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Pathophysiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which antibody is the most abundant

A

IgG

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2
Q

Which antibody crosses the placenta

A

IgG

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3
Q

Which antibody fights against infection

A

IgG

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4
Q

Which antibody is crucial during the secondary response

A

IgG

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5
Q

Which antibody is 2nd most abundant

A

IgA

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6
Q

Which antibody is found in mucus secretions

A

IgA

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7
Q

Which antibody is the first to arrive

A

IgM

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8
Q

Which antibody is seen early in neonatal life

A

IgM

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9
Q

Which antibody is crucial during a primary response

A

IgM

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10
Q

Which antibody is found on antigen receptors for B lymphocytes

A

IgD

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11
Q

Which antibody fights against parasites and allergic reactions

A

IgE

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12
Q

What is the cause of malignant hyperthermia?

A

genetics and anesthesia

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13
Q

Why does neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia occur?

A

due to antipsychotic drugs blocking dopamine

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14
Q

What symptoms are seen with Drug Induced Hyperthermia

A

fight or flight

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15
Q

What affects are seen with Serotonin Syndrome

A

autonomic issues (peristalsis/heart rate)
neuromuscular

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16
Q

Autocrine Cell Communication

A

cell targets itself

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17
Q

Paracrine Cell Communication

A

targets nearby cell (kidney–>kidney cell)

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18
Q

Endocrine Cell Communication

A

targets a distance cell through bloodstream; enters inside cell

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19
Q

Direct Cell Communication

A

targets neighboring cell through gap junction

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20
Q

Atrophy

A

cell decreases size

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21
Q

What is a reason for cellular atrophy

A

disuse of muscles
malnutrition

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22
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells as a response to an injury

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23
Q

Examples of Hyperplasia

A

liver resection
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia

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24
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size from increased work load

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25
Q

Exampled of hypertrophy

A

weightlifting, pregnancy, acromegaly, cardiac hypertrophy

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26
Q

Metaplasia

A

one mature cell type is replaced with a less specialized cell type

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27
Q

What is the effect of Metaplasia

A

effects function of tissue

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28
Q

Examples of metaplasia

A

Barrett Esophagus, epithelia in lungs (will lack cilia and mucosal cells)

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29
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal change in cell size, organization, or shape

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30
Q

Example of dysplasia

A

HIV cervical dysplasia

31
Q

Cause of coagulative necrosis

A

ischemia/hypoxia

32
Q

Appearance of coagulative necrosis

A

firm, white, opaque

33
Q

Where does coagulative necrosis occur

A

kidneys, heart, adrenal glands

34
Q

Cause of liquefactive necrosis

A

ischemic injury

35
Q

Appearance of liquefactive necrosis

A

liquid-filled cysts/ pus

36
Q

Where does liquefactive necrosis occur

A

brain

37
Q

Cause of caseous necrosis

A

TB infection

38
Q

What is caseous necrosis a combination of

A

coagulative + liquefactive

39
Q

Appearance of caseous necrosis

A

clumpy; cheese like

40
Q

Where does caseous necrosis occur

A

lungs

41
Q

Cause of fat necrosis

A

lipase enzyme

42
Q

Appearance of fat necrosis

A

opaque/white

43
Q

Where does fat necrosis occur

A

breast, pancreas, abdominal organs

44
Q

Cause of gangrene necrosis

A

severe hypoxia/vascular issues

45
Q

Appearance of gangrene necrosis

A

Dry: Wrinkly; black or brown
Wet: pus (liquefactive)

46
Q

Where does gangrene necrosis occur

A

extremities (usually lower legs)

47
Q

Cause of gas necrosis

A

clostridium infection/toxic enzymes

48
Q

Appearance of gas necrosis

A

bubbles in muscular cells

49
Q

Where does gas necrosis occur

A

connective tissue/membranes

50
Q

Algor Mortis

A

rapid decrease of body temp

51
Q

Livor Mortis

A

blood pools into extremities

52
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

muscle stiffening

53
Q

Postmortem Autolysis

A

foul odor
greenish skin discoloration

54
Q

What is clonal diversity

A

production of diverse T and B lymphocytes with many different antigen receptors

55
Q

Where does clonal diversity occur

A

in utero

56
Q

Where does clonal diversity occur

A

central lymphoid organs (thymus/bone marrow)

57
Q

Final product of clonal diversity

A

immunocompetent B and T but are not antigen specific

58
Q

What is clonal selection

A

selection and differentiation of T and B cells for a specific antigen

59
Q

Where does clonal selection occur

A

peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes/spleen)

60
Q

Final product of clonal selection

A

antibodies, effector T cells, memory B and T

61
Q

Autoimmunity

A

misdirected response to attack host cells

62
Q

Alloimmunity

A

fights against beneficial foreign tissues (Ex. transfusions/transplants)

63
Q

Communicability

A

disease ability to spread from person–>person

64
Q

Immunogenicity

A

disease ability to produce an immune response

65
Q

Infectivity

A

disease ability to invade host & multiply

66
Q

Mechanism of Action

A

how the disease will damage the tissue

67
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability to produce disease

68
Q

Portal of Entry

A

how the disease enters the body

69
Q

Toxigenicity

A

does the disease produce toxins

70
Q

Virulence

A

ability of disease to cause severe illness

71
Q

Incidence

A

rate of new cases

72
Q

Prevalence

A

total numbers of old/new cases in a specific time period

73
Q
A

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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