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Pathophysiology > Exam 3- Cancer > Flashcards

Exam 3- Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Explain cancer hallmark of sustained proliferation signaling

A

There is excess cell division
Proto oncogenes —> oncogenes due to environment factors or excess growth factor (point mutation)
Don’t need growth signals to proliferate

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2
Q

Explain cancer hallmark of evading growth suppressors

A

2 mutations are required to deactivate tumor suppressor genes
Out of control speed of cancer oncogene growth

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3
Q

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes

A

Regulate cell cycle
Stop cell division of cells are damaged
Prevent mutations

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4
Q

Explains the cancer hallmark of resisting apoptotic cell growth

A

Cancer gene mutations suppress apoptosis which would normally stop abnormal cell growth
Over expression of anti-apoptosis molecules

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5
Q

Explain the cancer hallmark to enable replication immortality

A

Cancer cells have unlimited cell division
Use telomerase to restore telomere length so they never shorten and signal to stop dividing

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6
Q

Cancer hallmark to induce angiogenesis

A

Cancer cells increase Angiogenic growth factors
Cancer mutations stops angiogenesis inhibitors
Creates its own blood supply
Cancer cells eat extracellular matrix which have stored Angiogenic growth factor

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7
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

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8
Q

Explain cancer hallmark to activate invasion and metastasis

A

Breakdown cell barriers —> tumor invasion
Increased cancer cell motility
Metastasize through lymphatics (regional) or blood vessels (systemic)
Bind to platelets to avoid immune response

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9
Q

What is protease

A

Secreted from cancer cells
Digests extracellular matrix and basement membrane
Creates pathways for cancer cells to move

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10
Q

What is dormancy related to cancer metastasis

A

Cancer cells survive in a new environment but don’t immediately proliferate
No symptoms yet

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11
Q

What is epithelial mesenchymal transition

A

Normal epithelial characteristics are lost
- cell adhesion is lost
- increase in migratory capacity
- increases resistance to apoptosis
- loss of cell differentiation

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12
Q

Explain cancer hallmark to reprogram energy metabolism

A

Cancer cells use aerobic glycolysis
Bypass cellular respiration and mitochondria

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13
Q

Warburg effect

A

Cancer cells use aerobic glycolysis to create product waste needed for cell proliferation

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14
Q

Reverse Warburg effect

A

Cancer cells induce oxidative stress to create metabolites
These help make more atp

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15
Q

Explain cancer hallmark to evade immune destruction

A

Cancer cells create regulatory T cells without an anti-tumor immune response
Creates pro cancer immune response to: remodel tissue, form new blood vessels, and promote metastasis

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16
Q

Mutation with single base change

A

Point mutation

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17
Q

Mutation that provides selective growth advantages

A

Drive mutation

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18
Q

Mutation that doesn’t directly drive cancer development but seen in cells with cancer mutations

A

Passenger mutation

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19
Q

Term referring to increases in gene copies drive cancer growth

A

Gene amplification

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20
Q

Chromosomal translocation and the cancers linked to it

A

Piece of 1 chromosome transferred to another
Linked to leukemia and lymphomas

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21
Q

Term for when normal cells become cancerous after multiple mutations

A

Malignant transformation

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22
Q

Cancer stage with carcinoma in situ

A

Stage 0

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23
Q

Stage of cancer where it is confined to the originating organ

A

Stage 1

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24
Q

Stage of cancer where it is locally invasive; goes into deeper layer

A

Stage 2

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25
Q

Stage of cancer where it spreads to regional structures (ex. Lymph nodes)

A

Stage 3

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26
Q

Stage of cancer where it has spread to distant sites

A

Stage 4

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27
Q

Term for a new tumor

A

Neoplasm

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28
Q

Term for loss of cellular differentiation

A

Anaplasia

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29
Q

Term for cells varying in shape and size

A

Pleomorphic

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30
Q

Meaning of suffix -oma

A

Tumor or mass

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31
Q

Types of benign tumors

A

Lipoma (fatty tumor)
Leiomyoma (smooth muscle uterine tumor)

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32
Q

What are carcinomas

A

Epithelial cancer cells

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33
Q

What is adenocarcinoma

A

Epithelial cell cancer in gland or duct

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34
Q

What is sarcoma

A

Cancer of connective tissue, muscle, or bone

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35
Q

What is lymphoma

A

Cancer of lymphatic tissue

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36
Q

What is leukemia

A

Blood cancer that affects bone marrow

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37
Q

Meaning of carcinoma in situ

A

Abnormal cells are localized and haven’t spread

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38
Q

What are the causes of lung cancer

A

Smoking, second hand smoke, asbestos exposure

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39
Q

What are the 2 types of lung cancer

A

Non small
Small cell

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40
Q

How does Lung cancer metastasize

A

Through the blood to:
Lymph nodes
Brain
Bones
Liver

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41
Q

Manifestations of lung cancer

A

Hemoptysis (new blood in sputum)
Dyspnea
Unexplained weight loss

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42
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for lung cancer

A

Sputum cytology
Biopsy

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43
Q

What are risk factors of breast cancer

A

Female, 50+ yrs, obesity, alcohol, hormone therapy

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44
Q

Mechanism of breast cancer

A

Gene mutations lead to tumor development in:
1) mammary ducts
2) milk producing glands

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45
Q

Manifestations of breast cancer

A

Thickened breast tissue/ lumps
Nipple discharge
Nipple retraction
Peau d’Orange (dimpling)

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46
Q

What are risk factors for colorectal cancer

A

High red meat consumption
Male
Black

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47
Q

Mechanism of colorectal cancer

A

Polyps develop into cancer

48
Q

Manifestations of colorectal cancer

A

Weight loss
Hematochezia (fresh blood in stool)
Diarrhea
Constipation

49
Q

What are diagnostic tests for colorectal cancer

A

Colonoscopy
Double contrast barium enema

50
Q

What parts of the body are affected by leukemia

A

Blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph’s

51
Q

Mechanism of leukemia

A

Increase of dysfunctional cells leads to blood flow obstruction
Organ failure

52
Q

Manifestations of leukemia

A

Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Bone pain
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly

53
Q

What diagnostics are used for leukemia

A

Bone marrow and lymph node biopsy

54
Q

Type of lymphoma causing giant multinucleated cells in lymph nodes

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

55
Q

Risk factors for Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Age 15-30 then 55+
Epstein Barr viral infection

56
Q

Manifestations of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Mediastinal mass
Enlarged lymph nodes

57
Q

Most common hematologic cancer

A

Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma

58
Q

Mechanism of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Malignant neoplasms of B cells, T cells, and NKT cells

59
Q

Risk factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Environmental factors (radiation)
Immunodeficiency disorders

60
Q

General manifestations of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Painless enlarged lymph nodes
Elevated BUN/ creatinine

61
Q

General manifestations of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Painless enlarged lymph nodes
Elevated BUN/ creatinine

62
Q

What is a manifestation if non-Hodgkin’s gas disseminated to the liver

A

Hepatomegaly

63
Q

What is a manifestation that non Hodgkin’s has disseminated to the lungs

A

Shortness of breath

64
Q

What is a manifestation of non Hodgkin’s if disseminated to the brain

A

Mental status change

65
Q

Diagnostic test for lymphoma

A

PET scan - lights up lymph nodes and bones

66
Q

Cancer of plasma cells is called _______________ ____________

A

Multiple myeloma

67
Q

Risk factors for multiple myeloma

A

40 years old or more
Male
Black

68
Q

Manifestations of multiple myeloma

A

Generalized skeletal pain / fractures
Hypercalcemia —> renal, GI, neuro symptoms

69
Q

What are the 2 cancer traits

A

Genomic instability
Tumors promote inflammation

70
Q

Mechanism of genomic instability cancer trait

A

Caretaker genes help tumor suppression and DNA repair
Genes deactivated due to environmental factors (Epigenetics)
Unstable chromosome structure

All contribute to higher risk of cancer

71
Q

Mechanism of tumors promote inflammation cancer trait

A

1 Inflammation benefits tumor growth & spread
2 Genetic changes in cells —> cellular dysplasia
3 Repeat infections, chemical exposure, and diseases all produce chronic inflammation
4 Altered macrophages block cancer targeting cells

72
Q

What do tumors produce that lewd to the production of altered macrophages

A

Cytokines
Chemokines
This bring immature monocytes to the tumor

73
Q

A condition triggered by cancer; often first sign

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

74
Q

Mechanism of paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Symptoms are caused by biological substances or the immune response t other tumor

75
Q

Examples of paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Renal cancer: polycythemia (excess erythropoietin)
Lung cancer: DVTs due to tumor stimulating clotting factor
Intracranial cancer: SIADH due to stimulated ADH

76
Q

Why is childhood cancer considered a bimodal structure

A

Typically affects less 5 years old then 15-19 year old

77
Q

Childhood cancer originates at the …

A

Mesodermal germ layer

78
Q

Childhood cancer originates at the …

A

Mesodermal germ layer

79
Q

-blast suffix in childhood cancer means….

A

Embryonic tumor

80
Q

Characteristics of childhood cancer

A

Fast growing
Metastasize before diagnosis

81
Q

Most common young childhood cancers

A

Neoroblastoma
Acute lymphatic leukemia
Brain/CNS cancer

82
Q

Most common adolescent cancers

A

Thyroid carcinoma
Brain/CNS cancer
Hodgkin’s lymphoma

83
Q

How tobacco is linked to cancer

A

Leading preventable cause
Contains carcinogens
Linked to lung, kidney, pancreas, liver, and colorectal cancers

84
Q

What body processes are impacted by nutrition

A

Cell proliferation
Cell death
Cell differentiation
Gene regulation
DNA damage/ repair

85
Q

What type of cancer relates to nutrition

A

Colorectal cancer: linked to geographic diet
High in red meat, processed meats, alcohol

86
Q

Compound that is toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic

A

Xenobiotic chemicals

87
Q

Mechanism of xenobiotic chemicals

A

They penetrate lipid membranes leading to cell damage

88
Q

What counter mechanisms are in place against xenobiotic chemicals

A

Detoxification in liver, lung, and skin stop further circulation
Antioxidants metabolize reactive oxygen species from the xenobiotics

89
Q

What in alcohol is considered a carcinogen

A

Ethanol

90
Q

Types of cancers related to alcohol consumption

A

Mouth and esophageal cancer
Breast cancer
Liver cancer
Colorectal cancer

91
Q

Mechanism of how alcohol increases cancer risk

A

Generates reactive oxygen species
Alters cell cycle
Nutrition deficiencies

92
Q

How does obesity influence cancer risk

A

Metabolic changes in adipose tissue occur: insulin resistance, hypoxia, chronic inflammation
Dysfunctional adipose tissue creates tumor promoting cells

93
Q

How is physical inactivity a cancer risk

A

Related to obesity factor
Risk of breast and colon cancer

94
Q

How ionizing radiation increases risk of cancer

A

It charges atoms by removing electrons
Induces DNA damage/ apoptosis

95
Q

Sources of ionizing radiation and associated cancers

A

CT/PET scan, atomic bomb, radon gas
Acute leukemia, multiple myeloma, thyroid cancer

96
Q

How does UV radiation increase cancer risk

A

UV can’t penetrate body only the skin
Leads to gene mutation + inflammation = activates reactive oxygen species
Associated with melanoma and basal cell carcinoma

97
Q

Mechanism of how sexual behavior increases cancer risk

A

Infections —> chronic inflammation—> cellular dysplasia which decreases immunity

98
Q

H. Pylori is linked to _________ cancer

A

Gastric

99
Q

What cancers are linked to HPV

A

Cervical, penial, anal, tongue

100
Q

Hepatitis B and C are linked to ______ cancer

A

Liver

101
Q

Cancer linked to Epstein Barr virus

A

Hodgkin’s &
Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

102
Q

How chemicals are linked to cancer risks

A

Chemicals in soil, air, food, water lead to DNA mutations

103
Q

3 type of cancers linked to job occupations

A

Bladder: dyes and paints
Leukemia: shoemakers and dyeing
Lung cancer: truck drivers

104
Q

Direct pain

A

Due to blood flow obstruction, nerve pressure, tissue destruction

105
Q

Indirect pain

A

Inflammation, referred pain, infection related

106
Q

What is the most frequently related symptom of cancer

A

Fatigue

107
Q

Cachexia

A

Fat loss, muscle wasting, inflammation
Due to not enough food intake for metabolic changes
Experience dysgusia- altered taste and early satiety

108
Q

Symptoms and signs of anemia related to cancer

A

Fatigue, dizziness, bloody stool, ischemia risk

109
Q

Mechanism of cancer related anemia

A

Bone marrow malignancy
Antiviral Meds
Cytotoxic chemo

110
Q

Thrombocytopenia in relation to cancer (definition, cause, signs)

A

Low platelet count
Due to chemo, opportunistic infections, bone marrow invasion
Bruising and spontaneous bleeding

111
Q

Term for low total WBC count

A

Leukopenia

112
Q

Cause of leukopenia in relation to cancer

A

From chemo, meds, radiation
Higher infection risk

113
Q

In relation to cancer what is the main reason for complications or death

A

Infection due to immunosuppressive cancer or chemo

114
Q

How cancer affects GI tract

A

Chemo and radiation cause inflammation
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

115
Q

How cancer affects hair and skin

A

Alopecia due to chemotherapy
Dry skin, radiation burns, rashes (petechiae/ purpura)

116
Q

What can be used as possible tumor markers

A

Hormones, enzymes, genes, antibodies, antigens

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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