymes, which requires Fe

46
Q

RQ: Severe Fe deficiency may lead to impaired activation of Vitamin ___

A

D

Need cytochrome P450 enzymes, which requires Fe

47
Q

Functions of Zinc

A

1) Cofactor (>300 enzymes, especially matrix metalloproteinases (MMP’s))
2) Cell growth and replication (concentrated in the cell nucleus)
3) Bone formation (required for osteoblast activity)
4) Immune function (shortens duration of colds)
5) Insulin secretion

48
Q

Zinc is used as a cofactor for the enzyme _______, which is used to quench free radicals found in the ______

A 
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Cytosol
49
Q

Folate contains many glutamic acid residues which are removed by this zinc dependent enzyme in the brush border

50
Q

T/F Zinc has not been shown to decrease the duration of a cold

A 
FALSE.
Zinc acetate (>75 mg/day) has been shown to decrease the duration of a cold by 42%
51
Q

Sources of Zn

A

Seafood (#1)
Legumes
Meat
Dairy

52
Q

Signs/Symptoms of a Zn deficiency

A
  • Taste problems
  • Alopecia
  • Decreased growth
  • Poor wound healing
  • Dermatitis
  • Delayed sexual maturation
  • Impaired immune function (low NK cells)
53
Q

Symptoms of Zn toxicity

A
  • Metallic taste
  • Headache
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Copper deficiency
54
Q

RQ: Zn is required for digestion of _______ and ________

A

Folate and Protein

55
Q

RQ: Zn is required to release _____ from the liver

56
Q

RQ: Which compound decreases Zn absorption?

57
Q

RQ: What is the best source of Zn?

58
Q

RQ: What is a clinical indicator of a Zn deficiency?

A

Diminished taste mechanism

59
Q

Copper containing glycoprotein. An oxidative enzyme

A

Ceruloplasmin

60
Q

Functions of Copper

A

Cofactor

1) Fe transport out of the enterocyte (ceruloplasmin)
2) Metabolism of superoxide, catecholamines, serotonin
3) Synthesis of ATP (cytochrome C) and peptide hormones (amine oxidases)
4) Cross linking of collagen (lysyl oxidase)

61
Q

How does Fe+2 change to Fe+3 when it is brought out of the enterocyte?

A

Ceruloplasmin-Cu+2 oxidizes the Fe+2 to Fe+3 while ites crossing attached to ferroportin while making itself into Ceruloplasmin-Cu+1

62
Q

T/F Cytochrome C contains 3 copper atoms per molecule

63
Q

Sources of Cu

A
  • Oysters
  • Nuts and seeds
  • Legumes
  • Cocoa
  • Dried fruits
  • Meat
64
Q

Sources of Cu

A
  • Oysters
  • Nuts and seeds
  • Legumes
  • Cocoa
  • Dried fruits
  • Meat
65
Q

Symptoms of a Cu deficiency

A
  • Anemia
  • Depigmentation of skin and hair
  • Bone demineralization
  • Neutropenia (impaired immunity)
66
Q

Symptoms of Cu toxicity

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Gastric pain
  • Jaundice
  • Kidney damage (little to no urine output)
67
Q

Genetic condition that causes an inability to excrete Cu (therefore Cu toxicity). What is the hallmark symptom of this condition?

A

Wilson’s disease

Kayser-Fleischer rings around the cornea

68
Q

RQ: Which AOX enzyme required both Zn and Cu?

A

Cytosolic superoxide dismutase

69
Q

RQ: Supplements of __________ decrease Cu absorption, while ________ supplements increase Cu excretion

A

Zn decreases Cu absorption

Molybdenum increase Cu secretion

70
Q

RQ: Genetic disorder associated with an increase in Cu excretion leading to deficiency

A

Menkes syndrome

71
Q

Functions of Fluoride

A

1) Prevention of dental caries

2) Bone health

72
Q

F facilitates crystallization of __ and ___ as ______, which is more acid resistant than hydroxyapatite

A

Ca
P
Fluoroapatite

73
Q

T/F Fluoride can decrease vertebral fracture risk by 70% and nonvertebral fracture risk by 50%

74
Q

Sources of F

A
  • Fluoridated water
  • Fluoridated toothpaste
  • Tea (depends on brew and type = black > green > white)
75
Q

T/F Fluoridation has only decreased cavities by 15%

A

FALSE.

It has decreased cavities by >50%

76
Q

F deficiency symptoms

A
  • Dental caries

- Osteoporosis

77
Q

Chronic symptoms of Fluorosis

A

Fluorosis = Fluoride toxicity

  • Mottling of teeth
  • Pitting of bones
78
Q

Acute symptoms of Fluorosis

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Heart arrhythmias
  • Death

Nutrition (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions