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TRI 3 - PH > Final exam info > Flashcards

Final exam info Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of NSAIDs

A

Treat mild to moderate pain

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2
Q

What enzymes do NSAIDs block and what do those enzymes do

A

Cox 1 - moderate stomach lining, maintain renal lining, regulate platelet activity
Cox 2 - moderate pain and inflammation, lower blood pressure, prevent arterial thrombosis

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3
Q

What are some examples of a nonselective Cox inhibitors

A

Ibuprofen, aspirin

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4
Q

What is an example of a selective Cox 2 inhibitor

A

Celebrex

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5
Q

What is Reye’s syndrome and how does it relate to aspirin

A

Swelling in the liver and Brian

Aspirin may cause Reye’s syndrome in children

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6
Q

Can pregnant women take NSAIDs

A

Yes but not in last trimester

They cause closure of ducts, arteriosus and bleeding

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7
Q

How is acetaminophen different from NSAIDs

A 
Not an NSAID
Treats pain and fever
Does not treat inflammation or anticoagulation
Not associated with GI issues
Risk of overdose and liver toxicity
Often used in OA
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8
Q

Describe Celebrex

A

Cox 2 inhibitor
Less GI irritation
Increased risk of cardiac events (HA stroke)
Not used in patients with history of heart disease

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9
Q

What are some AE of NSAIDS

A

GI problems, ulcers
CV problems - HTN
Aspirin hypersensitivity - bronchospasm, rhinitis, urticaria
May retard bone healing and growth

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10
Q

What are some medication classes used for RA

A

NSAID’s
Glucocorticoid’s
DMARD’s

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11
Q

What dietary changes may help patients with RA

A

Low protein diet

High fish oil

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12
Q

What is viscosupplementation

A

3-5 injections of hyaluronan

May delay the need for joint replacement for 6 months to a year

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13
Q

Is glucosamine a beneficial treatment for RA

A

Results inconclusive

Some patients swear by it

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14
Q

What is more effective for OA, acetaminophen or NSAIDs

A

Acetaminophen

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15
Q

Other than oral how can NSAID’s be administered

A

Topically

Diclofenac

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16
Q

How do NSAID’s help RA

A

Treat pain and inflammation

Do not prevent joint damage

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17
Q

Describe glucocorticoids

A

Steroid Hormone
Powerful at decreasing inflammation but with lots of AE
No more than 2-3 injections per year

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18
Q

Describe how glucocorticoids are used in treatment of RA

A

Used in acute flareups and early in the disease

Can slow the progression of RA

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19
Q

What are some AE of glucocorticoids

A 
Osteoporosis
Muscle wasting
HTN
Aggravate Diabetes
Glaucoma
Cataracts
Increased risk of infections
Must wean off to recover
can cause drug induced Cushing's syndrome
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20
Q

Describe DMARD’s in relation to RA

A

Essential in early RA to slow disease progression
Current gold standard is methotrexate
Target cytokines to stop inflammatory cascade

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21
Q

Describe how OA treatment should occur

A 
non-pharmacological measures, weight loss and therapy
Acetaminophen
Topical NSAID's
Viscosupplementation
Possibly glucosamine
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22
Q

What kind of medications are used in a PCA pump

A

Opioid analgesics

Morphine Fentanyl

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23
Q

What is opioid sparing

A

Combining opioids with non-opioids to decrease the amount of opioid used
Usually combined with NSAID’s

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24
Q

What are some benefits of a PCA pump

A

Allows patient to better control pain
As pain fluctuates the patient can self deliver more or less medication
Improved patient satisfaction

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25
Q

What is loading dose

A

the use of a single large dose given initially to establish analgesia prior to PCA

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26
Q

What is a demand dose

A

the amount of drug that is self administered by the patient each time they activate the PCA pump

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27
Q

What is lockout interval

A

the minimal amount of time allowed between each demand dose

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28
Q

What is 1- and -4 hours limits

A

can limit total drug that can be delivered

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29
Q

What is background infusion

A

A small continuous background level of analgesia

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30
Q

What are the 4 types of administration route

A

IV - peripheral vein
Epidural - spine
Regional - directly to the anatomical site
Transdermal - iontophoresis

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31
Q 
What are antitussives used for
What drug class is this
A

Cough suppression

opioids

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32
Q

What age ranges are antitussives appropriate for

A

Not for children younger than 18

33
Q

What are some AE of decongestants

A

increased HR and BP

rebound effect if used for more than 3 days

34
Q

Are decongestants meant for short term or long tern use

A

short term

35
Q

Why are newer antihistamines less sedative than older ones

A

Newer ones do not cross the blood brain barrier

36
Q

What are some AE of antihistamines

A

Mucosal irritation and discharge

37
Q

What drugs class is used to thin mucus secretions and what is an example

A

Mucolytics - Mucosil

38
Q

What drug class aids in the ejection of mucus and what is an example

A

Expectorants - Mucinex

39
Q

What drug classes are used in the treatment of asthma and COPD

A

Glucocorticoids - asthma

Anticholinergics - COPD

40
Q

What is an example of a Beta-adrenergic receptor and some AE

A

Salmeterol

nervous tension, headaches, palpitations, muscle cramps

41
Q

What is an example of a Leukotriene inhibitor and some AE

A 
Singulair
Cold symptoms
Diarrhea
Ear infection
Fatigue
Flue symptoms
Headache
Heartburn
Itch skin or rash
42
Q

What medications are used in short and long term management of asthma

A

Short term - beta adrenergic receptors - bronchodilator

Long term - glucocorticoids - reduce inflammation

43
Q

Describe decongestants

A 
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors
Dry up mucosa
Increase HR and BP
Can be used for nose bleeds
Not to be used for more than 3 days
44
Q

What are leukotriene inhibitors used for

A

good for exercise induced asthma

45
Q

What are the effects of aluminum vs magnesium antacids

A

aluminum - constipation

Magnesium - diarrhea

46
Q

What medications should not be taken with antacids

A

Digoxin, warfarin, antibiotics

47
Q

Why might someone getting an allergy shot be given an H2 blocker

A

H2 blockers treat peptic ulcers and GERD

48
Q

What is a typical treatment of H.Prlori infection

A

antibacterial and PPI’s

49
Q

What is used to treat GERD and wha are the AE

A

H2 blockers

AE - headache, dizziness, GI problems

50
Q

What 2 drug classes are used as antidiarrheal agents

A

Opioid derivatives

Bismuth salicylate

51
Q

Describe antacids with aliminum

A

Inhibit H.pylori
Enhance prostaglandins
Constipation

52
Q

Describe antacids with magnesium

A

Diarrhea

53
Q

Describe proton pump inhibitors and AE

A

More effective than H2 blockers at treating ulcers and GERD
May treat H. pylori
AE - fracture, gastric polyps, decreased magnesium, dementia

54
Q

What hormones does the thyroid secrete, what are their functions

A

T3 - T4
Growth and development
Cellular metabolism
regulate body heat

55
Q

What are some clinical uses of mineralocorticoids

A

diuretic

56
Q

What does the parathyroid secrete and what is its function

A

parathyroid hormone

Calcium homeostasis, increases calcium in blood

57
Q

What does the pancreas secrete and what is its function

A

insulin and glucagon
Insulin decreases blood glucose
Glucagon decreases blood sugar

58
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete and what is its function

A

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Gluco - regulate glucose metabolism
Mineral - regulate fluid and electrolytes

59
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete and what is its function

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Facilitate increased physical activity

60
Q

What do the gonads secrete and what is its function

A

Estrogens, androgens, progesterone

Sexual characteristics

61
Q

What triggers the release of glucocorticoids naturally

A

Stress

62
Q

What are indications for glucocorticoid use

A

antiinflammation
immune suppression
effect on metabolism

63
Q

What are mineralocorticoid antagonists used for

A

heart failure and hypertension

64
Q

What are mineralocorticoid agonists used for

A

Addison’s disease, Heart failure

men can develop breasts, weight gain, peripheral edema

65
Q

What are common signs of hyperthyroidism

A

nervousness, weight loss, diarrhea, tachycardia, heat intolerance

66
Q

What are common signs of hypothyroidism

A

lethargy, weight gain, constipation, bradycardia, cold intolerance

67
Q

What medications are used to treat hyperthyroidism

A

antithyroid agents, radioactive iodidem beta blockers

68
Q

What is used to treat hypothyroidism

A

levothyroxine, liothyronine, armor thyroid

69
Q

what causes hyperthyroidism

A

graves disease, tumor

70
Q

what causes hypothyroidism

A

idiopathic, hashimoto disease, low iodine intake

71
Q

What medication class is used to treat osteoporosis, what are AE

A

parathyroid
alendronate - fosamax
Osteonecrosis of the jaw, atypical fractures, GI issues, need to be upright after taking

72
Q

What are some side effects after too much vitamin D

A 
arrhythmias
renal failure
HTN
HA
GI issues
73
Q

What is normal glucose level

A

70-110mg

74
Q

What are some long term affects of poorly controlled blood sugar levels

A 
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Poor wound healing
HTN
MI
CVA
Peripheral neuropathies
75
Q

What are Fluoroquinolones used to treat and some AE

A

UTI’s
It is an antibacterial
AE - photosensitivity, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity

76
Q

What are common side effects with Fluoroquinolones

A

tendinopathies

often of the achilles

77
Q

what is an example of a Fluoroquinolones

A

levaquin

78
Q

suffix mycin indicates

A

Antibacterial

TRI 3 - PH (12 decks)

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