Exam 3- Cancer Flashcards
Explain cancer hallmark of sustained proliferation signaling
There is excess cell division
Proto oncogenes —> oncogenes due to environment factors or excess growth factor (point mutation)
Don’t need growth signals to proliferate
Explain cancer hallmark of evading growth suppressors
2 mutations are required to deactivate tumor suppressor genes
Out of control speed of cancer oncogene growth
What is the function of tumor suppressor genes
Regulate cell cycle
Stop cell division of cells are damaged
Prevent mutations
Explains the cancer hallmark of resisting apoptotic cell growth
Cancer gene mutations suppress apoptosis which would normally stop abnormal cell growth
Over expression of anti-apoptosis molecules
Explain the cancer hallmark to enable replication immortality
Cancer cells have unlimited cell division
Use telomerase to restore telomere length so they never shorten and signal to stop dividing
Cancer hallmark to induce angiogenesis
Cancer cells increase Angiogenic growth factors
Cancer mutations stops angiogenesis inhibitors
Creates its own blood supply
Cancer cells eat extracellular matrix which have stored Angiogenic growth factor
What is angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels
Explain cancer hallmark to activate invasion and metastasis
Breakdown cell barriers —> tumor invasion
Increased cancer cell motility
Metastasize through lymphatics (regional) or blood vessels (systemic)
Bind to platelets to avoid immune response
What is protease
Secreted from cancer cells
Digests extracellular matrix and basement membrane
Creates pathways for cancer cells to move
What is dormancy related to cancer metastasis
Cancer cells survive in a new environment but don’t immediately proliferate
No symptoms yet
What is epithelial mesenchymal transition
Normal epithelial characteristics are lost
- cell adhesion is lost
- increase in migratory capacity
- increases resistance to apoptosis
- loss of cell differentiation
Explain cancer hallmark to reprogram energy metabolism
Cancer cells use aerobic glycolysis
Bypass cellular respiration and mitochondria
Warburg effect
Cancer cells use aerobic glycolysis to create product waste needed for cell proliferation
Reverse Warburg effect
Cancer cells induce oxidative stress to create metabolites
These help make more atp
Explain cancer hallmark to evade immune destruction
Cancer cells create regulatory T cells without an anti-tumor immune response
Creates pro cancer immune response to: remodel tissue, form new blood vessels, and promote metastasis
Mutation with single base change
Point mutation
Mutation that provides selective growth advantages
Drive mutation
Mutation that doesn’t directly drive cancer development but seen in cells with cancer mutations
Passenger mutation
Term referring to increases in gene copies drive cancer growth
Gene amplification
Chromosomal translocation and the cancers linked to it
Piece of 1 chromosome transferred to another
Linked to leukemia and lymphomas
Term for when normal cells become cancerous after multiple mutations
Malignant transformation
Cancer stage with carcinoma in situ
Stage 0
Stage of cancer where it is confined to the originating organ
Stage 1
Stage of cancer where it is locally invasive; goes into deeper layer
Stage 2
Stage of cancer where it spreads to regional structures (ex. Lymph nodes)
Stage 3
Stage of cancer where it has spread to distant sites
Stage 4
Term for a new tumor
Neoplasm
Term for loss of cellular differentiation
Anaplasia
Term for cells varying in shape and size
Pleomorphic
Meaning of suffix -oma
Tumor or mass
Types of benign tumors
Lipoma (fatty tumor)
Leiomyoma (smooth muscle uterine tumor)
What are carcinomas
Epithelial cancer cells
What is adenocarcinoma
Epithelial cell cancer in gland or duct
What is sarcoma
Cancer of connective tissue, muscle, or bone
What is lymphoma
Cancer of lymphatic tissue
What is leukemia
Blood cancer that affects bone marrow
Meaning of carcinoma in situ
Abnormal cells are localized and haven’t spread
What are the causes of lung cancer
Smoking, second hand smoke, asbestos exposure
What are the 2 types of lung cancer
Non small
Small cell
How does Lung cancer metastasize
Through the blood to:
Lymph nodes
Brain
Bones
Liver
Manifestations of lung cancer
Hemoptysis (new blood in sputum)
Dyspnea
Unexplained weight loss
What are the diagnostic tests for lung cancer
Sputum cytology
Biopsy
What are risk factors of breast cancer
Female, 50+ yrs, obesity, alcohol, hormone therapy
Mechanism of breast cancer
Gene mutations lead to tumor development in:
1) mammary ducts
2) milk producing glands
Manifestations of breast cancer
Thickened breast tissue/ lumps
Nipple discharge
Nipple retraction
Peau d’Orange (dimpling)
What are risk factors for colorectal cancer
High red meat consumption
Male
Black
Mechanism of colorectal cancer
Polyps develop into cancer
Manifestations of colorectal cancer
Weight loss
Hematochezia (fresh blood in stool)
Diarrhea
Constipation
What are diagnostic tests for colorectal cancer
Colonoscopy
Double contrast barium enema
What parts of the body are affected by leukemia
Blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph’s
Mechanism of leukemia
Increase of dysfunctional cells leads to blood flow obstruction
Organ failure
Manifestations of leukemia
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Bone pain
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
What diagnostics are used for leukemia
Bone marrow and lymph node biopsy
Type of lymphoma causing giant multinucleated cells in lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Risk factors for Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Age 15-30 then 55+
Epstein Barr viral infection
Manifestations of Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Mediastinal mass
Enlarged lymph nodes
Most common hematologic cancer
Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Mechanism of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Malignant neoplasms of B cells, T cells, and NKT cells
Risk factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Environmental factors (radiation)
Immunodeficiency disorders
General manifestations of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Painless enlarged lymph nodes
Elevated BUN/ creatinine
General manifestations of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Painless enlarged lymph nodes
Elevated BUN/ creatinine
What is a manifestation if non-Hodgkin’s gas disseminated to the liver
Hepatomegaly
What is a manifestation that non Hodgkin’s has disseminated to the lungs
Shortness of breath
What is a manifestation of non Hodgkin’s if disseminated to the brain
Mental status change
Diagnostic test for lymphoma
PET scan - lights up lymph nodes and bones
Cancer of plasma cells is called _______________ ____________
Multiple myeloma
Risk factors for multiple myeloma
40 years old or more
Male
Black
Manifestations of multiple myeloma
Generalized skeletal pain / fractures
Hypercalcemia —> renal, GI, neuro symptoms
What are the 2 cancer traits
Genomic instability
Tumors promote inflammation
Mechanism of genomic instability cancer trait
Caretaker genes help tumor suppression and DNA repair
Genes deactivated due to environmental factors (Epigenetics)
Unstable chromosome structure
All contribute to higher risk of cancer
Mechanism of tumors promote inflammation cancer trait
1 Inflammation benefits tumor growth & spread
2 Genetic changes in cells —> cellular dysplasia
3 Repeat infections, chemical exposure, and diseases all produce chronic inflammation
4 Altered macrophages block cancer targeting cells
What do tumors produce that lewd to the production of altered macrophages
Cytokines
Chemokines
This bring immature monocytes to the tumor
A condition triggered by cancer; often first sign
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Mechanism of paraneoplastic syndrome
Symptoms are caused by biological substances or the immune response t other tumor
Examples of paraneoplastic syndrome
Renal cancer: polycythemia (excess erythropoietin)
Lung cancer: DVTs due to tumor stimulating clotting factor
Intracranial cancer: SIADH due to stimulated ADH
Why is childhood cancer considered a bimodal structure
Typically affects less 5 years old then 15-19 year old
Childhood cancer originates at the …
Mesodermal germ layer
Childhood cancer originates at the …
Mesodermal germ layer
-blast suffix in childhood cancer means….
Embryonic tumor
Characteristics of childhood cancer
Fast growing
Metastasize before diagnosis
Most common young childhood cancers
Neoroblastoma
Acute lymphatic leukemia
Brain/CNS cancer
Most common adolescent cancers
Thyroid carcinoma
Brain/CNS cancer
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
How tobacco is linked to cancer
Leading preventable cause
Contains carcinogens
Linked to lung, kidney, pancreas, liver, and colorectal cancers
What body processes are impacted by nutrition
Cell proliferation
Cell death
Cell differentiation
Gene regulation
DNA damage/ repair
What type of cancer relates to nutrition
Colorectal cancer: linked to geographic diet
High in red meat, processed meats, alcohol
Compound that is toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic
Xenobiotic chemicals
Mechanism of xenobiotic chemicals
They penetrate lipid membranes leading to cell damage
What counter mechanisms are in place against xenobiotic chemicals
Detoxification in liver, lung, and skin stop further circulation
Antioxidants metabolize reactive oxygen species from the xenobiotics
What in alcohol is considered a carcinogen
Ethanol
Types of cancers related to alcohol consumption
Mouth and esophageal cancer
Breast cancer
Liver cancer
Colorectal cancer
Mechanism of how alcohol increases cancer risk
Generates reactive oxygen species
Alters cell cycle
Nutrition deficiencies
How does obesity influence cancer risk
Metabolic changes in adipose tissue occur: insulin resistance, hypoxia, chronic inflammation
Dysfunctional adipose tissue creates tumor promoting cells
How is physical inactivity a cancer risk
Related to obesity factor
Risk of breast and colon cancer
How ionizing radiation increases risk of cancer
It charges atoms by removing electrons
Induces DNA damage/ apoptosis
Sources of ionizing radiation and associated cancers
CT/PET scan, atomic bomb, radon gas
Acute leukemia, multiple myeloma, thyroid cancer
How does UV radiation increase cancer risk
UV can’t penetrate body only the skin
Leads to gene mutation + inflammation = activates reactive oxygen species
Associated with melanoma and basal cell carcinoma
Mechanism of how sexual behavior increases cancer risk
Infections —> chronic inflammation—> cellular dysplasia which decreases immunity
H. Pylori is linked to _________ cancer
Gastric
What cancers are linked to HPV
Cervical, penial, anal, tongue
Hepatitis B and C are linked to ______ cancer
Liver
Cancer linked to Epstein Barr virus
Hodgkin’s &
Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
How chemicals are linked to cancer risks
Chemicals in soil, air, food, water lead to DNA mutations
3 type of cancers linked to job occupations
Bladder: dyes and paints
Leukemia: shoemakers and dyeing
Lung cancer: truck drivers
Direct pain
Due to blood flow obstruction, nerve pressure, tissue destruction
Indirect pain
Inflammation, referred pain, infection related
What is the most frequently related symptom of cancer
Fatigue
Cachexia
Fat loss, muscle wasting, inflammation
Due to not enough food intake for metabolic changes
Experience dysgusia- altered taste and early satiety
Symptoms and signs of anemia related to cancer
Fatigue, dizziness, bloody stool, ischemia risk
Mechanism of cancer related anemia
Bone marrow malignancy
Antiviral Meds
Cytotoxic chemo
Thrombocytopenia in relation to cancer (definition, cause, signs)
Low platelet count
Due to chemo, opportunistic infections, bone marrow invasion
Bruising and spontaneous bleeding
Term for low total WBC count
Leukopenia
Cause of leukopenia in relation to cancer
From chemo, meds, radiation
Higher infection risk
In relation to cancer what is the main reason for complications or death
Infection due to immunosuppressive cancer or chemo
How cancer affects GI tract
Chemo and radiation cause inflammation
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
How cancer affects hair and skin
Alopecia due to chemotherapy
Dry skin, radiation burns, rashes (petechiae/ purpura)
What can be used as possible tumor markers
Hormones, enzymes, genes, antibodies, antigens
