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Biochemistry > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

DNA is made from the building adenine, guanine, cytosine, and ______

A

Thymine

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2
Q

Lipids function as listed below:

  1. Fuel Source
  2. Mechanical stability of cell membrane
  3. __________ __________
A

membrane component

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3
Q
  1. Consists of hydrophobic & hydrophilic components in their structures
  2. Major component of cell membrane
  3. One of the major classes of biomolecules
    are all statements true of _______
A

lipids

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4
Q

Highest ATP production happens in _______

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

A secreted protein would be processed through organelles (from synthesis to secretion) in the following order:

A
  1. Endoplasmic reticulum 2. Transport vesicles 3. Golgi complex 4. Secretory vesicles
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6
Q

Deciphering RNA information into protein happens during ________ process

A

Translation

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7
Q

5 carbon-ribose sugar, a nitrogen containing aromatic ring group (base), and 1 or more phosphate groups are components of _______

A

nucleotides

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8
Q

Amino acid exists in both negative charge & positive charge in pH range of ________

A

2-9

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9
Q

What is the backbone of protein structure?

A

Peptide bond between NH & C=O

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10
Q

The directionality of peptide strand is read from _____ terminal to ______ terminal

A

Amino; carboxyl

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11
Q

Coil stabilized by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl oxygen of AA and amine hydrogen of the 4th residue away are true regarding the _____________________

A

secondary structure of protein, a-Helix

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12
Q

Tendency of hydrophobic groups to assemble in the interior of the molecule refers to the

A

hydrophobic effect

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13
Q

The binding in enzyme-substrate complex is made possible by

A

multiple weak interactions at the active site

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14
Q

Difference in free energy between the substrate & transition state is the _____

A

activation energy

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15
Q

What alters the free energy activation energy of a reaction?

A

enzymes

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16
Q

Allosteric activator can lead to large ______ in enzymatic activity

A

increase

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17
Q

Allosteric control that shifts TR equilibrium in favor of R when substrate binds to enzyme is _______

A

cooperativity

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18
Q

The rate observed when all of the enzyme active sites are saturated with a substrate is the ______

A

Vmax

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19
Q

What is equal to the substrate concentration when reaction rate is half its max value?

A

Km

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20
Q

The function is oxygen storage in the muscle, there iron of the heme group is in the Fe2+ state, and the glob in contains an extensive a-helix structure. These are all true of _______

A

myoglobin

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21
Q

Carbon monoxide has negative effect on O2 supply by hemoglobin. The mechanism shifts Hb to R state, thus _________________

A

decreases 02 unloading

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22
Q

The binding of each O2 molecule to Hb increases its affinity for the next O2 is true of _________

A

Hb & oxygen transport

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23
Q

Binding to the T-form of Hb, Preferably binds to deoxyHb/stabilizes it, and are present in the red blood cell is true of ___________

A

2, 3 BPG

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24
Q

The increase of CO2, thus decrease of pH, results in the release O2 from oxy Hb. This phenomenon is called

A

bohr effect

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25
Q

Unsaturation __________ melting points of fatty acid

A

decreases

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26
Q

The longer the fatty acid, the ________________ the fatty acid

A

higher the melting point of

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27
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A 
Histindine (His)
Isoleucine (Ile)
Leucine (Leu)
Lysine (Lys)
Methionine (Met)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Threonine (Thr) 
Valine (Val)
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28
Q

An anti porter and a symporter are examples of

A

secondary active transport

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29
Q

Which of the following membranes would be the most fluid?

A

Bilayer made of lipids with polyunsaturated 16 C fatty acids

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30
Q

What enzyme inhibitor increases enzyme affinity to substrate?

A

Uncompetitive

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31
Q

What enzyme inhibitor involves concentration of functional enzyme is reduced?

A

Noncompetitive

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32
Q

What enzyme inhibitor is involved when nerve gas changes the functional group of acetylcholinesterase active site?

A

Group Specific

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33
Q

What enzyme inhibitor involves chemically modified substrate that is recognized by enzyme to proceed normally, then enzyme is deactivated by the intermediate/product?

A

Suicide inhibitors

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34
Q

In an experiment with a new drug, you find that regardless of the concentrate of substrate, the drug is able to inhibit the enzyme activity. You are likely to not have what kind of inhibitor?

A

Competitive

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35
Q

What enzyme inhibitor involves structurally similar to substrate tightly bound to active-site of enzyme?

A

Affinity labels (substrate analogs)

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36
Q

↓ KM & ↓Vmax is

A

uncompetitive

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37
Q

↑KM & Same Vmax is

A

competitive

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38
Q

Same KM & ↓ Vmax is

A

noncompetitive

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39
Q

The process of building molecules from smaller components is

A

anabolism

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40
Q

What is released by the upper intestine and will increase zymogen secretion from the pancreas?

A

Cholecystokinin

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41
Q

Which of the following enzymes activates typsinogen?

A

Enteropeptidase

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42
Q

Amylase digests carbohydrates by cleaving the _________ bonds of starch

A

a-1,4 glycosidic

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43
Q

Partially digested carbohydrate material containing the a-1,6 bonds is

A

limit dextrin

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44
Q

The result of lipase activity in digestion is

A

monoacylglycerol & 2 FFAs

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45
Q

To facilitate the next series of metabolic steps and to trap glucose in the cell is the purpose of

A

phosphorylation glucose in cytosol

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46
Q

Which of the following is an electron donor for biosynthesis?

A

NADPH

47
Q

Which of the following is the activated electron carrier used for fuel oxidation?

A

NADH

48
Q

Transcriptional regulation of the amount of enzyme, allosteric control of enzyme activity, and accessibility of substrates by compartmentalization is how _________ _________ are regulated

A

metabolic processes

49
Q

What reaction is catalyzed by phosphfructokinase?

A

phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate

50
Q

Glycolysis produces a NET of ______ moles of ATP per one mole of glucose.

A

2

51
Q

Phosphorylation of ADP in glycolysis happens at the reaction(s) catalyzed by enzyme(s): 1._______
2._______

A

phosphoglycerate kinase & pyruvate Kinase

52
Q

Regeneration of NAD+ from NADH in AERoBIC glycolysis is maintained by the following mechanism: Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA to initiate _________

A

TCA Cycle

53
Q

Fructose can enter glycolysis at 2 distinct points depending on the tissue. How is fructose metabolized in adipose tissue?

A

Fructose is converted to fructose-6-phosphate

54
Q

Which of the following enzymes is not reversible in glycolysis & gluconeogenesis?

A

Hexokinase

55
Q

What is the main organ to conduct gluconeogenesis?

A

Liver

56
Q

Main raw materials for gluconeogenesis are ______

A

pyruvate

57
Q

In the 1st step of gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is oxidized to oxaloacetate by enzyme _______ with biotin as a coenzyme

A

pyruvate carboxylase

58
Q

Gluconeogenesis is regulated by enzyme ________

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

59
Q

What transports carbons in gluconeogenesis from mitochondria to the cytosol?

A

Malate

60
Q

Glycerol enters gluconeogenesis process in the form of ________________

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

61
Q

What enzyme enables liver to supply other tissues in maintaining their glucose level?

A

Pyruvate kinase

62
Q

What enzyme complex is responsible for this reaction?:

Pyruvate + CoA + NAD⁺ → acetyl CoA + NADH + H⁺ + CO2

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex

63
Q

What Coenzymes are necessary for this reactions? :

Pyruvate + CoA + NAD⁺ → acetyl CoA + NADH + H⁺ + CO2

A

TPP, FAD, NAD⁺, lipoid acid, CoA

64
Q

Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA happens in the order of:

A
  1. Decarboxylation 2. Oxidation 3. Transfer to CoA
65
Q

Pyruvate is decarboxylated by which subunit of the complex enzyme?

A

E1

66
Q

The important role of pyruvate oxidation to acetyl CoA is it connects ________ to the Krebs Cycle

A

glycolysis

67
Q

The catalyst that converts Pyruvate → Oxaloacetate is

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

68
Q

The catalyst that converts Fructose-6-Phosphate → Glucose-6-Phosphate is

A

Phosphoglucose isomerase

69
Q

The catalyst that that converts Malate → Oxaloacetate is

A

Malate dehydrogenase

70
Q

The catalyst that that converts Acyl- + CoA → Acyl CoA is

A

Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase

71
Q

The catalyst that that converts Lipoate -SH → Lipoate -S-S is

A

Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

72
Q

The catalyst that that converts Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA is

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

73
Q

The catalyst that that converts Oxaloacetate → Phosphoenolypyruvate is

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

74
Q

The catalyst that that converts Glucose-6-phosphate → Glucose is

A

Glucose 6 phosphatase

75
Q

The catalyst that that converts 1,3-bisphophoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate is

A

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

76
Q

Pyruvate enters the Krebs Cycle in the form of

A

Acetyl CoA

77
Q

The citric acid cycle is initiated by reacting with Acetyl CoA with _______ to produce _______

A

Oxaloacetate; citrate

78
Q

FADH2 is produced in the following step of Kreb’s Cycle

A

Succinate → fumarate

79
Q

GTP in TCA cycle is formed in the

A

Conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate

80
Q

What is the correct path taken by a pair of electrons as it travels down to electron-transport chain

A

FADH2→ Complex II → CoQ → Complex III → cyt c → Complex IV → O2

81
Q

What complex does the reduction of O2 to H20

A

Complex IV

82
Q

In the ETC, the electron flow along the complexes is accompanied by transport of proton across the inner mitochondrial membrane from inside the matrix to the ___________

A

intermembrane space

83
Q

The subunit of the ATP synthase is embedded in what complex?

A

Complex V

84
Q

Energy for ADP phosphorylation in Complex V is provided by ______ gradient along ETC

A

Proton

85
Q

Cytoplasmic NADH enters the mitochondria through the malate-aspartate shuttle, the electron acceptor in the mitochondrial membrane is ______ and _______ ATPs are produced

A

NAD⁺; 3 ATPS

86
Q

Cytoplasmic NADH enters the mitochondria through the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, the electron acceptor i the mitochondrial membrane is ______ and ______ ATPs are produced

A

FAD; 2 ATPS

87
Q

Complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule produces ______ ATPs, given that cytoplasmic NADH is transported through the MALATE-ASPARTATE shuttle.

A

38

88
Q

What compound activates glucose 1-phosphate for glycogen synthesis?

A

UTP

89
Q

At the center of glycogen molecule is ______

A

Glycogenin

90
Q

What creates a 1,4 glycosidic links in glycogen synthesis?

A

Glycogen synthesis

91
Q

The sites for glycogen storage are

A

Skeletal muscle & Liver

92
Q

What enzyme(s) are required for removal of branches in glycogenolysis?

A

Transferase & a- 1,6- glucosidase

93
Q

Conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate is carried out by the enzyme ______

A

phosphoglucomutase

94
Q

For blood glucose maintenance & glucose export to other tissue when glucose levels are low, is the function of ________

A

liver glycogen degradation

95
Q

The function of liver glycogen degradation is satisfied because the liver is supported y enzyme _______

A

Glucose 6-phosphatase

96
Q

What is true regarding the second phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Non-oxidative phase: ribose 5-phosphate is produced

97
Q

The purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway is to

A

Generate NADPH & Recycle ATP

98
Q

Excess of the pentose phosphate pathway are shunted to ______ pathway

A

glycolysis

99
Q

Acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis is transferred from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm in the form of _____

A

Citrate

100
Q

The carrier of an acyl chain through the synthesis enzyme complex is

A

ACP

101
Q

The reducing agent, NADPH, used by fatty acid synthesis is produced by the way of

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

102
Q

At the elongation stage of fatty acid synthesis, the source of carbon chin enters as

A

Malonyl CoA

103
Q

Enzymes that digest the triacyglycerols into free fatty acids & monoacyglycerol are

A

Lipases

104
Q

Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation is

A

mobilization of adipose storage

105
Q

The B-oxidation of myristyl-coA (c14:0) yields:

A

7 Acetyl CoA + 6 FADH2 + 6 NADH + 6 H⁺

106
Q

What phospholipid may be found naturally in or added into food?

A

Posphatidylcholine

107
Q

HMG CoA reductase catalyzes the rate limiting step in

A

cholesterol synthesis

108
Q

Which step in cholesterol synthesis below is similar to ketone bodies production?

A

Synthesis of HMG CoA

109
Q

What enzyme transfers the amino gout from amino acids to a-ketoglutarte?

A

aminotransferases

110
Q

The most glycogenic amino acid is

A

Ala

111
Q

When the Ala AA is transaminated, it produces ______ which can enter gluconeogenesis pathway to produce glucose

A

Pyruvate

112
Q

Which Amino acid below can be directly deaminated to produce NH4⁺?

A

Serine & threonine

113
Q

I the urea cycle, the second nitrogen of urea enters the cycle in the form of _____

A

Asp

114
Q

The urea cycle happens in the liver and is excreted in the

A

kidneys

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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