Chapter 27, 29, 30, 31

Question 1

Fatty acids are stored as triaclyglycerols in _____ _______

Answer 1

adipose tissue

Question 2

In Fatty Acid Degradation, Triaclygylcerols are hydrolyzed by lipase’s in three steps to yield ______ ______ & _______

Answer 2

3 fatty acids & glycerol

Question 3

During Stage 1 of Fatty acid degradation, _____ of adipose triaclygylcerols occurs.

Answer 3

mobilization

Question 4

During what stage of Fatty acid degradation, are the products are glycerol & Fatty acids?

Answer 4

Stage 1

Question 5

In stage 1 the product glycerol can be absorbed by the ____, which can then convert it through glycolysis to pyruvate, or through gluconeogenesis to glucose.

Answer 5

liver

Question 6

In stage 1 the product fatty acids are carried by albumin used as fuel by many tissues through the process of the _____ _____ ______

Answer 6

Citric acid cycle

Question 7

In stage 1, glycerol and glycolytic intermediates are _________

Answer 7

interconvertible

Question 8

In stage 1, TAG in adipose tissue are mobilized and converted into free fatty acids in response to _____ ______

Answer 8

hormonal signals

Question 9

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, _______ and glucagon induce lipolysis.

Answer 9

epinephrine

Question 10

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, glycerol formed by lipolysis is phophorylated by catalyst, ________ ______, to Glycerol 3-phosphate

Answer 10

Glycerol Kinase

Question 11

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, glycerol formed by lipolysis is phophorylated by catalyst, Glycerol Kinase, to

Answer 11

Glycerol 3-phosphate

Question 12

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, Glycerol 3-phosphate is oxidized by catalyst, _____ _______ ________, to dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

Answer 12

Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 13

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, Glycerol 3-phosphate is oxidized by catalyst, Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, to _____.

Answer 13

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 14

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is ______ to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Answer 14

isomerized

Question 15

In Stage 1 of fatty acid degradation, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized to _________ ____________

Answer 15

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Question 16

In Stage 2 of fatty acid degradation, activation of fatty acid occurs with the product being fatty _____ ____

Answer 16

Fatty Acyl CoA

Question 17

In Stage 2 of fatty acid degradation, activation on the outer mitochondrial membrane, where it is catalyzed by _____ ___ ______

Answer 17

Acyl CoA Synthetase

Question 18

During Stage 2 of fatty acid degradation, activation takes place in two steps, which requires how much ATP?

Answer 18

2 ATP

Question 19

Fatty acid transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane is possible, but needs fatty acids to be linked to the alcohol ______.

Answer 19

carnitine

Question 20

The acyl group is transferred from from COA to the hydroxyl group of carnitine, by catalyst _____ ___________, to form Acyl Carnitine

Answer 20

carnitine acyltransferase I CAT I

Question 21

The acyl group is transferred from from COA to the hydroxyl group of carnitine, by catalyst carnitine acyltransferase I CAT I to form _____ ______.

Answer 21

Acyl Carnitine

Question 22

Acyl carnitine is then shuttled across the inner mitochondrial membrane by a _______.

Answer 22

translocase

Question 23

The acyl group is transferred back to CoA by catalyst, ______ __________ on the matrix side of the membrane.

Answer 23

carnitine acyltransferase II

Question 24

Lastly, the translocase returns carnitine to the _______ side in exchange for an incoming acyl carnitine, allowing the process to continue.

Answer 24

cytoplasmic

Question 25

In Stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, The goal of fatty acid degradation is to oxidize the fatty acids, ____ ______ at a time, to acetyl CoA and to gather the release of high energy electrons to power oxidative phosphrylation.

Answer 25

2-carbon atoms

Question 26

In Stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, The fatty acid chain is shortened by two carbon atoms as a result of these reactions, and _____, _______, and _____ _____ are generated

Answer 26

FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA

Question 27

Oxidation takes place at the B-carbon atom, this series of reactions is called the ________ _______

Answer 27

B-oxidation pathway

Question 28

In stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, B oxidation of fatty acids yields how many ATP's?

Answer 28

129 ATP

Question 29

In stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, Activation of palmitate yields how many ATP's?

Answer 29

-2 ATP

Question 30

In stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, 8 Acetyl CoA yields how many ATP's?

Answer 30

94 ATP

Question 31

In stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, 7 FADH2 yields how many ATP's?

Answer 31

14 ATP

Question 32

In stage 3 of Fatty Acid Degradation, 7 NADH yields how many ATP's?

Answer 32

21 ATP

Question 33

Lipid storage, phospholipids, and cholesterol are involved in

Answer 33

lipid synthesis

Question 34

Phosphatidate, synthesized from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) produced in glycolysis and fatty acids, can be further processed to produce triacylglycerol or phospholipids. ______ and other membrane lipids are continually produced in all cells.

Answer 34

Phopholipids

Question 35

In lipid synthesis, triacylglycerol is synthesized from phosphatidate in ______ _______

Answer 35

two steps

Question 36

In Step one of TAG synthesis, The synthesis of triacylglycerol is completed by a ________ _______ complex that is bound to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Answer 36

triacyglycerol synthetase

Question 37

Who is the precursor in Triacylglycerol synthesis?

Answer 37

phosphatidate

Question 38

In step two of TAG synthesis, Phosphatidate is hydrolyzed to form _________, which is then acylated to a triacylglycerol

Answer 38

diacylglycerol (DAG)

Question 39

In step two of TAG synthesis, Phosphatidate is hydrolyzed to form diacylglycerol (DAG), which is then acylated to a _________

Answer 39

triacylglycerol

Question 40

The liver is the primary site of ______ _______

Answer 40

triacylglycerol synthesis

Question 41

In Triacylglycerol synthesis, TAGs are transported to adipose tissue for _______

Answer 41

storage

Question 42

What is the precursor for Phospholipid synthesis?

Answer 42

phospholipids

Question 43

Where does phospholipid synthesis occur?

Answer 43

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 44

Phospholipid synthesis requires the combination of ______ & ______

Answer 44

DAG & Alcohol

Question 45

Either DAG & alcohol has to be activated in

Answer 45

anabolic reactions

Question 46

Alcohol & phospholipid products converts inositol to _______

Answer 46

phosphatidylinositol

Question 47

Alcohol & phospholipid products converts ethanolamine to _______

Answer 47

phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 48

Alcohol & phospholipid products converts choline to _______

Answer 48

phosphatidylcholine

Question 49

The amino group of this phosphatidylethanolamine is methylated three times to form

Answer 49

phosphatidylcholine

Question 50

Serine + PA =

Answer 50

phosphatidylserine

Question 51

Ethanolamine + PA =

Answer 51

phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 52

Choline + PA =

Answer 52

phosphatidylethanoliamine

Question 53

Inositol + PA =

Answer 53

phosphatidylinositol

Question 54

Glycerol + PA =

Answer 54

phosphatidylglycerol

Question 55

Cholesterol synthesis occurs in the _____

Answer 55

liver

Question 56

Rate of synthesis regulated by cellular level of _______

Answer 56

cholesterol

Question 57

All ____ ______ atoms of cholesterol are derived from acetyl CoA in a three stage synthetic process.

Answer 57

27 carbon

Question 58

Stage one of cholesterol synthesis is the synthesis of ___________ CoA

Answer 58

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)

Question 59

Stage two of cholesterol synthesis, is the synthesis of ______, the committed step in cholesterol formation

Answer 59

mevalonate

Question 60

Stage three of Cholesterol synthesis, is the synthesis of _____

Answer 60

cholesterol

Question 61

The synthesis of HMG CoA from acetyl Coa is similar to ______ bodies production

Answer 61

ketone

Question 62

2 Acetyl CoA is converted to Acetoacetyl CoA by enzyme ______

Answer 62

Thiolase

Question 63

Acetoacetyl CoA is converted by enzyme, ______ _________, to 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA)

Answer 63

HMG-CoA synthase

Question 64

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) is the intermediate enzyme( the rate-limiting key regulating step) that is reduced to _______ for the synthesis of cholesterol

Answer 64

mevalonate

Question 65

In Amino Acid Degradation & Urea Cycle, a-keto acid + amino group = ______

Answer 65

amino acid

Question 66

In Amino Acid Degradation & Urea Cycle, amino acid - amino group = ______

Answer 66

a-keto acid

Question 67

What is the organ of AA degradation?

Answer 67

mainly liver

Question 68

Transamination is the transfer of amino group to a-ketoglutarate except for ____, _____, _____

Answer 68

Glu, Ser, Thr

Question 69

In aminotransferase, the amino acid is transformed to a-ketoacids, while a-ketoglutarate is transformed to ______

Answer 69

glutamate

Question 70

In aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase is transformed to ______, while a-ketoglutarate is transformed to glutamate

Answer 70

oxaloacetate

Question 71

In aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase is transformed to ______, while a-ketoglutarate is transformed to glutamate

Answer 71

pyruvate

Question 72

During amino group removal, the release of free ammonium ion from glutamate & regeneration of a-ketoglutarate, is done by the enzyme, ______ ______ (mitochondria)

Answer 72

glutamate dehydrogenase

Question 73

serine > pyruvate + NH4+ is known as ______ _______

Answer 73

serine dehydratase

Question 74

Threonine > a-ketobutyrate + NH4+ is known as ______ _______

Answer 74

threonine dehydratase

Question 75

NH4+ is converted to _____ in liver for excretion through kidney

Answer 75

urea

Question 76

The urea cycle begins in mitochondria with the coupling of free NH4+ and HCO3- to form _______ _______.

Answer 76

carbamoyl phosphate

Question 77

Carbomoyl phosphate is simple, but energy requiring that is composed of three steps, all catalyzed by _______ ________ ________

Answer 77

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

Question 78

The urea cycle, citric acid cycle, and the _______ of oxaloacetate are linked by fumarate and aspartate

Answer 78

transamination

Question 79

Fumarate > malate > _______

Answer 79

oxaloacetate

Question 80

Oxaloacetate in urea cycle is converted into glucose in

Answer 80

gluconeogenesis

Question 81

Oxaloacetate in urea cycle is converted into Asp in

Answer 81

transamination

Question 82

Amino acid precursors are intermediates of major ______

Answer 82

pathways

Question 83

Aspartate, Threonine, Glutamate, Serine, and Phenylalanine are Amino acids that give rise to other

Answer 83

amino acids