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Biochemistry > Chapter 27, 29, 30, 31 > Flashcards

Chapter 27, 29, 30, 31 Flashcards

1
Q

Fatty acids are stored as triaclyglycerols in _____ _______

A

adipose tissue

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2
Q

In Fatty Acid Degradation, Triaclygylcerols are hydrolyzed by lipase’s in three steps to yield ______ ______ & _______

A

3 fatty acids & glycerol

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3
Q

During Stage 1 of Fatty acid degradation, _____ of adipose triaclygylcerols occurs.

A

mobilization

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4
Q

During what stage of Fatty acid degradation, are the products are glycerol & Fatty acids?

A

Stage 1

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5
Q

In stage 1 the product glycerol can be absorbed by the ____, which can then convert it through glycolysis to pyruvate, or through gluconeogenesis to glucose.

A

liver

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6
Q

In stage 1 the product fatty acids are carried by albumin used as fuel by many tissues through the process of the _____ _____ ______

A

Citric acid cycle

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7
Q

In stage 1, glycerol and glycolytic intermediates are _________

A

interconvertible

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8
Q

In stage 1, TAG in adipose tissue are mobilized and converted into free fatty acids in response to _____ ______

A

hormonal signals

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9
Q

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, _______ and glucagon induce lipolysis.

A

epinephrine

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10
Q

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, glycerol formed by lipolysis is phophorylated by catalyst, ________ ______, to Glycerol 3-phosphate

A

Glycerol Kinase

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11
Q

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, glycerol formed by lipolysis is phophorylated by catalyst, Glycerol Kinase, to

A

Glycerol 3-phosphate

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12
Q

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, Glycerol 3-phosphate is oxidized by catalyst, _____ _______ ________, to dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

A

Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase

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13
Q

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, Glycerol 3-phosphate is oxidized by catalyst, Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, to _____.

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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14
Q

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is ______ to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

A

isomerized

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15
Q

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized to _________ ____________

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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16
Q

In Stage 2 of fatty acid degradation, activation of fatty acid occurs with the product being fatty _____ ____

A

Fatty Acyl CoA

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17
Q

In Stage 2 of fatty acid degradation, activation on the outer mitochondrial membrane, where it is catalyzed by _____ ___ ______

A

Acyl CoA Synthetase

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18
Q

During Stage 2 of fatty acid degradation, activation takes place in two steps, which requires how much ATP?

A

2 ATP

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19
Q

Fatty acid transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane is possible, but needs fatty acids to be linked to the alcohol ______.

A

carnitine

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20
Q

The acyl group is transferred from from COA to the hydroxyl group of carnitine, by catalyst _____ ___________, to form Acyl Carnitine

A

carnitine acyltransferase I CAT I

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21
Q

The acyl group is transferred from from COA to the hydroxyl group of carnitine, by catalyst carnitine acyltransferase I CAT I to form _____ ______.

A

Acyl Carnitine

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22
Q

Acyl carnitine is then shuttled across the inner mitochondrial membrane by a _______.

A

translocase

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23
Q

The acyl group is transferred back to CoA by catalyst, ______ __________ on the matrix side of the membrane.

A

carnitine acyltransferase II

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24
Q

Lastly, the translocase returns carnitine to the _______ side in exchange for an incoming acyl carnitine, allowing the process to continue.

A

cytoplasmic

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25
Q

In Stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, The goal of fatty acid degradation is to oxidize the fatty acids, ____ ______ at a time, to acetyl CoA and to gather the release of high energy electrons to power oxidative phosphrylation.

A

2-carbon atoms

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26
Q

In Stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, The fatty acid chain is shortened by two carbon atoms as a result of these reactions, and _____, _______, and _____ _____ are generated

A

FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA

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27
Q

Oxidation takes place at the B-carbon atom, this series of reactions is called the ________ _______

A

B-oxidation pathway

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28
Q

In stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, B oxidation of fatty acids yields how many ATP’s?

A

129 ATP

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29
Q

In stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, Activation of palmitate yields how many ATP’s?

A

-2 ATP

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30
Q

In stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, 8 Acetyl CoA yields how many ATP’s?

A

94 ATP

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31
Q

In stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, 7 FADH2 yields how many ATP’s?

A

14 ATP

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32
Q

In stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, 7 NADH yields how many ATP’s?

A

21 ATP

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33
Q

Lipid storage, phospholipids, and cholesterol are involved in

A

lipid synthesis

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34
Q

Phosphatidate, synthesized from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) produced in glycolysis and fatty acids, can be further processed to produce triacylglycerol or phospholipids. ______ and other membrane lipids are continually produced in all cells.

A

Phopholipids

35
Q

In lipid synthesis, triacylglycerol is synthesized from phosphatidate in ______ _______

A

two steps

36
Q

In Step one of TAG synthesis, The synthesis of triacylglycerol is completed by a ________ _______ complex that is bound to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

A

triacyglycerol synthetase

37
Q

Who is the precursor in Triacylglycerol synthesis?

A

phosphatidate

38
Q

In step two of TAG synthesis, Phosphatidate is hydrolyzed to form _________, which is then acylated to a triacylglycerol

A

diacylglycerol (DAG)

39
Q

In step two of TAG synthesis, Phosphatidate is hydrolyzed to form diacylglycerol (DAG), which is then acylated to a _________

A

triacylglycerol

40
Q

The liver is the primary site of ______ _______

A

triacylglycerol synthesis

41
Q

In Triacylglycerol synthesis, TAGs are transported to adipose tissue for _______

A

storage

42
Q

What is the precursor for Phospholipid synthesis?

A

phospholipids

43
Q

Where does phospholipid synthesis occur?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

Phospholipid synthesis requires the combination of ______ & ______

A

DAG & Alcohol

45
Q

Either DAG & alcohol has to be activated in

A

anabolic reactions

46
Q

Alcohol & phospholipid products converts inositol to _______

A

phosphatidylinositol

47
Q

Alcohol & phospholipid products converts ethanolamine to _______

A

phosphatidylethanolamine

48
Q

Alcohol & phospholipid products converts choline to _______

A

phosphatidylcholine

49
Q

The amino group of this phosphatidylethanolamine is methylated three times to form

A

phosphatidylcholine

50
Q

Serine + PA =

A

phosphatidylserine

51
Q

Ethanolamine + PA =

A

phosphatidylethanolamine

52
Q

Choline + PA =

A

phosphatidylethanoliamine

53
Q

Inositol + PA =

A

phosphatidylinositol

54
Q

Glycerol + PA =

A

phosphatidylglycerol

55
Q

Cholesterol synthesis occurs in the _____

A

liver

56
Q

Rate of synthesis regulated by cellular level of _______

A

cholesterol

57
Q

All ____ ______ atoms of cholesterol are derived from acetyl CoA in a three stage synthetic process.

A

27 carbon

58
Q

Stage one of cholesterol synthesis is the synthesis of ___________ CoA

A

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)

59
Q

Stage two of cholesterol synthesis, is the synthesis of ______, the committed step in cholesterol formation

A

mevalonate

60
Q

Stage three of Cholesterol synthesis, is the synthesis of _____

A

cholesterol

61
Q

The synthesis of HMG CoA from acetyl Coa is similar to ______ bodies production

A

ketone

62
Q

2 Acetyl CoA is converted to Acetoacetyl CoA by enzyme ______

A

Thiolase

63
Q

Acetoacetyl CoA is converted by enzyme, ______ _________, to 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA)

A

HMG-CoA synthase

64
Q

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) is the intermediate enzyme( the rate-limiting key regulating step) that is reduced to _______ for the synthesis of cholesterol

A

mevalonate

65
Q

In Amino Acid Degradation & Urea Cycle, a-keto acid + amino group = ______

A

amino acid

66
Q

In Amino Acid Degradation & Urea Cycle, amino acid - amino group = ______

A

a-keto acid

67
Q

What is the organ of AA degradation?

A

mainly liver

68
Q

Transamination is the transfer of amino group to a-ketoglutarate except for ____, _____, _____

A

Glu, Ser, Thr

69
Q

In aminotransferase, the amino acid is transformed to a-ketoacids, while a-ketoglutarate is transformed to ______

A

glutamate

70
Q

In aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase is transformed to ______, while a-ketoglutarate is transformed to glutamate

A

oxaloacetate

71
Q

In aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase is transformed to ______, while a-ketoglutarate is transformed to glutamate

A

pyruvate

72
Q

During amino group removal, the release of free ammonium ion from glutamate & regeneration of a-ketoglutarate, is done by the enzyme, ______ ______ (mitochondria)

A

glutamate dehydrogenase

73
Q

serine > pyruvate + NH4+ is known as ______ _______

A

serine dehydratase

74
Q

Threonine > a-ketobutyrate + NH4+ is known as ______ _______

A

threonine dehydratase

75
Q

NH4+ is converted to _____ in liver for excretion through kidney

A

urea

76
Q

The urea cycle begins in mitochondria with the coupling of free NH4+ and HCO3- to form _______ _______.

A

carbamoyl phosphate

77
Q

Carbomoyl phosphate is simple, but energy requiring that is composed of three steps, all catalyzed by _______ ________ ________

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

78
Q

The urea cycle, citric acid cycle, and the _______ of oxaloacetate are linked by fumarate and aspartate

A

transamination

79
Q

Fumarate > malate > _______

A

oxaloacetate

80
Q

Oxaloacetate in urea cycle is converted into glucose in

A

gluconeogenesis

81
Q

Oxaloacetate in urea cycle is converted into Asp in

A

transamination

82
Q

Amino acid precursors are intermediates of major ______

A

pathways

83
Q

Aspartate, Threonine, Glutamate, Serine, and Phenylalanine are Amino acids that give rise to other

A

amino acids

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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