FINAL EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
DNA is made from the building adenine, guanine, cytosine, and ______
A
Thymine
2
Q
Lipids function as listed below:
- Fuel Source
- Mechanical stability of cell membrane
- __________ __________
A
membrane component
3
Q
- Consists of hydrophobic & hydrophilic components in their structures
- Major component of cell membrane
- One of the major classes of biomolecules
are all statements true of _______
A
lipids
4
Q
Highest ATP production happens in _______
A
Mitochondria
5
Q
A secreted protein would be processed through organelles (from synthesis to secretion) in the following order:
A
- Endoplasmic reticulum 2. Transport vesicles 3. Golgi complex 4. Secretory vesicles
6
Q
Deciphering RNA information into protein happens during ________ process
A
Translation
7
Q
5 carbon-ribose sugar, a nitrogen containing aromatic ring group (base), and 1 or more phosphate groups are components of _______
A
nucleotides
8
Q
Amino acid exists in both negative charge & positive charge in pH range of ________
A
2-9
9
Q
What is the backbone of protein structure?
A
Peptide bond between NH & C=O
10
Q
The directionality of peptide strand is read from _____ terminal to ______ terminal
A
Amino; carboxyl
11
Q
Coil stabilized by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl oxygen of AA and amine hydrogen of the 4th residue away are true regarding the _____________________
A
secondary structure of protein, a-Helix
12
Q
Tendency of hydrophobic groups to assemble in the interior of the molecule refers to the
A
hydrophobic effect
13
Q
The binding in enzyme-substrate complex is made possible by
A
multiple weak interactions at the active site
14
Q
Difference in free energy between the substrate & transition state is the _____
A
activation energy
15
Q
What alters the free energy activation energy of a reaction?
A
enzymes
16
Q
Allosteric activator can lead to large ______ in enzymatic activity
A
increase
17
Q
Allosteric control that shifts TR equilibrium in favor of R when substrate binds to enzyme is _______
A
cooperativity
18
Q
The rate observed when all of the enzyme active sites are saturated with a substrate is the ______
A
Vmax
19
Q
What is equal to the substrate concentration when reaction rate is half its max value?
A
Km
20
Q
The function is oxygen storage in the muscle, there iron of the heme group is in the Fe2+ state, and the glob in contains an extensive a-helix structure. These are all true of _______
A
myoglobin
21
Q
Carbon monoxide has negative effect on O2 supply by hemoglobin. The mechanism shifts Hb to R state, thus _________________
A
decreases 02 unloading
22
Q
The binding of each O2 molecule to Hb increases its affinity for the next O2 is true of _________
A
Hb & oxygen transport
23
Q
Binding to the T-form of Hb, Preferably binds to deoxyHb/stabilizes it, and are present in the red blood cell is true of ___________
A
2, 3 BPG
24
Q
The increase of CO2, thus decrease of pH, results in the release O2 from oxy Hb. This phenomenon is called
A
bohr effect
25
Unsaturation __________ melting points of fatty acid
decreases
26
The longer the fatty acid, the ________________ the fatty acid
higher the melting point of
27
What are the 9 essential amino acids?
```
Histindine (His)
Isoleucine (Ile)
Leucine (Leu)
Lysine (Lys)
Methionine (Met)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Threonine (Thr)
Valine (Val)
```
28
An anti porter and a symporter are examples of
secondary active transport
29
Which of the following membranes would be the most fluid?
Bilayer made of lipids with polyunsaturated 16 C fatty acids
30
What enzyme inhibitor increases enzyme affinity to substrate?
Uncompetitive
31
What enzyme inhibitor involves concentration of functional enzyme is reduced?
Noncompetitive
32
What enzyme inhibitor is involved when nerve gas changes the functional group of acetylcholinesterase active site?
Group Specific
33
What enzyme inhibitor involves chemically modified substrate that is recognized by enzyme to proceed normally, then enzyme is deactivated by the intermediate/product?
Suicide inhibitors
34
In an experiment with a new drug, you find that regardless of the concentrate of substrate, the drug is able to inhibit the enzyme activity. You are likely to not have what kind of inhibitor?
Competitive
35
What enzyme inhibitor involves structurally similar to substrate tightly bound to active-site of enzyme?
Affinity labels (substrate analogs)
36
↓ KM & ↓Vmax is
uncompetitive
37
↑KM & Same Vmax is
competitive
38
Same KM & ↓ Vmax is
noncompetitive
39
The process of building molecules from smaller components is
anabolism
40
What is released by the upper intestine and will increase zymogen secretion from the pancreas?
Cholecystokinin
41
Which of the following enzymes activates typsinogen?
Enteropeptidase
42
Amylase digests carbohydrates by cleaving the _________ bonds of starch
a-1,4 glycosidic
43
Partially digested carbohydrate material containing the a-1,6 bonds is
limit dextrin
44
The result of lipase activity in digestion is
monoacylglycerol & 2 FFAs
45
To facilitate the next series of metabolic steps and to trap glucose in the cell is the purpose of
phosphorylation glucose in cytosol
46
Which of the following is an electron donor for biosynthesis?
NADPH
47
Which of the following is the activated electron carrier used for fuel oxidation?
NADH
48
Transcriptional regulation of the amount of enzyme, allosteric control of enzyme activity, and accessibility of substrates by compartmentalization is how _________ _________ are regulated
metabolic processes
49
What reaction is catalyzed by phosphfructokinase?
phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate
50
Glycolysis produces a NET of ______ moles of ATP per one mole of glucose.
2
51
Phosphorylation of ADP in glycolysis happens at the reaction(s) catalyzed by enzyme(s): 1._______
2._______
phosphoglycerate kinase & pyruvate Kinase
52
Regeneration of NAD+ from NADH in AERoBIC glycolysis is maintained by the following mechanism: Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA to initiate _________
TCA Cycle
53
Fructose can enter glycolysis at 2 distinct points depending on the tissue. How is fructose metabolized in adipose tissue?
Fructose is converted to fructose-6-phosphate
54
Which of the following enzymes is not reversible in glycolysis & gluconeogenesis?
Hexokinase
55
What is the main organ to conduct gluconeogenesis?
Liver
56
Main raw materials for gluconeogenesis are ______
pyruvate
57
In the 1st step of gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is oxidized to oxaloacetate by enzyme _______ with biotin as a coenzyme
pyruvate carboxylase
58
Gluconeogenesis is regulated by enzyme ________
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
59
What transports carbons in gluconeogenesis from mitochondria to the cytosol?
Malate
60
Glycerol enters gluconeogenesis process in the form of ________________
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
61
What enzyme enables liver to supply other tissues in maintaining their glucose level?
Pyruvate kinase
62
What enzyme complex is responsible for this reaction?:
| Pyruvate + CoA + NAD⁺ → acetyl CoA + NADH + H⁺ + CO2
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex
63
What Coenzymes are necessary for this reactions? :
| Pyruvate + CoA + NAD⁺ → acetyl CoA + NADH + H⁺ + CO2
TPP, FAD, NAD⁺, lipoid acid, CoA
64
Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA happens in the order of:
1. Decarboxylation 2. Oxidation 3. Transfer to CoA
65
Pyruvate is decarboxylated by which subunit of the complex enzyme?
E1
66
The important role of pyruvate oxidation to acetyl CoA is it connects ________ to the Krebs Cycle
glycolysis
67
The catalyst that converts Pyruvate → Oxaloacetate is
Pyruvate carboxylase
68
The catalyst that converts Fructose-6-Phosphate → Glucose-6-Phosphate is
Phosphoglucose isomerase
69
The catalyst that that converts Malate → Oxaloacetate is
Malate dehydrogenase
70
The catalyst that that converts Acyl- + CoA → Acyl CoA is
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
71
The catalyst that that converts Lipoate -SH → Lipoate -S-S is
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
72
The catalyst that that converts Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA is
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
73
The catalyst that that converts Oxaloacetate → Phosphoenolypyruvate is
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
74
The catalyst that that converts Glucose-6-phosphate → Glucose is
Glucose 6 phosphatase
75
The catalyst that that converts 1,3-bisphophoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate is
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
76
Pyruvate enters the Krebs Cycle in the form of
Acetyl CoA
77
The citric acid cycle is initiated by reacting with Acetyl CoA with _______ to produce _______
Oxaloacetate; citrate
78
FADH2 is produced in the following step of Kreb's Cycle
Succinate → fumarate
79
GTP in TCA cycle is formed in the
Conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate
80
What is the correct path taken by a pair of electrons as it travels down to electron-transport chain
FADH2→ Complex II → CoQ → Complex III → cyt c → Complex IV → O2
81
What complex does the reduction of O2 to H20
Complex IV
82
In the ETC, the electron flow along the complexes is accompanied by transport of proton across the inner mitochondrial membrane from inside the matrix to the ___________
intermembrane space
83
The subunit of the ATP synthase is embedded in what complex?
Complex V
84
Energy for ADP phosphorylation in Complex V is provided by ______ gradient along ETC
Proton
85
Cytoplasmic NADH enters the mitochondria through the malate-aspartate shuttle, the electron acceptor in the mitochondrial membrane is ______ and _______ ATPs are produced
NAD⁺; 3 ATPS
86
Cytoplasmic NADH enters the mitochondria through the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, the electron acceptor i the mitochondrial membrane is ______ and ______ ATPs are produced
FAD; 2 ATPS
87
Complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule produces ______ ATPs, given that cytoplasmic NADH is transported through the MALATE-ASPARTATE shuttle.
38
88
What compound activates glucose 1-phosphate for glycogen synthesis?
UTP
89
At the center of glycogen molecule is ______
Glycogenin
90
What creates a 1,4 glycosidic links in glycogen synthesis?
Glycogen synthesis
91
The sites for glycogen storage are
Skeletal muscle & Liver
92
What enzyme(s) are required for removal of branches in glycogenolysis?
Transferase & a- 1,6- glucosidase
93
Conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate is carried out by the enzyme ______
phosphoglucomutase
94
For blood glucose maintenance & glucose export to other tissue when glucose levels are low, is the function of ________
liver glycogen degradation
95
The function of liver glycogen degradation is satisfied because the liver is supported y enzyme _______
Glucose 6-phosphatase
96
What is true regarding the second phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Non-oxidative phase: ribose 5-phosphate is produced
97
The purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway is to
Generate NADPH & Recycle ATP
98
Excess of the pentose phosphate pathway are shunted to ______ pathway
glycolysis
99
Acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis is transferred from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm in the form of _____
Citrate
100
The carrier of an acyl chain through the synthesis enzyme complex is
ACP
101
The reducing agent, NADPH, used by fatty acid synthesis is produced by the way of
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
102
At the elongation stage of fatty acid synthesis, the source of carbon chin enters as
Malonyl CoA
103
Enzymes that digest the triacyglycerols into free fatty acids & monoacyglycerol are
Lipases
104
Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation is
mobilization of adipose storage
105
The B-oxidation of myristyl-coA (c14:0) yields:
7 Acetyl CoA + 6 FADH2 + 6 NADH + 6 H⁺
106
What phospholipid may be found naturally in or added into food?
Posphatidylcholine
107
HMG CoA reductase catalyzes the rate limiting step in
cholesterol synthesis
108
Which step in cholesterol synthesis below is similar to ketone bodies production?
Synthesis of HMG CoA
109
What enzyme transfers the amino gout from amino acids to a-ketoglutarte?
aminotransferases
110
The most glycogenic amino acid is
Ala
111
When the Ala AA is transaminated, it produces ______ which can enter gluconeogenesis pathway to produce glucose
Pyruvate
112
Which Amino acid below can be directly deaminated to produce NH4⁺?
Serine & threonine
113
I the urea cycle, the second nitrogen of urea enters the cycle in the form of _____
Asp
114
The urea cycle happens in the liver and is excreted in the
kidneys
