Exam 2 (Ultratrace mineral [I, Se, Mn, Mo, Cr, As, B, Ni, Si])

Question 1

What makes a mineral an ultratrace mineral?

Answer 1

Require

Question 2

Ultratrace minerals

Answer 2

I, Se, Mn, Mo, Cr, As, B, Ni, Si

Question 3

Cofactor of Se

Answer 3

Selenoproteins

1) Selenocysteine
2) Selenomethioine

Question 4

Selenoproteins are required for the enzymes ____________ which is used to convert _________ to ________

Answer 4

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)
T4 to T3

Question 5

Cofactor of Se used to remove this free radical

Answer 5

Selenoprotein P is used to remove the radical peroxynitrite (ONOO-)

Question 6

Location of glutathione peroxidase

Answer 6

Plasma and cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells

Question 7

Sources of Se

Answer 7

• Brazil nuts (#1)
• Seafood
• Meat
• Whole grains

Question 8

T/F Sources of Se are not highly dependent on soil concentrations

Answer 8

FALSE

They ARE highly dependent on soil concentrations

Question 9

Condition occurs when people have a Se deficiency and become infected with the Coxsackie virus

Answer 9

Keshan’s disease

Question 10

Symptoms of Keshan’s disease

Answer 10

Cardiomyopathy in children and women

Question 11

Condition occurs when people have a Se deficiency and are infected with a possible viral infection

Answer 11

Kashin-Beck’s disease

Question 12

Symptoms of Kashin-Beck’s disease

Answer 12

• Stiffness
• Swelling and pain in finger joints
• Osteoarthritis

Question 13

Se Toxicity name

Answer 13

Selenosis

Question 14

Symptoms of Selenosis

Answer 14

• Hair and nail brittleness
• Tooth decay
• GI upset
• Mutagenic conditions
• Can be lethal

Question 15

Biomarker for Selenosis

Answer 15

Hair and nail brittleness

Question 16

RQ: Which selenium deficiency is associated with cardiomyopathy?

Answer 16

Keshan’s disease

Question 17

RQ: What is the best source of Se?

Answer 17

Brazil nuts

Question 18

RQ: Does Se behave as an AOX in vivo?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

Functions of Cr

Answer 19

• Insulin actions (helps secretion and binding)
• Part of glucose tolerance factor (GTF)
• Influences macronutrient metabolism

Question 20

High levels sources of Cr

Answer 20

• Potatoes (#1)
• Yeast
• Oysters
• Liver

Question 21

T/F

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Symptoms of Cr deficiency

Answer 22

• Insulin resistance

- High plasma free fatty acid concentrations

Question 23

T/F Cr is an excellent supplement to recommend for diabetic patients. All evidence has shown to help manage glucose levels

Answer 23

FALSE.
Controversial = mixed results

hexavalent Cr [Cr(VI)] supplements have been shown to cause DNA damage

Question 24

T/F Cr is an excellent supplement to recommend for diabetic patients. All evidence has shown to help manage glucose levels

Answer 24

FALSE.
Controversial = mixed results

hexavalent Cr [Cr(VI)] supplements have been shown to cause DNA damage

Question 25

Symptoms of Cr toxicity

Answer 25

Skin lesions | Cancer

Question 26

RQ: Cr is involved with secretion of ______

Answer 26

Insulin

Question 27

RQ: What is a poor source of Cr? 1) Oysters 2) Potatoes 3) Shrimp 4) Apples

Answer 27

4) Apples

Question 28

Function of Iodide

Answer 28

Thyroid hormones (required for synthesis of T4 and T3)

Question 29

T4

Answer 29

Thyroxine

Question 30

T3

Answer 30

Triiodothyronine

Question 31

Sources of I

Answer 31

- Seafood (#1) | - Iodized salt

Question 32

Proteins in food that bind I, prohibiting their absorption

Answer 32

Goitrogens

Question 33

T/F Goitrogens are not inactivated by cooking

Answer 33

FALSE. | They are inactivated by cooking

Question 34

Symptoms of an I deficiency

Answer 34

- Goiter - Cretinism (in utero deficiency) - Poor cognition

Question 35

Symptoms of an I toxicity

Answer 35

- Nausea - Vomiting - Burning of mouth and throat - Diarrhea - Fever - Goiter - Hyper- or Hypothyroidism

Question 36

RQ: How many I molecules are part of thyroxine?

Answer 36

4

Question 37

RQ: What is an indicator of an I deficiency? 1) Goiter 2) Fever 3) Nausea 4) Vomiting

Answer 37

1) Goiter

Question 38

Functions of Manganese

Answer 38

Cofactor for: 1) Transferases (proteoglycan synthesis) 2) Hydrolyases (collagen digestion) 3) Lyase (conversion of OAA to PEP) 4) Oxidoreductase (removal of superoxide by superoxide dismutase in the mitochondria) 5) Ligase (conversion of pyruvate to OAA)

Question 39

Sources of Mn

Answer 39

-Whole grains -Legumes -Nuts -Coffee -Tea (Plant sources)

Question 40

Symptoms of a Mn deficiency

Answer 40

- Dermatitis - Decreased growth of hair and nails - Change in hair color - Weight loss - Convulsions - Sterility

Question 41

Symptoms of a Mn deficiency

Answer 41

- Dermatitis - Decreased growth of hair and nails - Change in hair color - Weight loss - Convulsions - Sterility

Question 42

Functions of Molybdenum

Answer 42

Cofactor for: 1) Sulfite oxidase (metabolizes cysteine and methionine and synthesis of sulfate from sulfite) 2) Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (conversion of hypoxanthine to uric acid)

Question 43

What does Xanthine oxidase create that is associated with reperfusion injury?

Answer 43

Hydrogen peroxide

Question 44

Sources of Mo

Answer 44

-Legumes -Whole grains -Dairy -Dark green leafy vegetables (Plant products)

Question 45

Symptoms of a Mo deficiency

Answer 45

Neurologic symptoms

Question 46

Symptoms of a Mo toxicity

Answer 46

Gout