Chapter 14, 15 Flashcards
1
Q
What digestion is absorbed from amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides?
A
Protein digestion
2
Q
During protein digestion the pancreas releases inactive enzymes known as
A
zymogens
3
Q
In what organ does the activation of pancreatic zymogens occur?
A
small intestine
4
Q
Oligopeptides and amino acids are ______ of pancreatic proteases
A
products
5
Q
in carbohydrate digestio the source is from ______
A
complex carbohydrates
6
Q
monosaccharides are the absorbed form in
A
carbohydrate digestions
7
Q
sucrose is broken down by pancreatic enzyme, sucrase, to form ______ & _______
A
fructose & glucose
8
Q
Lactose is broken down by pancreatic enzyme, lactase, to form _______ & ________
A
galactose and glucose
9
Q
Maltose is broken down by pancreatic enzyme, maltase, to form _______ & ________
A
glucose & Glucose
10
Q
In lipid digestion, the source is _____ ______, that is absorbed form the micelle packaging
A
lipid complex
11
Q
in lipid digestion, the ____ converts lipids to a emulsion.
A
stomach
12
Q
In lipid digestion, in what organ does bile salts enhance emulsification for lipase action.
A
Small intestine
13
Q
What is a globular structure formed by lipids and Biles salts in aqueous solutions?
A
micelle
14
Q
What has a polar outside(contact w/water) and non polar inside?
A
Micelle
15
Q
In the intestine, TAG is resynthesizes and packaged as (lipoprotein)________ for circulation in lymphatic system
A
chylomicron
16
Q
What is a linked series of chemical reactions that begins with a particular biomolecule and converts it into some other biomolecule in a carefully defined fashion?
A
metabolism
17
Q
Muscular Contraction, Biosynthesis Anabolism, and Active transport are
A
energy-requiring processes
18
Q
Energy produced in catabolism is used to provide energy for
A
anabolism
19
Q
An endergonic reaction can be coupled with an
A
exergonic reaction
20
Q
Energy releasing catabolism provides for
- Muscular contraction (mechanical work)
- Biosythesis Anabolism (chemical work)
- _____________________________
A
Active Transport (osmotic work)
21
Q
Oxidation of ____ fuels and powers the formation of ATP
A
Carbon
22
Q
ATP generation, in which the carbon in macronutrients is oxidized to CO2 and CO2 production releases energy to regenerate ATP from ADP + Pi is the main purpose of
A
catabolism
23
Q
Compounds/metabolic intermediate with higher phosphoryl transfer potential can ________ ADP to regenerate ATP
A
phosphoroylate
24
Q
NADP > NADPH are activated carries of electrons for
A
biosynthesis
25
NAD+ > NADH,
FAD > FADH2,
FMN > FMNH2
are activated carries of electrons for fuel of _____
oxidation
26
activated carriers are ______
coenzymes
27
Activated carriers for 2-carbon fragments has a high acetyl-group transfer potential because of
Acetyl CoA
28
Metabolic pathways are highly regulated through
1. Amount of enzymes
2. Catalytic activities
3. _______________
Accessibility of substrates
29
During the fasting period, synthesis of biosynthesis/storage enzymes is relatively much lower than synthesis of fuel oxidation/breakdown of enzymes is known as the _______
amount of enzymes
30
Reversible allosteric control by feedback inhibition and reversible covalent modification by hormones is
catalytic control
31
Compartmentilization segregates opposed reaction especially when FA oxidation is in mitochondria, FA synthesis is in cytoplasm
Flux of substrates between compartments is the
Accessibility of substrates
32
The pathway by which glucose is degraded into 2 units of pyruvate is _______
glycolysis
33
During stage 1 The starting Glucose will eventually end up being
Fructose 1, 6-bisphophate
34
In stage one there are 3 steps: Phosphorylation , Isomerization , and ________
Phosphorylation
35
In stage one of glycolysis, the purpose is to trap Glucose in the cell & to prepare ____________
Glucose for stage 2
36
In stage 2 of glycolysis, the Cleaveage of Fructose 1, 6-bisphohate leaves 6-c biphosphate sugar which turns into ______
2 phosphorylated 3-C units
37
In stage 3 of glycolysis, this is the ________ phase, in which oxidation of the 3-C untwist turn into pyruvate
ATP production
38
What is a mixture of of lipid droplets & water?
emulsion
39
Triacyglycerols (TAG) are readily digested into final products of monoacylglycerol (MAG) and ______(FFA's)
Free Fatty acids.
40
In the principles of metabolism, fuel production & synthesis processes are constructed step by step in a series of linked reactions, called _____ _______
metabolic pathways
41
In the principles of metabolism, _____ links energy-releasing pathways with energy-requiring pathways
ATP
42
In the principles of metabolism, ______ of carbon fuels powers the formation of ATP
Oxidation
43
In principles of metabolism, pathways have things in common: reaction types & ________
intermediates
44
In the principles of metabolism, metabolic pathways are highly _______
regulated
45
Reactions that transform fuels into cellular energy are called
catabolism
46
Those reactions that require energy such as synthesis of glucose, fats, or DNA are
anabolism
47
Although biosynthetic and degradative pathways often have reactions in common, the regulated, nonreversible reactions of each pathway are almost always _____ from each other
distinct
48
ATP is an energy-rich molecule because its triphosphate unit contains ____ phospoanhydride bonds.
two
49
Phosphanhyrdride bonds are formed between two phosphoric groups accompanied by the loss of a molecule of _____
water
50
A large amount of free energy is liberated when ATP is hydrolyzed to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and _________ (Pi)
orthophosphate
51
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), Creatine Phosphte, and 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) have a higher ________ potential that ATP
phosphoryl-transfer
52
Compounds/metabolic intermediates with higher phosphate transfer potential can phosphorylate ADP to _______ _____
regenerate ATP
53
In ATP regeneration, carbon in macronutrients is oxidized to _____ and CO2 production releases energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and Pi
Co2
54
FA oxidation is in the ________, while FA synthesis is in the _________.
mitochondria,
| cytoplasm
55
Glucose is phosphorylated by ATP and catalyzed by ______ to form Glucose 6-phosphate.
hexokinase
56
glucose > glucose 6 -phosphate is
phosphorylation
57
Glucose 6-phosphate > fructose 6 phosphate is
isomerization
58
Fructose 6-phosphate > Fructose 1, 6-bisphophate
phosphorylation
59
Glucose 6-phosphate is isomerized to Fructose 6-Phosphate by _______ isomerase
phosphoglucose
60
The step isomerization, converts an aldose into a ______
ketose
61
Fructose 6-Phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to _____________
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
62
Fructose 6-phosphate is catalyzed by _____(PFK) to create Fructose 1,6-biphosphate, an irreversible reaction.
phosphofructokinase
63
What is the allosteric enzyme of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase
64
Fru6P > Fru 1,6-BP involves the __ ____ consumed in glycolysis
2nd ATP
65
The second stage of glycolysis begins with the splitting of fructose 1, 6-biphosphate into two trios phosphates:
1. ______________(GAP)
2. _____________(DHAP)
1. glyceraldehyde (GAP)
| 2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
66
The readily reversible reaction of splitting Fru 1,6-BP is catalyzed by _________ into GAP & DHAP
aldolase
67
GAP is on the direct pathway of _______, however DHAP is not
glycolysis
68
GAP and DHAP can be easily interconverted. In this case the isomerization of these three-carbon phosphorylated sugars is catalyzed by _________(TPI)
Triose phosphate isomerase
69
At equilibrium in the GAP & DHAP reaction, ____% of the trios phosphate is dihydroxyacetone phosphate
96%
70
The conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into __________(1,3 BPG), that has a high phosphoryl transfer potential
1, 3-biphosphoglycerate
71
GAP is converted to 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate as an oxidation-reduction reaction catalyzed by _________________
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
72
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate is an energy-rich molecule with a greater phosphoryl-transfer potential than that of _____. Therefore it is used to assist ADP and othophosphate to make ATP
ATP
73
1,3 -BPG is converted into __________,
| producing the 1st ATP in glycolysis
3-phosphoglycerate
74
1,3-BPG is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by the catalyst ______________
phosphoglycerate Kinase
75
STAGE 3 X 2:
| 2 GAP per glucose > 2 1,3-BPG =
2 ATP
76
_____, has a high phosphate transfer potential and the transfer phosphoryl group from PEP to ADP yields ATP
PEP
| phosphoenolpyruvate
77
3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate by catalyst, __________
phosphoglycerate mutase
78
2-phosphoglycerate is dehydrated and converts to _______(PEP)
phospheonolpyruvate
79
2-phophoglycerate is dehydrated to become PEP by catalyst, _____
Enolase
80
The phosphoric group traps the molecule in its unstable enol form, is the reason PEP has such a high _________
phosphoryl transfer potential
81
Phospheonolpyruvate is converted to ______
Pyruvate
82
Phospheonolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate by the catalyst _______, producing the 2nd ATP of glycolysis
Pyruvate kinase
83
During GAP, NAD+ has to be reduced to NADH for glycolysis to continue, consequently, NAD+ must be regenerated for glycolysis to proceed. So the final process in the pathway is the regeneration of NAD+ through the _______ of _____
metabolism of pyruvate
84
What is the fermentation of pyruvate?
oxidation of NADH to NAD+
85
Pyruvate can either go to ______, _______, or _______
Ethanol, Lactate, Acetyl CoA
86
Pyruvate is decarboxylated by catalyst _______ to Actetaldehyde. Lastly Actetaldehyde is reduced to Ethanol by NADH(>NAD+) by catalyst _____.
Pyruvate decarboxylase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
87
Pyruvate accepts the electrons of NADH > NAD+ to form lactate in a reaction catalyzed by ________
Lactate dehydrogenase
88
Ethanol and Lactate are _______
Anaerobic
89
Acetyl CoA is ______
aerobic
90
Pyruvate forms ______ and follows with further oxidation
Acetyl CoA
91
Fructose enters the glycolytic pathway in two ways 1. in the adipose tissue of fructose 6-Phosphate and 2. through the liver by _________
Fructose 1-phosphate
92
Galactose enters the glycolytic pathway by _______
glucose 6-phosphate
93
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors is _________
gluconeogenesis
94
pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids are________
precursors
95
The major site of gluconeogenesis is the ______, and a small amount also takes place in the kidney
liver
96
When does gluconeogenesis occur?
prolonged fasting or starvation
97
Our bodies need glucose when we have a decreased carb intake and decreased blood glucose. The brain, CNS, and RBC are dependent on glucose. When it is low,
gluconeogenesis occurs
98
Gluconeogenesis is pyruvate > ______
Glucose
99
What is formed by active skeletal muscle through lactic acid fermentation when the rate of glycolysis exceeds the rate at which muscle can process pyruvate aerobically?
Lactate
100
During gluconeogenesis Lactate is readily converted into pyruvate then to glucose in the liver by the action of ______ ________. Glucose is then returned to the muscle by glycolysis
Lactate dehydrogenase
101
Gluconeogenesis is ______ a complete reversal of glycolysis.
NOT
102
Amino acid come from dietary protein if there is no dietary carbs, known as ______
Fed-State
103
Amino acids are taken from muscle protein during ______
starvation
104
Amino acid glyconeogenesis entry is pyruvate or _______
oxaloacetate
105
The hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in fat cells yields______ and 3 free fatty acids.
glycerol
106
Glycerol can be metabolized by glycolosis and converted into glucose by gluconeogenesis. They may enget the gluconeogenic or the glycolytic pathway at _____________
dihydroxyactetone phosphate
107
Step one of gluconeogenesis:
| Pyruvate > __________(OAA) > PEP
oxaloacetate
108
pyrucate converts to oxaloacetate by enzyme pyruvate carboxylase and coenzyme ______
biotin
109
Transfer of OAA from mitochondria to cytoplasm by and finishing with ________
malate
110
Step two of gluconeogenesis:
| Fructose 1, 6-biphosphate> Fructose 6-phosphate by catalyst ____________
fructose 1, 6-Biphosphate
111
Step three of gluconeogenesis:
| Glucose 6-phosphate > glucose by catalyst _______
glucose 6-phosphate
112
OAA to malate(in mitochondria) is _______. While NADH is oxidized to NAD+
reduction
113
malate to OAA (out in cytoplasm) is ______. While NAD+ is reduced to NADH
oxidation
114
Oxaloacetate converts to PEP by catalyst ___________ and coenzymes decarboxylation and phosporlyation
phospheonolpyruvate carboxykinase
115
What is an ER membrane bound enzyme?
Glucose 6-phosphatase
116
The irreversible conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA is the link between glycolysis and the __________
citric acid cycle
117
Pyruvate > Acetyl CoA takes place in the ______
mitochondria
118
E1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
E2. Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
E3. Dihydrolipoply dehydrogenase are the three enzymes of the ____________
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
119
TPP, Lipoic acid(lipoamide), and FAD are the 3 ________________ of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
catalytic coenzymes
120
CoA and NAD+ are the two ________________ of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
stoichiometric coenzymes
121
1. Decarboxylation
2. Oxidation
3. Transfer to CoA
are the three steps of
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
122
During decarboxylation, E1 enzyme - _________ ________ with help of coenzyme TPP provides and exergonc energy for formation of NADH and Acetyl CoA while yielding acyl-TPP
pyruvate dehydrogenase
123
During oxidation, E1 enzyme - pyruvate dehydrogenase with the help of coenzyme _______, oxidized OH-ethyl and simultaneously attaches to lipoamide and is reduced to acetyllipoamide.
Lipoamide
124
During formation of Acetyl CoA, E2 enzyme dihydrolipoyl transacetylase with help of coenzyme CoA, transfers the acetyl group from acetyllipoamide to CoA. Acetyl Coa carries energy-rich thirster bond from ______ to fuel TCA Cycle
CoA-SH
125
The regeneration of -S-S- in lipoamide involves the E3 enzyme dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase and coenzymes ______ & _____
FAD and NAD+
126
E1 enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase component has 24 chains and uses coenzymes _____&______ to oxidize decarboxylation of pyruvate
TPP and Lipoamide
127
E2 enzyme, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase has 24 chains and uses coenzyme CoA to transfer acetyl group to ____
CoA
128
E3 enzyme, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase has 12 chains and uses _____ & ______ to regenerate the oxized form lipoamide
FAD & NAD+
