Exam 1 Flashcards by Nia Newland

Which antibody is the most abundant

IgG

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Which antibody crosses the placenta

IgG

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Which antibody fights against infection

IgG

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Which antibody is crucial during the secondary response

IgG

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Which antibody is 2nd most abundant

IgA

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Which antibody is found in mucus secretions

IgA

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Which antibody is the first to arrive

IgM

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Which antibody is seen early in neonatal life

IgM

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Which antibody is crucial during a primary response

IgM

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Which antibody is found on antigen receptors for B lymphocytes

IgD

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Which antibody fights against parasites and allergic reactions

IgE

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What is the cause of malignant hyperthermia?

genetics and anesthesia

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Why does neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia occur?

due to antipsychotic drugs blocking dopamine

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What symptoms are seen with Drug Induced Hyperthermia

fight or flight

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What affects are seen with Serotonin Syndrome

autonomic issues (peristalsis/heart rate)
neuromuscular

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Autocrine Cell Communication

cell targets itself

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Paracrine Cell Communication

targets nearby cell (kidney–>kidney cell)

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Endocrine Cell Communication

targets a distance cell through bloodstream; enters inside cell

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Direct Cell Communication

targets neighboring cell through gap junction

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Atrophy

cell decreases size

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What is a reason for cellular atrophy

disuse of muscles
malnutrition

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Hyperplasia

increase in number of cells as a response to an injury

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Examples of Hyperplasia

liver resection
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia

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Hypertrophy

increase in cell size from increased work load

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Exampled of hypertrophy

weightlifting, pregnancy, acromegaly, cardiac hypertrophy

Metaplasia

one mature cell type is replaced with a less specialized cell type

What is the effect of Metaplasia

effects function of tissue

Examples of metaplasia

Barrett Esophagus, epithelia in lungs (will lack cilia and mucosal cells)

Dysplasia

abnormal change in cell size, organization, or shape

Example of dysplasia

HIV cervical dysplasia

Cause of coagulative necrosis

ischemia/hypoxia

Appearance of coagulative necrosis

firm, white, opaque

Where does coagulative necrosis occur

kidneys, heart, adrenal glands

Cause of liquefactive necrosis

ischemic injury

Appearance of liquefactive necrosis

liquid-filled cysts/ pus

Where does liquefactive necrosis occur

brain

Cause of caseous necrosis

TB infection

What is caseous necrosis a combination of

coagulative + liquefactive

Appearance of caseous necrosis

clumpy; cheese like

Where does caseous necrosis occur

lungs

Cause of fat necrosis

lipase enzyme

Appearance of fat necrosis

opaque/white

Where does fat necrosis occur

breast, pancreas, abdominal organs

Cause of gangrene necrosis

severe hypoxia/vascular issues

Appearance of gangrene necrosis

Dry: Wrinkly; black or brown Wet: pus (liquefactive)

Where does gangrene necrosis occur

extremities (usually lower legs)

Cause of gas necrosis

clostridium infection/toxic enzymes

Appearance of gas necrosis

bubbles in muscular cells

Where does gas necrosis occur

connective tissue/membranes

Algor Mortis

rapid decrease of body temp

Livor Mortis

blood pools into extremities

Rigor Mortis

muscle stiffening

Postmortem Autolysis

foul odor greenish skin discoloration

What is clonal diversity

production of diverse T and B lymphocytes with many different antigen receptors

Where does clonal diversity occur

in utero

Where does clonal diversity occur

central lymphoid organs (thymus/bone marrow)

Final product of clonal diversity

immunocompetent B and T but are not antigen specific

What is clonal selection

selection and differentiation of T and B cells for a specific antigen

Where does clonal selection occur

peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes/spleen)

Final product of clonal selection

antibodies, effector T cells, memory B and T

Autoimmunity

misdirected response to attack host cells

Alloimmunity

fights against beneficial foreign tissues (Ex. transfusions/transplants)

Communicability

disease ability to spread from person-->person

Immunogenicity

disease ability to produce an immune response

Infectivity

disease ability to invade host & multiply

Mechanism of Action

how the disease will damage the tissue

Pathogenicity

ability to produce disease

Portal of Entry

how the disease enters the body

Toxigenicity

does the disease produce toxins

Virulence

ability of disease to cause severe illness

Incidence

rate of new cases

Prevalence

total numbers of old/new cases in a specific time period