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Pathophysiology > Final Exam- Gastrointestinal/ Digestive Disorders > Flashcards

Final Exam- Gastrointestinal/ Digestive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of melena/ what does it indicate

A

black/tarry stool
bleed that originated in upper GI

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2
Q

What does vomiting blood indicate

A

upper GI bleed (esophagus, stomach, duodenum)

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3
Q

What is direct bilirubin

A

already chemically changed in the liver
ready to leave body

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4
Q

From the blood where do nutrients travel to

A

liver (for processing)

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5
Q

What are the factors that influence the rate of gastric emptying

A

volume
osmotic pressure
chemical composition of contents
blood glucose level

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6
Q

What does direct bilirubin elevation indicate

A

liver failure
blockage of the common bile duct.

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7
Q

What does bright red blood in vomit mean

A

active bleed (gastritis, ulcer, esophageal varices)

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8
Q

Term for the presence of non-inflamed diverticula

A

diverticulosis

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9
Q

What are signs for a small intestines obstruction

A

rapid onset
frequent vomiting
some feces

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10
Q

The splanchnic system supplies blood to what organs

A

Liver
stomach
spleen
pancreas
small intestines
colon

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11
Q

What is the cause of cholecystitis

A

obstruction from a gallstone
billiard sludge

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of cirrhosis

A

chronic inflammation –> destruction of liver cells –> scar tissue/nodules

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13
Q

What happens to the electrolytes in the GI tract

A

most reabsorbed into bloodstream
some excreted by kidneys
rest to large intestines for reabsorption/excretion

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14
Q

What stop peristaltic activity

A

sympathetic nervous system
secretin is secreted

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15
Q

What is a diagnostic test for hepatic encephalopathy

A

serum ammonia level

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16
Q

What nutrients does the small intestines breakdown/ into what

A

carbs –> monosaccharides/ disaccharides
protein –> amino acids
fats –> fatty acids/ monoglycerides

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17
Q

What causes Hepatitis B

A

mom-baby
dirty needles
sex

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18
Q

Manifestations of esophagitis

A

dysphagia
painful swallowing

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19
Q

What causes Hepatitis E

A

fecal oral route (contaminated water)
blood (rare)

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20
Q

What is the cause of hepatitis A

A

contaminated food/water (fecal oral route)

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21
Q

Term for inflammation of the gall bladder

A

cholecystitis

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22
Q

What is the effect of peritonitis

A

inflammation allows blood vessels to leak
fluid enters abdominal space
possible hemodynamic instability = shock

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23
Q

What cell types make up the liver/purpose

A

hepatocytes- functional cell of liver
lipocytes- store lipids
Kipper cells- phagocytes

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24
Q

How does hypo/hypertonic solutions affect gastric emptying

A

osmoreceptors are activate to delay gastric emptying
need to neutralize acids to be more isotonic

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25
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter purpose

A

prevents regurgitation from the stomach

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26
Q

Type of ulcer from severe illness, trauma, or neuro injury

A

stress ulcer

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27
Q

What are causes of acute pancreatitis

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (cause inflammation)
chronic alcohol gallstones

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28
Q

What is indirect bilirubin

A

produced from broken down red blood cells

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29
Q

What are manifestations of portal hypertension

A

abdominal distension
increased abdominal girth
weight gain

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30
Q

What makes up gastric secretions/ purpose of each

A

mucus- protects against stomach acid
intrinsic factor- helps intestines absorb B12
gastroferrin- helps iron absorb in small intestine

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31
Q

What do the autodigestion enzymes during acute pancreatitis cause

A

edema
necrosis
hemorrhage
vascular permeability

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32
Q

Manifestations of peritonitis

A

hard/distended abdomen
rebound tenderness
Cullen’s sign
Grey Turner’s sign

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33
Q

What is the mechanism process of hepatic encephalopathy

A

elevated ammonia –> neurotoxic effects

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34
Q

What happens to the water in the GI tract

A

almost all reabsorbed in bloodstream
rest go to large intestines

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35
Q

Causes of a bowel obstruction

A

intussusception = lumen narrows/telescopes
volvulus = lumen twists

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36
Q

Is Hepatitis A acute, chronic, or both

A

acute
mild infection

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37
Q

What are late manifestations of cirrhosis

A

abnormal liver function test
jaundice
scleral icterus
peripheral edema
thrombocytopenia

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38
Q

adenocarcinoma of the stomach

A

gastric cancer

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39
Q

Where do peptic ulcers typically occur

A

stomach

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40
Q

What hormones/neurotransmitters stimulate acid secretion

A

acetylcholine
gastrin
histamine

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41
Q

What does “coffee ground” colored blood in vomit mean

A

past bleed that has stopped
due to iron oxidizing

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42
Q

Definition of hematochezia/ what does it indicate

A

blood in stool
lower GI bleed (colon, rectum, anus)

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43
Q

What enzymes are secreted by the pancreas

A

amylase
lipase

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44
Q

What is the cause of secondary peritonitis

A

chemicals/enzymes
trauma

45
Q

What are risk factors for diverticular disease

A

low fiber intake
inactivity
obesity

46
Q

What does elevated amylase and lipase indicate

A

pancreatitis

47
Q

What is a diagnostic test for peritonitis

A

diagnostic paracentesis (to check for bacteria)

48
Q

What are manifestations of cholelithiasis

A

biliary colic (pain)
dark/amber urine

49
Q

What is the primary cause of primary peritonitis

A

bacteria (urinary/bloodborne)

50
Q

What is contained in bile/ purpose of each

A

salts- emulsify fats
cholesterol
bilirubin- give pigment
electrolytes
water

51
Q

Where does ulcerative colitis most likely occur

A

rectum
sigmoid colon

52
Q

What is Cullen’s Sign

A

classic sign of peritonitis
ecchymosis (discoloration) around umbilicus

53
Q

What are risk factors for acute pancreatitis

A

alcoholism
trauma
post-op
infection

54
Q

How does motilin help peristalsis

A

presence of acid/fat in duodenum
increase in GI motility

55
Q

What inhibits bacteria growth in the stomach

A

acid
kills ingested pathogens/stops growth

56
Q

Manifestations of diverticulitis

A

lower ab cramping
bloating
lower GI bleed

57
Q

What causes Hepatis C

A

dirty needles (blood)

58
Q

When is bile released and where
What is the destination

A

after eating from liver –> common bile duct
gallbladder for stage

59
Q

Manifestations of acute pancreatitis

A

epigastric pain –> back
leukocytosis
hemodynamic instability/inflammation

60
Q

Inflammation of gastric mucosa

A

gastritis

61
Q

What are risk factors for developing peptic ulcer disease

A

H-pylori bacteria
NSAIDS

62
Q

Manifestations of an intestinal obstruction

A

Abdominal pain
nausea/vomiting
distention
constipation
high pitched bowel sounds above obstruction
no bowl sounds below obstruction

63
Q

Is Hepatitis C acute, chronic, or both

A

mostly chronic
mild-severe symptoms

64
Q

What are characteristics of Crohn’s disease

A

one side of intestinal wall affected/ not other
ulcers lead to fissures
inflammation goes into lymphatic ties
fistulae formation between intestines –> bladder/rectum
strictures = obstructions

65
Q

Term for end stage liver disease

A

cirrhosis

66
Q

Term for stones in the gallbladder

A

cholelithiasis

67
Q

Is Hepatitis E acute, chronic, or both

A

acute (will resolve)

68
Q

chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulcers in colonic mucosa

A

ulcerative colitis

69
Q

What gastric contents slow down gastric emptying

A

solids
fats
hyper/hypotonic solutions

70
Q

Increased hemolysis causes _______________

A

jaundice

71
Q

What is a complication of chronic inflammation from esophagitis

A

scarring/strictures
Mallory-Weis tear

72
Q

What are causes for a stress ulcer

A

burn (Curling’s ulcer –> histamine)
head trauma/surgery (Cushing’s ulcer –> acetylcholine)

73
Q

What is absorbed from the intestinal mucosa–> blood

A

nutrients
water
vitamins
electrolytes

74
Q

An inflammatory disorder from mouth to anus

A

Crohn’s Disease

75
Q

What 2 hormones and nerve induce peristalsis

A

gastrin
motilin
Vagus n

76
Q

What are manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy

A

asterixis (flapping hands)
change in LOC/confusion

77
Q

What stop bacterial growth in duodenum

A

bile acid secretion
intestinal motility
antibody production

78
Q

What controls the release of saliva

A

autonomic nervous system (sympathetic/parasympathetic)

79
Q

Term for inflammation of esophagus

A

esophagitis

80
Q

Is Hepatitis D acute, chronic, or both

A

chronic
can combine with Hep B (chronic)
severe illness

81
Q

What is the main cause of esophagitis

A

GERD

82
Q

What is the mechanism of ulcerative colitis

A

small erosions develop into ulcers
abscess formation/necrosis
edema narrows colon= passage hardens

83
Q

Manifestations of cholecystitis

A

jaundice
RUQ pain –> shoulder

84
Q

localized or general inflammation of the peritoneal lining

A

peritonitis

85
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter purpose

A

stop air from entering esophagus when breathing

86
Q

What hormones/neurotransmitters inhibit acid secretion

A

somatostatin
prostaglandin

87
Q

What are manifestations of hepatic failure

A

enlarged liver
jaundice
scleral icterus

88
Q

Condition where an abnormal path is made between the esophagus and trachea

A

esophageal fistula

89
Q

How does volume affect gastric emptying

A

the more food there is –> increases stomach pressure
leads to increased peristalsis=gastric emptying

90
Q

What are complication related to portal hypertension

A

ascites (fluid backup)
splenomegaly

91
Q

What does elevated indirect bilirubin indicated

A

excessive hemolysis

92
Q

What are signs for a large intestines obstructions

A

gradual onset
rarely vomit
constipation

93
Q

What are causes of cirrhosis

A

alcohol
HEP C
hepatosteatosis (fatty liver)

94
Q

Condition of erosion in GI mucosa from HCl and pepsin acids

A

peptic ulcer disease

95
Q

What are complications of hepatic failure

A

decreased fibrinogen –> bleeding and bruising
portal HTN –> esophageal varices= bleeding

96
Q

What causes Hepatitis D

A

contaminated needles (blood)

97
Q

What is the mechanism for diverticular disease

A

more water absorbed from stool–> hardens
increased pressure
diverticular formation in weak areas

98
Q

Inflammation of 1+ diverticular r/t bacteria or hypoxic injury

A

diverticulitis

99
Q

How does blood glucose level affect gastric emptying

A

low blood glucose stimulates vagus n. to increase peristalsis BUT doesn’t increase emptying

100
Q

Manifestations of peptic ulcer disease

A

epigastric pain
heartburn

101
Q

Fat digestion stimulates __________

A

CCK

102
Q

Difference between mechanical and non-mechanical intestinal obstruction

A

specific adhesion, tumor, or hernia
vs
neuromuscular tissue (paralytic ileus)

103
Q

What is the cause of portal hypertension

A

cirrhosis

104
Q

Manifestations of ulcerative colitis

A

frequent diarrhea
bowel urgency
bloody stool

105
Q

Is Hepatitis B acute, chronic, or both

A

Mostly acute
Infants develop chronic infections

106
Q

How does gastrin help peristalsis

A

presence of protein
gastrin secretes
stimulates release of HCl and pepsinogen
stimulates gastric mucosa

107
Q

What does saliva consist of/ purpose of each component

A

Amylase- breaks down carbs
IgA- protects mucosal surfaces against microorganisms
Bicarbonate- maintain normal pH in mouth

108
Q

When/How does the gallbladder release bile

A

30 min after eating
gallbladder contracts
sphincter of Oddi relaxes
enters duodenum

109
Q

What is the mechanism process for gastritis

A

mucusal barrier broken
HCl and pepsin go into mucosa
breakdown gastric mucosal barrier

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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