Chapter 13, 14

Question 1

In signal transduction, what perceives the signal?

Answer 1

Receptor

Question 2

In signal transduction, what relays the signal?

Answer 2

Transducer

Question 3

In signal transduction, what converts signal into an intracellular response?

Answer 3

Effector

Question 4

Generation of energy to drive vital functions and synthesis of biological molecules are two purposes of ______

Answer 4

Metabolism

Question 5

What exegetic effect uses oxidative degradation of complex nutrient molecules from food or from reserves and release energy as ATP?

Answer 5

Catabolism

Question 6

What endergonic effect uses the biosynthesis process of proteins, nucleic acid, polysaccharides and lipids to assemble from simpler precursors, and is fueled by ATP from Catabolism?

Answer 6

Anabolism

Question 7

What stage is the breakdown of large molecule macronutrients into their building blocks?

Answer 7

Stage 1

Question 8

What stage furthers degradation of stage 1 products that play a central role in metabolism?

Answer 8

Stage 2

Question 9

What stage completes oxidation (Combustion) of acetyl CoA?

Answer 9

Stage 3

Question 10

In stage one proteins are hydrolyzed to 20 _______

Answer 10

amino acids

Question 11

In stage one polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into shorter carbohydrate unit/simple sugars such as _______

Answer 11

glucose

Question 12

In stage one ______ are hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 12

Lipids

Question 13

stage 1 products are broken down into >________ of stage 2

Answer 13

acetyl CoA

Question 14

small amounts of _____ is produced in stage 2

Answer 14

ATP

Question 15

Stage three consists of citric acid (TCA) cycle & ________ phosphorylation

Answer 15

oxidative

Question 16

CO2 & H20 is the ultimate ______ of aerobic catabolism

Answer 16

waste

Question 17

In what stage is most ATP produced?

Answer 17

Stage 3

Question 18

Enzymatic breakdown of macronutrients into their building blocks for absorption
(monosaccharides, amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides, and _____)

Answer 18

micelles

Question 19

Pepsinogen is ______

Answer 19

inactive

Question 20

pepsin is ______

Answer 20

active

Question 21

What stage is strictly a preparation stage with no useful energy captured during?

Answer 21

stage one

Question 22

During stage 2, sugars, fatty acids, glycerol, and several amino acids are converted into _______

Answer 22

Acetyl CoA

Question 23

What is the activated two-carbon unit that is the fuel for the final stages of aerobic metabolism?

Answer 23

Acetyl CoA

Question 24

Acetyl CoA brings the breakdown products of proteins, sugars, and fats into the Citrtic acid cycle (TCA) where they are completely oxidized to _____

Answer 24

CO2

Question 25

which enzymes break the peptide bonds between amino acids by the addition of a molecule of water?

Answer 25

Proteases

Question 26

In the stomach the enzyme pepsin is optimal with Hcl in pH of 1-2 breaks down protein to produce

Answer 26

oligopeptides

Question 27

In the mouth the teeth, tongue, and saliva homogenize the food and the salivary enzyme, _____, starts digestion of carbohydrates.

Answer 27

amylase

Question 28

From the stomach the partially digested olio peptides and other macronutrients are brought to the _______

Answer 28

small intestine

Question 29

The low pH of the food stimulates the cells of the small intestine to release the hormone ______ to the pancreas

Answer 29

Secretin

Question 30

Secretin stimulates the release of NaHCO3 aka ________, by the pancreas, which neutralizes the food pH

Answer 30

bicarbonate

Question 31

The polypedtide products of pepsin digestion also stimulate the release of the hormone CCK aka ______ to the pancreas and gallbladder

Answer 31

cholecystokinin

Question 32

The ______ responds to CCK by releasing a host of digestive enzymes into the intestine where the digestion of protein, lipids, and carbohydrates begin.

Answer 32

pancreas

Question 33

The pancreas releases lipase's, protease, and _____

Answer 33

amylases

Question 34

During protein digestion, which enzyme is secreted by the epithelial cells of the small intestine?

Answer 34

enteropeptidase

Question 35

Enteropeptidase activates what pancreatic zymogen?

Answer 35

Trypsinogen

Question 36

Trypsinogen forms ______, which in turn activates the remaining pancreatic zymogens

Answer 36

trypsin

Question 37

Products of pancreatic proteases are oligopeptides and _____

Answer 37

amino acids

Question 38

Trypsinogen, proelastase, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and prolipase are the ______ in protein digestion

Answer 38

zymogens

Question 39

Enteropeptidase, trypsin, elastase, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and lipase are all _____ ______ in protein digestion

Answer 39

active enzymes

Question 40

Peptisase enzymes cleave oligopeptides into the amino acids ______ and ________

Answer 40

dipeptides and tripeptides.

Question 41

AA's, Dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed into intestinal cells via transporters and are further digested by peptidase and released as AA into the ______ for use by other tissues

Answer 41

blood

Question 42

Complex carbohydrates known as branched homopolymer of glucose, is digested by ________

Answer 42

a-amylase

Question 43

a-amylase clease the _______ bonds of starch but not the a-1,6 bonds

Answer 43

a-1,4 bonds

Question 44

Is a-limit dextrin digestible by a-amylase?

Answer 44

No, because of the a-1,6 bond

Question 45

Maltotriose (tri), maltose (di), and limit dextrin are products of

Answer 45

carbohydrate digestion

Question 46

The absorbed and final form of carbohydrate digestion is glucose, a __________

Answer 46

monsaccharide