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Pathophysiology > Exam 3- Hematology > Flashcards

Exam 3- Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell production in bone marrow

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2
Q

Reticulyte count

A

Immature erythrocytes
Indicator for amount of new RBCs being made

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3
Q

Another name for thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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4
Q

Ferritin

A

Iron storage protein

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5
Q

Transferrin

A

Circulates iron

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6
Q

Hepcidin

A

Controls iron hemostasis

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7
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stopping of bleeding

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8
Q

What is needed for hemostasis

A

Platelets, vasculature, clotting factor

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9
Q

Fibrin

A

Strengthens the plug into a clot

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10
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Makes platelets sticky to clot

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11
Q

What vitamin is important for heme synthesis

A

Vitamin B6 & E function

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12
Q

What vitamin is important for cell division, DNA synthesis, and erythrocyte maturation?

A

Folic acid

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13
Q

What vitamin is important for erythropoiesis?

A

B12

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14
Q

Which vitamin makes the stomach acidic to dissolve iron?

A

Vitamin C

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15
Q

What vitamin metabolizes carbs, fats, and proteins

A

Riboflavin (B2)

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16
Q

What vitamin is important for RBC maturation by helping erythrocyte respiration?

A

Niacin

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17
Q

What organs remove old red blood cells

A

Spleen first then liver

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18
Q

What does iron bind to?

A

Erythrocytes
Muscle cells (myoglobins)

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19
Q

Where is iron stored?

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

Breakdown of hemoglobin into what

A

Heme —> bilirubin that is excreted
Globin —> amino acids

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21
Q

Components of plasma

A

Water
Serum proteins
Circulating solutes

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22
Q

Components of formed elements

A

Platelets
WBCs
RBCs

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23
Q

Erythropoietin is excreted from ____________

A

Kidneys

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24
Q

Thrombopoietin is made in _________

A

Liver

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25
Q

How are platelets made

A

Megakaryocytes go through DNA replication but skip anaphase
Nucleus enlarges (lots of DNA)
Break into fragments = platelets

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26
Q

Where are platelets stored?

A

In the spleen

27
Q

What is the best bone marrow function test

A

Bone marrow biopsy

28
Q

What labs should you look at for anemia?

A

Iron, ferritin, transferrin, folate

29
Q

Term for enlarged lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenopathy

30
Q

Term for reduced neutrophils

A

Neutropenia

31
Q

Primary vs Secondary Neutropenia

A

Primary: congenital or acquired (leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic anemia)
Secondary: immune disorders or drugs

32
Q

What diagnostics are used to confirm neutropenia

A

Check absolute neutrophil count (WBC must be low to diagnose)

33
Q

Term for low platelet count

A

Thrombocytopenia

34
Q

What type of medication can induce Thrombocytopenia?

A

Heparin (anticoagulants)

35
Q

Manifestations of thrombocytopenia

A

Internal or external hemorrhages
Petechiae (small bumps) or purpura (large bumps)

36
Q

Condition of unusual cycles clotting and bleeding all over the body

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

37
Q

Manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Bleeding from surgical wounds and IV sites
Purpura, petechiae, hematoma
Cyanosis in toes and fingers

38
Q

Wha indicators do you look for to diagnose disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Increased D dimers
Low fibrin

39
Q

Condition of fixed or moving clots that block blood vessels

A

Thromboembolic disease

40
Q

What is the risk factor for thromboembolic disease

A

Virchow triad factors:
1) blood vessel injury
2) abnormal blood flow
3) over active coagulation (thrombosis)

41
Q

Types of megaloblastic anemia

A

Pernicious anemia
Folate deficiency anemia

42
Q

Types of microcytic-hypochromic anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia

43
Q

What is a type of aplastic anemia

A

Pancytopenia

44
Q

Type of anemia with normal sized RBCs and normal hemoglobin

A

Normocytic normochromic anemia

45
Q

How does normocytic normochromic anemia occur

A

From trauma or blood loss

46
Q

Term for types of anemia with enlarged RBCs

A

Megaloblastic or megacytic anemia

47
Q

Type of anemia related to B12 or intrinsic factor deficiency

A

Pernicious anemia

48
Q

Mechanism of pernicious anemia

A

Intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption in intestines
B12 needed for erythropoiesis
If impaired= erythrocytes can’t mature

49
Q

Risk factors for pernicious anemia

A

Anything impacting the stomach or intestines
Ex) gastrectomy; proton pump inhibitors

50
Q

Manifestations of pernicious anemia

A

Smooth red tongue
Lemon yellow skin (jaundice)

51
Q

What happens with folate deficient anemia

A

Lack of DNA synthesis leading to issues with erythrocyte maturation

52
Q

Manifestations of folate deficient anemia

A

Cheilosis (scales on mouth corners)
Stomatitis tongue and bucal mucosa ulcers

53
Q

Term for anemia with small RBCs and reduced hemoglobin

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

54
Q

Mechanism of iron deficient anemia

A

Impaired iron absorption
Iron needed for hemoglobin so the stores iron is depleted from bone marrow

55
Q

Manifestations of iron deficient anemia

A

Brittle/concave nails
Cheilitis
Stomatitis

56
Q

Anemia where all 3 blood cell types are lacking

A

Pancytopenia

57
Q

Mechanism of aplastic anemia

A

Autoimmune related; bone marrow is turned to fat

58
Q

Manifestations of aplastic anemia

A

Increased bleeding
Hypoxia
Infection

59
Q

How to diagnosis aplastic anemia

A

Bone marrow biopsy

60
Q

Type of anemia where RBCs are destroyed

A

Hemolytic anemia

61
Q

Mechanism of hemolytic anemia

A

Congenital or acquired from wrong blood type or medications

62
Q

Manifestations of hemolytic anemia

A

Jaundice
Splenomegaly
Hematuria

63
Q

Example of primary lymphoid organ

A

Bone marrow

64
Q

Example of secondary lymphoid organ

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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