Final Exam- Gastrointestinal/ Digestive Disorders Flashcards by Nia Newland

Definition of melena/ what does it indicate

black/tarry stool
bleed that originated in upper GI

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What does vomiting blood indicate

upper GI bleed (esophagus, stomach, duodenum)

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What is direct bilirubin

already chemically changed in the liver
ready to leave body

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From the blood where do nutrients travel to

liver (for processing)

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What are the factors that influence the rate of gastric emptying

volume
osmotic pressure
chemical composition of contents
blood glucose level

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What does direct bilirubin elevation indicate

liver failure
blockage of the common bile duct.

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What does bright red blood in vomit mean

active bleed (gastritis, ulcer, esophageal varices)

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Term for the presence of non-inflamed diverticula

diverticulosis

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What are signs for a small intestines obstruction

rapid onset
frequent vomiting
some feces

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The splanchnic system supplies blood to what organs

Liver
stomach
spleen
pancreas
small intestines
colon

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What is the cause of cholecystitis

obstruction from a gallstone
billiard sludge

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What is the mechanism of cirrhosis

chronic inflammation –> destruction of liver cells –> scar tissue/nodules

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What happens to the electrolytes in the GI tract

most reabsorbed into bloodstream
some excreted by kidneys
rest to large intestines for reabsorption/excretion

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What stop peristaltic activity

sympathetic nervous system
secretin is secreted

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What is a diagnostic test for hepatic encephalopathy

serum ammonia level

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What nutrients does the small intestines breakdown/ into what

carbs –> monosaccharides/ disaccharides
protein –> amino acids
fats –> fatty acids/ monoglycerides

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What causes Hepatitis B

mom-baby
dirty needles
sex

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Manifestations of esophagitis

dysphagia
painful swallowing

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What causes Hepatitis E

fecal oral route (contaminated water)
blood (rare)

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What is the cause of hepatitis A

contaminated food/water (fecal oral route)

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Term for inflammation of the gall bladder

cholecystitis

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What is the effect of peritonitis

inflammation allows blood vessels to leak
fluid enters abdominal space
possible hemodynamic instability = shock

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What cell types make up the liver/purpose

hepatocytes- functional cell of liver
lipocytes- store lipids
Kipper cells- phagocytes

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How does hypo/hypertonic solutions affect gastric emptying

osmoreceptors are activate to delay gastric emptying
need to neutralize acids to be more isotonic

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Lower esophageal sphincter purpose

prevents regurgitation from the stomach

Type of ulcer from severe illness, trauma, or neuro injury

stress ulcer

What are causes of acute pancreatitis

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (cause inflammation) chronic alcohol gallstones

What is indirect bilirubin

produced from broken down red blood cells

What are manifestations of portal hypertension

abdominal distension increased abdominal girth weight gain

What makes up gastric secretions/ purpose of each

mucus- protects against stomach acid intrinsic factor- helps intestines absorb B12 gastroferrin- helps iron absorb in small intestine

What do the autodigestion enzymes during acute pancreatitis cause

edema necrosis hemorrhage vascular permeability

Manifestations of peritonitis

hard/distended abdomen rebound tenderness Cullen's sign Grey Turner's sign

What is the mechanism process of hepatic encephalopathy

elevated ammonia --> neurotoxic effects

What happens to the water in the GI tract

almost all reabsorbed in bloodstream rest go to large intestines

Causes of a bowel obstruction

intussusception = lumen narrows/telescopes volvulus = lumen twists

Is Hepatitis A acute, chronic, or both

acute mild infection

What are late manifestations of cirrhosis

abnormal liver function test jaundice scleral icterus peripheral edema thrombocytopenia

adenocarcinoma of the stomach

gastric cancer

Where do peptic ulcers typically occur

stomach

What hormones/neurotransmitters stimulate acid secretion

acetylcholine gastrin histamine

What does "coffee ground" colored blood in vomit mean

past bleed that has stopped due to iron oxidizing

Definition of hematochezia/ what does it indicate

blood in stool lower GI bleed (colon, rectum, anus)

What enzymes are secreted by the pancreas

amylase lipase

What is the cause of secondary peritonitis

chemicals/enzymes trauma

What are risk factors for diverticular disease

low fiber intake inactivity obesity

What does elevated amylase and lipase indicate

pancreatitis

What is a diagnostic test for peritonitis

diagnostic paracentesis (to check for bacteria)

What are manifestations of cholelithiasis

biliary colic (pain) dark/amber urine

What is the primary cause of primary peritonitis

bacteria (urinary/bloodborne)

What is contained in bile/ purpose of each

salts- emulsify fats cholesterol bilirubin- give pigment electrolytes water

Where does ulcerative colitis most likely occur

rectum sigmoid colon

What is Cullen's Sign

classic sign of peritonitis ecchymosis (discoloration) around umbilicus

What are risk factors for acute pancreatitis

alcoholism trauma post-op infection

How does motilin help peristalsis

presence of acid/fat in duodenum increase in GI motility

What inhibits bacteria growth in the stomach

acid kills ingested pathogens/stops growth

Manifestations of diverticulitis

lower ab cramping bloating lower GI bleed

What causes Hepatis C

dirty needles (blood)

When is bile released and where What is the destination

after eating from liver --> common bile duct gallbladder for stage

Manifestations of acute pancreatitis

epigastric pain --> back leukocytosis hemodynamic instability/inflammation

Inflammation of gastric mucosa

gastritis

What are risk factors for developing peptic ulcer disease

H-pylori bacteria NSAIDS

Manifestations of an intestinal obstruction

Abdominal pain nausea/vomiting distention constipation high pitched bowel sounds above obstruction no bowl sounds below obstruction

Is Hepatitis C acute, chronic, or both

mostly chronic mild-severe symptoms

What are characteristics of Crohn's disease

one side of intestinal wall affected/ not other ulcers lead to fissures inflammation goes into lymphatic ties fistulae formation between intestines --> bladder/rectum strictures = obstructions

Term for end stage liver disease

cirrhosis

Term for stones in the gallbladder

cholelithiasis

Is Hepatitis E acute, chronic, or both

acute (will resolve)

chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulcers in colonic mucosa

ulcerative colitis

What gastric contents slow down gastric emptying

solids fats hyper/hypotonic solutions

Increased hemolysis causes _______________

jaundice

What is a complication of chronic inflammation from esophagitis

scarring/strictures Mallory-Weis tear

What are causes for a stress ulcer

burn (Curling's ulcer --> histamine) head trauma/surgery (Cushing's ulcer --> acetylcholine)

What is absorbed from the intestinal mucosa--> blood

nutrients water vitamins electrolytes

An inflammatory disorder from mouth to anus

Crohn's Disease

What 2 hormones and nerve induce peristalsis

gastrin motilin Vagus n

What are manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy

asterixis (flapping hands) change in LOC/confusion

What stop bacterial growth in duodenum

bile acid secretion intestinal motility antibody production

What controls the release of saliva

autonomic nervous system (sympathetic/parasympathetic)

Term for inflammation of esophagus

esophagitis

Is Hepatitis D acute, chronic, or both

chronic can combine with Hep B (chronic) severe illness

What is the main cause of esophagitis

GERD

What is the mechanism of ulcerative colitis

small erosions develop into ulcers abscess formation/necrosis edema narrows colon= passage hardens

Manifestations of cholecystitis

jaundice RUQ pain --> shoulder

localized or general inflammation of the peritoneal lining

peritonitis

Upper esophageal sphincter purpose

stop air from entering esophagus when breathing

What hormones/neurotransmitters inhibit acid secretion

somatostatin prostaglandin

What are manifestations of hepatic failure

enlarged liver jaundice scleral icterus

Condition where an abnormal path is made between the esophagus and trachea

esophageal fistula

How does volume affect gastric emptying

the more food there is --> increases stomach pressure leads to increased peristalsis=gastric emptying

What are complication related to portal hypertension

ascites (fluid backup) splenomegaly

What does elevated indirect bilirubin indicated

excessive hemolysis

What are signs for a large intestines obstructions

gradual onset rarely vomit constipation

What are causes of cirrhosis

alcohol HEP C hepatosteatosis (fatty liver)

Condition of erosion in GI mucosa from HCl and pepsin acids

peptic ulcer disease

What are complications of hepatic failure

decreased fibrinogen --> bleeding and bruising portal HTN --> esophageal varices= bleeding

What causes Hepatitis D

contaminated needles (blood)

What is the mechanism for diverticular disease

more water absorbed from stool--> hardens increased pressure diverticular formation in weak areas

Inflammation of 1+ diverticular r/t bacteria or hypoxic injury

diverticulitis

How does blood glucose level affect gastric emptying

low blood glucose stimulates vagus n. to increase peristalsis BUT doesn't increase emptying

Manifestations of peptic ulcer disease

epigastric pain heartburn

Fat digestion stimulates __________

CCK

Difference between mechanical and non-mechanical intestinal obstruction

specific adhesion, tumor, or hernia vs neuromuscular tissue (paralytic ileus)

What is the cause of portal hypertension

cirrhosis

Manifestations of ulcerative colitis

frequent diarrhea bowel urgency bloody stool

Is Hepatitis B acute, chronic, or both

Mostly acute Infants develop chronic infections

How does gastrin help peristalsis

presence of protein gastrin secretes stimulates release of HCl and pepsinogen stimulates gastric mucosa

What does saliva consist of/ purpose of each component

Amylase- breaks down carbs IgA- protects mucosal surfaces against microorganisms Bicarbonate- maintain normal pH in mouth

When/How does the gallbladder release bile

30 min after eating gallbladder contracts sphincter of Oddi relaxes enters duodenum

What is the mechanism process for gastritis

mucusal barrier broken HCl and pepsin go into mucosa breakdown gastric mucosal barrier

Final Exam- Gastrointestinal/ Digestive Disorders Flashcards

(109 cards)