Exam 1 Flashcards
Which antibody is the most abundant
IgG
Which antibody crosses the placenta
IgG
Which antibody fights against infection
IgG
Which antibody is crucial during the secondary response
IgG
Which antibody is 2nd most abundant
IgA
Which antibody is found in mucus secretions
IgA
Which antibody is the first to arrive
IgM
Which antibody is seen early in neonatal life
IgM
Which antibody is crucial during a primary response
IgM
Which antibody is found on antigen receptors for B lymphocytes
IgD
Which antibody fights against parasites and allergic reactions
IgE
What is the cause of malignant hyperthermia?
genetics and anesthesia
Why does neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia occur?
due to antipsychotic drugs blocking dopamine
What symptoms are seen with Drug Induced Hyperthermia
fight or flight
What affects are seen with Serotonin Syndrome
autonomic issues (peristalsis/heart rate)
neuromuscular
Autocrine Cell Communication
cell targets itself
Paracrine Cell Communication
targets nearby cell (kidney–>kidney cell)
Endocrine Cell Communication
targets a distance cell through bloodstream; enters inside cell
Direct Cell Communication
targets neighboring cell through gap junction
Atrophy
cell decreases size
What is a reason for cellular atrophy
disuse of muscles
malnutrition
Hyperplasia
increase in number of cells as a response to an injury
Examples of Hyperplasia
liver resection
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size from increased work load
Exampled of hypertrophy
weightlifting, pregnancy, acromegaly, cardiac hypertrophy
Metaplasia
one mature cell type is replaced with a less specialized cell type
What is the effect of Metaplasia
effects function of tissue
Examples of metaplasia
Barrett Esophagus, epithelia in lungs (will lack cilia and mucosal cells)
Dysplasia
abnormal change in cell size, organization, or shape
Example of dysplasia
HIV cervical dysplasia
Cause of coagulative necrosis
ischemia/hypoxia
Appearance of coagulative necrosis
firm, white, opaque
Where does coagulative necrosis occur
kidneys, heart, adrenal glands
Cause of liquefactive necrosis
ischemic injury
Appearance of liquefactive necrosis
liquid-filled cysts/ pus
Where does liquefactive necrosis occur
brain
Cause of caseous necrosis
TB infection
What is caseous necrosis a combination of
coagulative + liquefactive
Appearance of caseous necrosis
clumpy; cheese like
Where does caseous necrosis occur
lungs
Cause of fat necrosis
lipase enzyme
Appearance of fat necrosis
opaque/white
Where does fat necrosis occur
breast, pancreas, abdominal organs
Cause of gangrene necrosis
severe hypoxia/vascular issues
Appearance of gangrene necrosis
Dry: Wrinkly; black or brown
Wet: pus (liquefactive)
Where does gangrene necrosis occur
extremities (usually lower legs)
Cause of gas necrosis
clostridium infection/toxic enzymes
Appearance of gas necrosis
bubbles in muscular cells
Where does gas necrosis occur
connective tissue/membranes
Algor Mortis
rapid decrease of body temp
Livor Mortis
blood pools into extremities
Rigor Mortis
muscle stiffening
Postmortem Autolysis
foul odor
greenish skin discoloration
What is clonal diversity
production of diverse T and B lymphocytes with many different antigen receptors
Where does clonal diversity occur
in utero
Where does clonal diversity occur
central lymphoid organs (thymus/bone marrow)
Final product of clonal diversity
immunocompetent B and T but are not antigen specific
What is clonal selection
selection and differentiation of T and B cells for a specific antigen
Where does clonal selection occur
peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes/spleen)
Final product of clonal selection
antibodies, effector T cells, memory B and T
Autoimmunity
misdirected response to attack host cells
Alloimmunity
fights against beneficial foreign tissues (Ex. transfusions/transplants)
Communicability
disease ability to spread from person–>person
Immunogenicity
disease ability to produce an immune response
Infectivity
disease ability to invade host & multiply
Mechanism of Action
how the disease will damage the tissue
Pathogenicity
ability to produce disease
Portal of Entry
how the disease enters the body
Toxigenicity
does the disease produce toxins
Virulence
ability of disease to cause severe illness
Incidence
rate of new cases
Prevalence
total numbers of old/new cases in a specific time period
