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Surgery & Anaesthesia - NSULA Vet Tech Program Spring 2016 > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

How long should food be withheld prior to surgery in the equine patient?

A

4-8 hours

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2
Q

What are seven things that should be done to prepare the equine patient for anesthesia?

A
  • clean feet
  • pull or pad all shoes
  • groom/wipe horse
  • physical exam/weigh
  • clip surgical site
  • place jugular catheter
  • rinse mouth before induction
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3
Q

What is the equine patient prone to developing under anesthesia?

A

respiratory acidosis

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4
Q

What is proper positioning and padding important to prevent in the equine patient?

A
  • cardiopulmonary compromise
  • neuropathies
  • myopathies
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5
Q

Why is assisted or controlled ventilation best for prolonged procedures in the equine patient?

A

to maintain normal arterial CO2 levels

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6
Q

What is the appropriate dosage range of Xylazine in the equine patient when used as a preanesthetic medication?

A

IV - 0.2-0.5 mg/lb

IM - 0.5-1mg/lb

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7
Q

What is the onset of Xylazine dosed intravenously in the equine patient?

A

2-3 minutes as noted by dropping head, prolapse of penis

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8
Q

What is the duration of Xylazine dosed intravenously in the equine patient?

A

30 minutes

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9
Q

What is the onset of Xylazine dosed intramuscular in the equine patient?

A

10-15 minutes

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10
Q

What is the duration of Xyalzine dosed intramuscular in the equine patient?

A

60 minutes

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11
Q

What are two potential complications of Xylazine in the equine patient?

A

sinus bradycardia; first and second degree heart block

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12
Q

What is the appropriate dosage of Detomidine in the equine patient?

A

5-10 mcg/lb IV, 10-20 mcg/lb IM

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13
Q

What is the onset and duration of Detomidine in the equine patient?

A

similar to xylazine but with longer duration of action

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14
Q

What is the appropriate dosage of acepromazine in the equine patient?

A

0.5 mg/kg given IV or IM

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15
Q

What is the onset of acepromazine in the equine patient?

A

5-20 minutes

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16
Q

What is the duration of action of acepromazine in the equine patient?

A

1.5-2 hours

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17
Q

How long may the hypotensive effect of acepromazine last in the equine patient?

A

up to 12 hours

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18
Q

What size range of endotracheal tubes are appropriate for the equine patient?

A

30, 26, 20 or 15 mm ID

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19
Q

What supplies should be on hand for placement of an ET tube in the equine patient?

A

endotracheal tubes, lubrication jelly, 25 CC and/or 60 CC syringe, cotton mouth gag or speculum

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20
Q

What size range of IV catheters are appropriate for the equine patient?

A

10, 12, or 14 gauge

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21
Q

What supplies should be on hand for placement of an IV catheter in the equine patient?

A

IV catheter, tubing, flush, fluids, drugs, local anesthetic, cipppers, prep solutions

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22
Q

What is an appropriate O2 flow rate for the equine patient?

A

1L/250 lb; minimum 3L/1000 lb

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23
Q

What is an appropriate dosage range of ketamine for induction of the equine patient?

A

0.7-1 mg/lb IV; usual dose is 1 mg/lb

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24
Q

What is the purpose of administering guaifenesin (GG) to the equine patient?

A

skeletal muscle relaxant

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25
Q

What are toxic signs of guaifenesin in the equine patient?

A

apneustic breathing, muscle rigidity, hypotension

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26
Q

When is diazepam administered to the equine patient during induction?

A

before thopental or with ketamine

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27
Q

What are some potential side effects of thiopental sodium in the equine patient?

A

cardiovascular depression, transient apnea

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28
Q

What is an appropriate dose of Telazol for inducing the equine patient?

A

0.25-0.5 mg/lb

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29
Q

What differences are there in telazol and ketamine when used to induce the equine patient?

A

telazol causes greater muscle relaxation of longer duration and causes greater respiratory depression

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30
Q

What is used to induce foals?

A

isoflurane or sevoflurane

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31
Q

How is ET intubation performed in the horse?

A

blindly

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32
Q

How is the size of the rebreathing bag determined in the horse?

A

5x tidal volume

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33
Q

How is anesthesia maintained in the equine patient?

A

total iv anesthesia or inhalation anesthesia

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34
Q

When should sedatives be administered to adult horses during anesthetic recovery?

A

Excessive nystagmus; oculogyria
Excessive muscle tremors
Disorientation and loss of equilibrium

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35
Q

What are common anesthetic problems in the horse?

A

hypotension, hypoventilation, hypoxemia, bradycardia, difficulty maintaining anesthetic depth, metabolic acidosis, under/over hydration, nasal edema/upper airway obstruction, poor or prolonged recovery, neuropathy/myopathy

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36
Q

Why should rumen size and pressure be decreased prior to anesthesia?

A

to decrease risk of regurgitation

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37
Q

How should rumen size and pressure be decreased prior to surgery?

A

withhold food, place endotracheal and rumen tubes where appropriate

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38
Q

What preanesthetic evaluation should be performed in the ruminant?

A

same evaluation as in horses

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39
Q

What is the purpose of administering preanesthetics?

A

to calm or sedate or to decrease amount of more potent drugs needed

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40
Q

What consideration should be made for preanesthetics being administered to ruminents?

A

tranquilizers not approved for use in food animals can cause problematic residues in meat and milk products

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41
Q

What is an appropriate dose of Xylazine in the cow?

A

1/10th the IV dose used in horses - 0.01-0.05 mg/lb

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42
Q

What are the side effects of Xylazine in the ruminent?

A

cardiovascular and respiratory depression, rumen atony with bloat, premature delivery in late pregnancy

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43
Q

What Xylazine antagonists may be used in the ruminent?

A

atipamazole, yohimbine, or tolazine

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44
Q

What nonspecific respiratory stimulant may be used?

A

doxapram

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45
Q

What is an appropriate dosage of detomidine/medetomidine in the ruminant?

A

5-10 mcg/lb IM (similar to other species)

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46
Q

Why is acepromazine not frequently used in the ruminant?

A

prolonged elimination

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47
Q

What are some side effects of ketamine and telazol in the ruminant?

A

respiratory depression, hypotension

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48
Q

What is the advantage of using ketamine or telazol in the ruminant?

A

they are compatable with inhalation anesthetics

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49
Q

Why are anticholenergics not frequently used in ruminants?

A

they increase the viscosity of saliva and the incidence of bloat

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50
Q

How is saliva flow best controlled in the anesthetized ruminant?

A

pointing animal’s head downward and placing cuffed ET tube

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51
Q

When may atropine be used in the ruminant?

A

if necessary to prevent bradycardia with manipulation of viscera

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52
Q

What drugs may be used for anesthetic induction in the ruminant?

A

ketamine, telazol, or any one of several illegally compounded drug cocktails, mask induction if under 150 lbs

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53
Q

How may an ET tube be placed in a ruminant?

A

Dental speculum or mouth gag
Method 1: Insert arm  use fingers to reflect epiglottis forward and guide ET into larynx
Method 2: Extend animal’s head and neck  gently advance tube into trachea during inspiration

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54
Q

Why is it important to intubate quickly?

A

to avoid regurgitation and aspiration

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55
Q

What may be performed if necessary to intubate a ruminant?

A

tracheostomy

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56
Q

How may anesthesia be maintained in the ruminant?

A

“triple drip”; inhalation anesthetics

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57
Q

What should be performed it the procedure lasts longer then an hour?

A

the patient should be ventilated

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58
Q

What reflex should be present in the ruminant throughout anesthesia?

A

corneal reflex

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59
Q

What reflex should be depressed by gan anesthesia in the ruminant?

A

palpebral reflex

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60
Q

How are the eyeballs positioned in the light surgical plane in the ruminant?

A

rotated medioventrally

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61
Q

How are the iris and pupil positioned when the patient is awake or in the deep surgical plane?

A

centered

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62
Q

What is a sign of anesthetic overdose with gas anesthesia in the ruminant?

A

dilated pupils

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63
Q

How should the ruminant be positioned during the recovery period to avoid regurgitation?

A

on their right side or in sternal recumbency once the ET tube has been pulled

64
Q

What may be done to relieve rumen bloat if necessary?

A

pass a stomach tube

65
Q

Should the cuff be inflated or deflated while it is being pulled?

A

inflated

66
Q

What are common anesthetic problems in the ruminant?

A

regurgitation, bloat, inadequate oxygenation, injury, respiratory depression/apnea, pulmonary aspiration

67
Q

What are four unique anesthetic challenges presented by the swine patient?

A

venous access difficult, endotracheal intubation difficult, respiratory depression common, elevations of body temperature common

68
Q

Why are elevations of body temperature common in the swine patient?

A

low body surface area to body mass ratio, absence of sweat glands, malignant hyperthermia in genetically predisposed pigs

69
Q

When is lumbosacral epidural or spinal anesthesia used in the swine patient?

A

c-sections

70
Q

When is intratesticular injection used in the swine patient?

A

castrations

71
Q

What are some drugs that may be used to induce anesthesia in the swine patient?

A

various combinations of injectible drugs (be cautious of legality of compounding drugs), inhalation anesthesia

72
Q

What are five signs of malignant hyperthermia?

A

extreme muscle rigidity, increased temperature, tachycardia, tachypnea, metabolic acidosis

73
Q

What is the treatment for malignant hyperthermia in the swine patient?

A

dantrolene, supportive therapy including fluids, steroids, oxygen, body cooling

74
Q

How should the swine patient be recovered from anesthesia?

A

place in well ventilated, cool and quiet environment, administer oxygen and assist ventilation as necessary, assess vital signs periodically

75
Q

How should the swine patient be positioned during anesthetic recovery?

A

sternal recumbency

76
Q

What are some common anesthetic problems seen in the swine patient?

A

respiratory depression, malignant hyperthermia

77
Q

What may be performed in the case of respiratory emergencies in the swine patient?

A

tracheotomy

78
Q

What strains of swine are genetically predisposed to malignant hyperthermia?

A

Landrace, Poland China

79
Q

What should be discussed with the client before performing an anesthetic procedure on an exotic animal?

A

realistic expectations, prognosis, risks, the afterare provider, and costs

80
Q

What body temperature abnormality are small animals predisposed to?

A

hypothermia

81
Q

What is a special consideration of body temperature maintenance in ectotherms?

A

they do not generate their own heat and require external heat sources

82
Q

What body temperature abnormality are well insulated small animals prone to?

A

hyperthermia

83
Q

What body temperature abnormality are ungulates prone to?

A

malignant hyperthermia

84
Q

What are two tools that can be used to measure body temperature in the exotic animal patient?

A

esophageal thermometer, rectal/cloacal thermometer

85
Q

What routes may fluids be administered in exotic animal patients?

A

intravenous, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, colonic

86
Q

What is a complication of administering fluids into pneumatic bones in birds?

A

iatrogenic drowning

87
Q

What are some examples of pneumatic bones in birds?

A

humerus in all, femur in many

88
Q

What patients should not be given fluids via the intraperitoneal route?

A

birds or pregnant animals

89
Q

What is the standard maintenance rate of fluid for the exotic animal patient?

A

40-100 ml/kg/24 hours

90
Q

What is the standard intraoperative rate of fluid administration for the exotic animal patient?

A

10-20 ml/kg/hour

91
Q

What is the standard shock rate of fluid administration for the exotic animal patient?

A

30-80 ml/kg in 20 minutes

92
Q

What rate of fluid administration can use an inline or burette fluid chamber control?

A

10-50 ml/hour

93
Q

Why should EDTA be avoided when giving blood transfusions to small patients?

A

it may cause hypocalcemia

94
Q

What is the anticoagulant of choice for birds?

A

heparin

95
Q

In what species are preanesthetics rarely indicated?

A

birds, repties, amphibians, fish, mustelids, felids

96
Q

What preanesthetics are most commonly used in rabbits and lagomorphs?

A

atropine - uesful to decrease airway secretions; acepromazine and diazepam also useful

97
Q

Why is acepromazine not used in gerbils?

A

it may potentiate seizures

98
Q

What preanesthetic is used in camelids?

A

medetomidine

99
Q

What general rule about pulse rate and character should be followed when monitoring the plane of anesthesia?

A

a decrease in heart rate to

100
Q

What breathing patterns indicate you should lighten anesthesia?

A

apneustic or erratic patterns

101
Q

What breathing pattern is normal in ectotherms at surgical planes of anesthesia?

A

apnea - administer PPV 4-6x / minute

102
Q

What modifications should be made to ECG lead placement in the exotic animal patient?

A

attach clips to steel sutures, metal hubbed needles, or alcohol soaked pads placed at usual lead sites, one clip is placed cranial and one caudal to the heart in legless animals, wings are used for forelimb sites in birds

103
Q

What modifications should be made to pulse oximeter placement in the exotic animal patient?

A

tongue, esophageal oral or nasal mucosa, cloaca, vulva, nonpigmented skin such as ear wingweb flank etc

104
Q

How is the surgical plane of anesthesia determined in the avian (

A

slow withdrawal response to toe/tail/cloacal pinches, slow third eyelid response (lighten anesthesia when lost)

105
Q

What anesthesia is preferred in avian patients

A

inhalation - iso or sevo

106
Q

Which avian patients should be intubated?

A

all patients >100g

107
Q

Why is endtracheal intubation easy to perform in the avian patient?

A

the glottis is easy to see

108
Q

Why are ET cuffs not recommened in the avian patient?

A

the tracheal rings are complete

109
Q

What can you do if the trachea is occluded in the avian patient?

A

cannulate caudal thoracic air sacs and suture tube in place, using it as you would an ET tube

110
Q

How is tidal volume calculated in birds?

A

15 ml/kg

111
Q

How should PPV be performed in birds?

A

2x/minute in self ventilating birds, 10-15x/minute in apneic birds

112
Q

What should you do if the avian patient becomes apneic during anesthesia?

A

anesthesia should be lightened immediately or cardiac arrest will follow within 2-5 minutes

113
Q

How should the avian patient be recovered from anesthesia?

A

hold in a towel until able to walk, recover rapidly (

114
Q

What should be done in the event of apnea in the avian patient?

A

PPV - if no ET tube lift and compress sternum, administer 100% oxygen, doxapram

115
Q

What should be done in the event of cardiac arrest in the avian patient?

A

epinephrine, lift and compress sternum, perform laparotomy and internal cardiac massage

116
Q

What are some special concerns when handling large ratities?

A

they can disembowel a person - never approach from the front - use large sheets of wood as shields to herd into a corner or chute from the sides/rear

117
Q

What are some special concerns when handling long billed birds?

A

always wear eye protection - hoods may help calm/restrain

118
Q

What are some potential complications of avian anesthesia in patients greater then 30 lbs?

A

capture myopathy, hyperthermia, leg fractures

119
Q

When are injectible anesthetics used in avian patients larger then 30 lbs?

A

short procedures or as induction for gas anesthesia

120
Q

What drugs may be used to induce the avian patient larger then 30 lbs?

A

xylazine, telazol, diazepam/ketamine

121
Q

What form of anesthesia should never be used in the reptile patient?

A

hypothermia

122
Q

How do you determine surgical plane of anesthesia in the reptile patient?

A

toe/tail/vent pinches do not elicit withdrawal - most retain third eyelid reflex

123
Q

How should larger reptile patients be induced?

A

mask/chamber induce or use propofol

124
Q

What rate of fluid administration requires an infusion pump for accuracy?

A
125
Q

What heart rate indicates the need to lighten anesthesia?

A
126
Q

When should the reptile patient be intubated?

A

all reptiles attaining surgical levels of anesthesia

127
Q

How is anesthesia maintained in the reptile patient?

A

iso/sevo inhalation - ventilate 3-6x per minute

128
Q

What is the recovery time for isoflurane anesthesia in the reptile patient?

A
129
Q

What is the recovery time period for injection anesthetics in the reptile patient?

A

hours to days

130
Q

What may speed anesthetic recovery for the reptile patient?

A

heat and fluids

131
Q

How is respiratory arrest during anesthesia responded to in the reptile patient?

A

administer PPV, doxipram

132
Q

What technique may be used to facilitate respiration in a turtle?

A

extend/retract the front legs while placing ET tube

133
Q

How is cardiac arrest during anesthesia responded to in the reptile patient?

A

100% oxygen, chest compression if no shell, laparotomy - manually compress the heart, epinephrine

134
Q

What consideration should be made when anesthetizing the amphibian patient?

A

significant respiration occurs across moist skin - therefore do not allow to dry out and handle with latex gloves or wet hands

135
Q

What are the stages of anesthesia in the amphibian patient?

A

similar to mammals, but corneal reflex is lost before the withdrawal reflex

136
Q

How is tricaine methane sulfonate (MS222/Finquel) administered to the amphibian patient?

A

IM, SQ, or an immersion bath with an untreated tank available for recovery

137
Q

What consideration should be taken when using isoflurane on the amphibian patient?

A

it is irritating to amphibian skin

138
Q

What is ketamine used for in the amphibian patient?

A

good for diagnostic but not surgery

139
Q

How do the respirator systems of fish differ from that of other animals?

A

they are obligate water breathers and require oxygenated water moving over the gills

140
Q

How can the fish’s respiration be assisted during a surgical procedure?

A

using frequent immersion or a small recirculating pump and airstone with the pump tube placed in the fish’s mouth

141
Q

What considerations should be made to maintain the fish’s exterior mucous layer?

A

use wet latex gloves when handling and the least amount of restraint possible

142
Q

What anesthetic agent is used for the fish patient?

A

Finquel in an immersion bath

143
Q

How is an anesthetic overdose treated in the fish patient?

A

move to untreated oxygenated water, pump oxygenated water through the mouth, “swim” the fish

144
Q

How is the surgical plane of anesthetia determined in the rabbit or rodent patient?

A

withdrawal reflexes are lost

145
Q

When should anesthesia be lightened in the rabbit or rodent patient?

A

when there are decreased heart or respiratory rates or abnormal breathing patterns

146
Q

Why should low induction settings and preanesthetic agents be used in the rabbit or rodent patient?

A

they breath hold and then take rapid deep breaths with mask/chamber induction

147
Q

What considerations should be made when intubating the rabbit or rodent patient?

A

it is difficult, small ET tubes clog easily so have a replacement tube on hand, take care not to create an iatrogenic tracheitis

148
Q

How often should PPV be performed for the rabbit/rodent patient?

A

every 2 minutes

149
Q

What technique may be used to intubate the rabbit or rodent patient?

A

retrograde intubation technique - a catheter is passed into the trachea through the ventral neck and used as a stylet for the ET tube

150
Q

What levels of isoflurane are used to induce the rabbit or rodent patient?

A

2-3%

151
Q

What levels of sevoflurane are used to induce the rabbit or rodent patient?

A

3-5%

152
Q

How is anesthetic depth in the ferret patient monitored?

A

similar to cats

153
Q

What size ET tube should be used in the ferret patient?

A

2-3MM

154
Q

What is the anesthetic of choice for the ferret patient?

A

iso or sevoflurane, mask induction

155
Q

What food/water withholding period is used for the camelid?

A

same as for adult cattle - food 24-48 hours, water 24 hours

156
Q

How should camelids be handled to avoid regurgitation?

A

same as cattle

Surgery & Anaesthesia - NSULA Vet Tech Program Spring 2016 (27 decks)

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