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Pathophysiology > Exam 3- Endocrine > Flashcards

Exam 3- Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Primary messengers (regarding hormones)

A

Extracellular signaling
Bind to cell receptor site

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2
Q

Secondary messengers (regarding hormones)

A

Intracellular signaling
Released after hormone binds to the receptor

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3
Q

Where do hormones go when they aren’t needed anymore

A

Inactivated by the liver
Excreted by the kidneys

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4
Q

Water soluble hormones characteristics

A

Circulate in blood
Cannot diffuse into cell
Bind to receptors in cell surface
Message sent inward (primary messenger)

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5
Q

Lipid soluble hormone characteristics

A

Made from cholesterol
Diffuse across cell membrane
Bind to intracellular receptors (secondary messengers)

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6
Q

Target cells

A

What the hormones bind to
If they have more receptors—> more sensitive to the hormone

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7
Q

Up regulation

A

If there is a low concentration of hormones the number of receptors increases

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8
Q

Down regulation

A

If there is a high concentration of hormones the number of receptors decreases

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9
Q

Positive feedback

A

When the hormone releases, the physiologic reaction increases
Ex) oxytocin increases labor contractions

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10
Q

Negative feedback

A

The hormone releases brings the body back to homeostasis (reverses the change)
Ex) high calcium in blood—> stops PTH production

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11
Q

Hypothalamus hormones

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone

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12
Q

Pituitary gland hormones

A

Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH
Luteinizing hormone
ADH

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13
Q

Pineal gland hormones

A

Melatonin

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14
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin

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15
Q

Parathyroid hormones

A

PTH

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16
Q

Parathyroid hormones

A

PTH

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17
Q

Adrenal hormones

A

Medulla- catecholamines
Cortex- steroid hormones
—> mineralocorticoid= aldosterone
—> glucosteroid = cortisol
—> androgen = testosterone

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18
Q

Pancreatic hormones

A

Glucagon
Insulin

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19
Q

Thyroid gland functions

A

Metabolism, mood, body temp

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20
Q

Parathyroid gland function

A

Regulate serum calcium levels
Stimulate kidneys to activate vitamin D for calcium absorption

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21
Q

Adrenal gland function

A

BP regulation, stress response, sexual development

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22
Q

How does Acromegaly occur

A

Overproduction of growth hormone

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23
Q

Who is at risk for acromegaly

A

40 years or more in age
Both men and women

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24
Q

Cause of acromegaly

A

Benign tumor that stimulates growth hormone

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25
Q

Manifestations of acromegaly

A

Overgrowth of tissue in hands, feet, face
Hyperglycemia

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26
Q

How to diagnosis acromegaly

A

Look at insulin like growth factor
Elevated fatty acids

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27
Q

Mechanism of hypopituitarism

A

Decreased production of pituitary hormones

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28
Q

Etiologies for hypopituitarism

A

Decreased pituitary hormone, head, injuries, radiation to head and neck, autoimmune disease

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29
Q

Manifestation of hypopituitarism if growth hormone is affected

A

Lack of ambition
Change in body fat %
Social isolation

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30
Q

Manifestations of hypopituitarism if TSH is affected

A

Weight gain
dry skin
constipation
cold sensitivity

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31
Q

Manifestations of hypopituitarism ACTH is affected

A

Hypotension
fainting
frequent/ prolonged infections

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32
Q

Manifestations of hypopituitarism, if Luteinizing hormone is affected

A

Women: irregular period, loss of pubic hair, ability to produce milk
Men: mood changes, erectile dysfunction, decreased body hair

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33
Q

Mechanism of diabetes insipidus

A

Low production of ADH
or decreased renal response to ADH

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34
Q

Etiologies of diabetes insipidus

A

Brain tumor, CNS infection, renal damage

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35
Q

Manifestations of diabetes insipidus

A

Excessive peeing and thirst
hypernatremia
tachycardia

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36
Q

Mechanism for Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

A

Excess release of ADH

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37
Q

Risk factors for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

A

65 years or more
Cancer diagnosis

38
Q

Etiologies for SIADH

A

Brain tumor, meningitis, encephalitis drugs (antipsychotics)

39
Q

Manifestations of SIADH

A

Low urine output but increased body weight
Fatigue
Hyponatremia

40
Q

What is a disorder of the pineal gland?

A

Insomnia

41
Q

What is a disorder of the pineal gland?

A

Insomnia

42
Q

Mechanism of a goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid due to insufficient thyroid hormone

43
Q

Etiologies of goiter

A

The thyroid enlarges to try and capture more iodine for thyroid hormone production

44
Q

What does goiter put you at risk for?

A

Hyperthyroidism
Toxic nodular goiter

45
Q

Risk factors for goiter

A

Low iodine diet, female, auto immune disease, 40+ yrs

46
Q

Manifestations of goiter

A

Large bulging neck
Dysphasia
Dysphagia
SOB

47
Q

Dysphasia vs dysphagia

A

Trouble speaking
Trouble swallowing

48
Q

Mechanism leading to hyperthyroidism

A

Over active thyroid gland or constant release of thyroid hormoneS

49
Q

Who is at risk for hypothyroidism

A

Female
20-40 years old

50
Q

What is the most common type of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

51
Q

Etiologies of hyperthyroidism

A

Auto immune disorder, toxic nodular goiter, excess iodine intake

52
Q

Manifestations of hyperthyroidism

A

Weight loss
diarrhea
fatigue
restlessness
exopthalmus (eye bulging)

53
Q

How to diagnose hyperthyroidism

A

Radioiodine uptake test

54
Q

Hyp____thyroidism is more common

A

Hypo

55
Q

Who is at risk for hypothyroidism

A

Female, critically ill, 65+ years, iodine deficient

56
Q

What gland is the problem in primary hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid

57
Q

What gland is the problem and secondary hypothyroidism?

A

Pituitary

58
Q

What is Myxedema

A

An advanced form of hypothyroidism with lots of symptoms

59
Q

Manifestations of hypothyroidism

A

Weight gain, constipation, slurred speech, cold intolerance

60
Q

Who is at risk for thyroid cancer

A

Female, white or Asian, radiation exposure, goiter history

61
Q

Manifestations of thyroid cancer

A

Painless but palpable thyroid nodules
palpable lymph nodes
difficulty swallowing, talking, breathing

62
Q

How to diagnose thyroid cancer

A

PET scan to check for metastasis

63
Q

Mechanism of hyperparathyroidism

A

Overproduction of PTH
Related to hypercalcemia

64
Q

Etiologies of hyperparathyroidism

A

Primary: tumor or enlargement
Secondary: severe calcium deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, CKF

65
Q

How to diagnose hyperparathyroidism

A

DEXA scan to check bone density

66
Q

Manifestations of hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypercalcemia
hypophosphatemia
muscle weakness
bone pain

67
Q

Complications of hyperparathyroidism

A

Osteoporosis, renal failure, kidney stones, fractures

68
Q

Mechanism for hypoparathyroidism

A

Inadequate PTH and calcium leads to hypocalcemia

69
Q

Etiologies for hypoparathyroidism

A

Iatrogenic procedures, autoimmune, idiopathic

70
Q

Manifestations of hypoparathyroidism

A

Tetany, trousseau sign, chvostek sign

71
Q

Why does Cushing syndrome occur

A

Chronically high cortisol levels
ACTH secreting mass on pituitary
Inherited

72
Q

How to diagnose Cushing syndrome

A

Check pituitary and adrenal for masses

73
Q

Addison’s Disease mechanism

A

Decrease in all adrenal steroids

74
Q

Etiologies of adrenocortical insufficiency

A

Addison’s disease, adrenal gland infection, cancer

75
Q

Manifestations of adrenocortical insufficiency

A

Weight loss
Hypotension
Bronzing of skin

76
Q

Diagnostic tests for adrenocortical insufficiency

A

Cortisol levels in the morning
ACTH hormone stimulating test

77
Q

What does the ACTH stimulating test do

A

Measures how well adrenal glands respond to ACTH

78
Q

Steps of a ACTH stimulating test

A

ACTH and cortisol blood levels are drawn
Synthetic ACTH is administered
After 1hr redraw ACTH and cortisol

79
Q

Normal ACTH stimulating test results

A

Cortisol levels should increase

80
Q

If adrenal glands are the issue on the ACTH stimulating test

A

Cortisol and aldosterone both low
Cortisol doesn’t increase during test

81
Q

If hypothalamus or pituitary is problem on ACTH stimulating test

A

At first hormones will respond normally
Chronic when adrenal glands atrophy/ low cortisol levels

82
Q

Hyperaldosteronism due to…..

A

Renal dysfunction from benign adrenal tumor, renal artery stenosis, CKD

83
Q

Manifestations of hyperaldosteronism

A

Hypertension
Headaches
Hyoernatremia
Hypokalemia= cardiac dysrhythmia

84
Q

How to diagnose hyperaldosteronism

A

Check aldosterone, sodium, and potassium levels

85
Q

What is pheochromocytoma

A

A hormone secreting tumor
Leads to excess catecholamine secretion

86
Q

Etiology of pheochromocytoma

A

The tumor periodically turns on and off due to trauma tumor, or stress

87
Q

How to diagnose pheochromocytoma

A

24 urine collection of:
Metanephrines
Catecholamines
Creatinine

88
Q

Manifestations of pheochromocytoma

A

Severe hypertension
Chest/ab pain
Cardiomyopathy
Multi organ failure

89
Q

What criteria symptoms must be seen for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome

A

At least 3:
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension
High triglycerides levels
Abdominal obesity
Low HDLs

90
Q

3 P’s of Diabetes Manifestations

A

Polydipsia (increased thirst)
Polyuria (increased urination)
Polyphagia (increased hunger)

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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