Final Exam- 4 Cardiovascular Flashcards
condition for structural/functional disorders that impairs ventricle to fill or eject blood; heart can’t pump enough for metabolic demands
heart failure
Type of embolism resulting from infectious endocarditis
bacterial embolism
type of cardiomyopathy where myocardium becomes rigid/noncompliant related to autoimmune disorders
restrict myocardium
Term for infectious lesion on the heart valves
vegetations
What is the relationship between heart rate and volume
heart beats faster if volume is lost (vice versa)
What is stroke volume
available blood in vessels
Manifestations of infective endocarditis
positive blood cultures even with antibiotics
septic emboli (lesions on palms & soles)
Where can valvular regurgitation occur
aortic
tricuspid
mitral
What are risk factors for infective endocarditis
IV drug use
rheumatic fever
Characteristics of NSTEMI myocardial infarction
non ST elevation (partial occlusion and less severe)
What is the mechanism process of an aneurysm
out pouching that forms due to damage that weakens the artery walls
What is the mechanism process of atherosclerosis
accumulated LDL macrophages are in artery walls
lesions form
HDL (definition/function)
phospholipids + carrier protein
returns excess cholesterol to liver
eliminated as bile or turned into cholesterol containing steroids
What is cor pulmonale
right sided heart failure related to the lungs
condition for when a blood clot that stays attached to artery wall
arterial thrombus
causes of pericarditis
MI, infection, radiation therapy
type of chest pain the doesn’t resolve with rest; can usually resolve with meds or percutaneous intervention
unstable angina
Process of repolarization
Na+ closes and K channel opens
K ions leave cells
cells now relax= negative charge
Where do false aneurysms typically occur
thoracic or abdominal aorta
Type of embolism where a dislodged thrombus leads to an obstructed vessel
thromboembolism
functional change after myocardial infarction where there is temporary loss of contractile function hours to days once perfusion is restored
myocardial stunning
Causes of an aneurysm
atherosclerosis & hypertension
What are risk factors for Raynaud’s disease
young and female
brief cold exposure
emotional stress
Manifestations of peripheral artery disease
intermittent claudication (pain on back of legs when walking)
loss of pulses
skin color changes
Manifestations of orthostatic postural hypertension
lightheadedness, dizziness, blurry vision
term for the degree of ventricular stretch before the next contraction
preload
What occurs in QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
atrial repolarization
What occurs in T wave
ventricular repolarization
Systemic effects of Angiotensin II after MI
peripheral vasoconstriction
fluid retention
work of myocardial increases–> contractility is overworked
equation for cardiac output
stroke volume x HR
Process of depolarization
Na+ ions rush into cells= contraction
What are hypertension risk factors
female 70+ years
male 55+ years
black
obesity
cigarettes
alcohol abuse
Manifestations of valvular disorders
characteristic heart sounds (extra sounds)
cardiac murmurs
diverse group of diseases that affects myocardium leading to remodeling
cardiomyopathies
What are possible complications of arterial thrombus
grow large enough to block artery= tissue ischemia
detaches from vessel wall & travels = tissue ischemia
Valvular stenosis
valve constricted/narrowed leads to blood backing up in chambers; hardening of valves
How do you classify hypertension
elevated BP 140+/90+
What is the #1 source of increased after load
hypertension
heart failure that increases pulmonary pressure
backs into lungs
dyspnea, cough of frothy sputum, orthopnea
left sided heart failure
Manifestations of Raynaud’s disease/phenomenon
change in skin color on skin (not symmetrical)
paresthesias
What is cardiac tamponade
fluid accumulates in the sac around the heart–> difficulty pumping
hypertension that rapidly progresses, diastolic over 140, and possibility of encephalopathy
malignant hypertension crisis
What are manifestations of myocardial infarction
radiating chest pain (arm/back)
EKG changes (look at ST)
elevated troponin level
diaphoresis
confusion (w/ STEMI)
feeling of dying
Normal electrical pathway in heart
SA node –> AV node –> Bundle of HIS/Perkinje
VLDL; what it makes up
very low density lipoproteins
triglycerides + lipoproteins
Complications of MI
death
arrhythmia
rupture
tamponade
heart failure
valve disease
aneurysm of ventricle
Dressler’s syndrome
embolism
reoccurrence
LDL (definition/function)
cholesterol + carrier protein
delivers cholesterol to tissues
Type of embolism due to a trauma on long bones leading to formation of fat globs in the blood
fat embolism
type of angina with predictable chest pain but resolves with rest
Stable angina
Valvular regurgitation
valve doesn’t shut completely (incompetence)
too much blood moves forward during systole
blood moves backward during diastole (back in atria)
Manifestations of pericarditis
precordial pain
pericardial friction rub at 2nd-4th intercostal spaces
ST elevate/T wave flattening
pericardial effusion (fluid collection)
functional change after myocardial infarction where tissue changes occur in the myocardium as a result of inflammation; becomes not as effective for pumping
myocardial remodeling
condition where the systolic/diastolic decreases by 20/10 when standing
orthostatic postural hypertension
Manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathy
dyspnea, palpitations, dizziness
Condition where there of episodes of vasospasming in the arterioles of the fingers
Raynaud’s disease
What does increase after load lead to
overworking of ventricle
ventricular remodeling
condition where bolus of matter moves in blood stream but eventually gets stuck and occludes blood flow leading to ischemia
embolism
structural change after myocardial infarction where persistently ischemic tissue has metabolic changes to prolong survival
hibernating myocardium
type of angina that occurs unpredictably at night; related to sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity
prinzmetal angina
hypertension due to a systemic disease that increases peripheral vascular resistance or/and cardiac output
secondary hypertension
hypertension due to genetics, overactive sympathetic nervous system, and inflammation
primary hypertension
Type of cardiomyopathy that thickens myocardium
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What are some factors affecting preload
length of diastole (longer=increased stretch)
increased venous return= increases stretch
condition of the myocardium affects the ability to stretch
condition of kidneys (failure can lead to water retention)
What is the mechanism process of arterial thrombus formation
atherosclerosis damges tunica intima –> plaque cap ruptures –> coagulation starts –> blood clot forms around ruptured plaque cap
What are the mechanisms of hypertension
increased cardiac output (increases HR & stroke volume)
increased peripheral resistance (increases blood viscosity & vasoconstricts)
a congenital or acquired dysfunction of one of four heart valves
valvular dysfunction
heart failure that back into SVC/IVC
increased peripheral venous pressure
enlarged liver & spleen
distended jugular veins
dependent edema
right sided heart failure
Where can valvular stenosis occur
aortic and mitral
Dressler’s syndrome
pericarditis from the MI
vessels leak fluid
inflammation from WBCs
What is the leading cause coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease
atherosclerosis
condition where there is vasospasming in the finger arterioles due to a systemic disease, malignancy, long term cold exposure, or vibrating machinery
Raynaud’s phenomenon
What is the severe risk of deep vein thrombosis
can detach and become a pulmonary emboli
Type of aneurysm that involves all three arterial wall layers
true aneurysm
What are the common pathogens for infective endocarditis
staph aureus
strep
Type of embolism when something enters the blood during a trauma or from an IV line
Foreign matter embolism
disease where walls thicken due to plaque development
atherosclerosis
Characteristics of STEMI myocardial infarction
ST elevation (no blood flow)
Type of aneurysm where an extravascular hematoma moves to intravascular space (blood pores in)
False aneurysm
What occurs in the P wave
atrial depolarization
What is the mechanism process of pericarditis
cardiac tamponade leaks fluid between inner & outer layers
Local effects of Angiotensin II after MI
growth factor in heart leads to release of catecholamine
leads to coronary artery spasms
Type of embolism where room air enters the body circulation
air embolism
Causes of atherosclerosis
high fat diet, diabetes, hypertension
term for small changes in normal heart rhythm leading to extra or skipped beats
ectopy
How does rheumatic fever occur
delayed immune response to a strep infection
acute or chronic inflammation of pericardium
pericarditis
Manifestations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
angina
dyspnea
fatigue
Manifestations of hypertension
no symptoms early on
angina pectoris
severe headache
vision changes
What is the diagnostic test for rheumatic fever
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) to better visualize heart valves
chronic thickening/hardening of blood vessel walls
arteriosclerosis
condition where local dilation or out pouching of vessel wall occurs
aneurysm
What is the most significant cause of organ damage
hypertension
term for resistance the heart overcomes to eject blood during systole
afterload
What is Virchow’s triad
increases risk of deep vein thrombosis
1) venous stasis
2) venous epithelial damage
3) hyper coagulable state
Type of embolism where amniotic fluid gets forced into mom’s bloodstream
amniotic fluid
