Final Exam Flashcards
Define preemptive analgesia.
treating for pain before it occurs
Define analgesia.
absence of sensibility to pain
Define analgesic.
any method or drug that relieves pain
Define deep pain.
pain originating in the tendons, joints, muscles and periosteum
Define distress.
state in which the animal is unable to adapt to an altered environment/stimuli
Define neuralgia.
pain exhibiting periodic intensification which extends along the course of one or more nerves
Define pain.
perception of an unpleasant sensory/emotional experience that results from potential or actual tissue damage
Define stoic.
indifferent to pain or pleasure
What are siz observations of inferred pain in animals?
limp/altered gait withdrawal of injured part abnormal postures distressed expression looking at, licking, scratching, or kicking at the site of perceived pain vocalizing
What are peripheral pain receptors sensitive to?
mechanosensitive, thermosensative, chemosensitive
Describe the peripheral pain pathway.
peripheral nerves -> spinal cord -> neuron in brain that conveys conscious sensation of pain
Define spinal facilitation/wind up.
increase in activity of spinal neurons resuting in a prolonged phase of hyperalgesia
In what animal has wind up pain been frequently noted?
cats
What should be done to prevent wind up pain?
preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative analgesia in order to prevent establishment of pain and central sensitization
Name four methods of pain control.
remove the primary cause
stimulate the release of endorphins
provide nursing care
analgesic drugs
What are four methods that endorphin release may be stimulated?
acupuncture
transcutaneous electric nerve stim. (TENS)
massage
cold/heat application
What are four methods of preemptive analgesia?
Preanesthetic Drugs
Epidural Anesthesia
Local Anesthetics
NSAIDs
What is the mechanism of pain relief at the tissue level?
NSAIDs block production of prostaglandins
What is the mechanism of pain relief at the peripheral/spinal level?
local anesthetics block transmission
What is the mechanism of pain relief at the CNS level?
opioids and alpha-2 agonists block perception of pain; some NSAIDs have action here as well
How do opioids work to provide analgesia?
acts on pain receptors in the spinal cord and brain
What does preemptive opioid use diminish the occurance of?
wind up pain
Name four opioids used for moderate-severe pain
Morphine
Oxymorphone
Hydromorphone
Fentanyl
Name three opioids used for mild-moderate pain.
Meperidine
Butorphanol
Buprenorphine
How do NSAIDs work to provide analgesia?
inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
What types of pain are NSAIDs effective for?
somatic pain, some for visceral pain 30-60 minutes after admin
What other benefit do most NSAIDs provide?
most are antiinflammitory and antipyretic
Name nine NSAIDs.
Aspirin Acetominophen Ibuprofen Flunixin Ketoprofen Ketorolac (Toradol) Carprofen (Rimadyl) Meloxicam (Metacam, Mobic) Etodolac (EtoGesic)
What are two NSAIDs that can be used for preemptive analgesia in healthy animals?
Carprofen
Meloxicam
What are two adverse effects of acetominopen use in cats?
hepatotixicity and hemolytic anemia
What are five adverse effects of NSAID use?
GI ulceration/hemorrhage renal toxicity liver damage antagonize action of certain drugs (ACE inhibitors, Diuretics) may impair platelet function
What are two alpha-2 adrenergic agonists?
xylazine, medetomidine
What must need to be prescribed when the patient goes home?
analgesic drugs for the post operative period
Define euthanasia.
act of inducing painless death in animals
Define death.
permanant abolition of CNS function
What are nine factors affection selection of euthanasia method.
Species of animal Size and weight The animal’s behavior Type of physical restraint necessary Owner preference Skill of personnel and risk involved Number of animals to be euthanized Economics Facilities available
What are four categories of euthanizing agents?
mechanical, chemical, electrical, gaseous
What is the most common drug used for chemical euthanasia in domestic animals?
phenobarbitol sodium dosed at 50 mg/lb IV
What three mechanisms do euthanasing agents produce death by?
hypoxia, depression of the CNS, and physical damage or concussion of the brain
What are the eight evaluation criteria of acceptable methods of euthanasia?
Production of death without pain
Immediate loss of consciousness, breathing, heart beat (peripheral pulse)
Restraining capabilities; ability to minimize physical and psychological stress
Reliability
Safety to personnel
Emotional effect on observers
Economic considerations
Equipment or drug availability/abuse potential
What are the current standards/recommendations for small animal euthanasia?
IV catheter should be in place, the animal may be sedated/tranquilized first, and the owner should be allowed to be present if they choose
What should a witness expect to see during a chemical euthanasia?
loss of consciousness occurs within seconds but reflex motor movement or sympatheric responses may occur, vocalization is rare but may occur, loss of bladder/bowel control is possible
What are two agents for euthanasia via hypoxia?
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
What consideration should be made for euthanasia via carbon monoxide hypoxia?
chamber is required; CO is hazardous to personell
What are three methods of euthanasia via direct CNS depression?
Barbituric acid derivatives
Anesthetic gases
Chloral hydrate alone or in combo
Acceptable for large animals after sedation
What are four mechanical methods of euthanasia?
Gunshot or captive bolt
Decapitation/cervical dislocation
Electrocution
Pithing
