Chapter 1,2,3,4,6, & 7 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 major classes of biomolecules?
A
- Protein
- Nucleic Acid
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
2
Q
What amino acid is most versatile of the biomolecules and is constructed from 20 amino acid building blocks?
A
Protein
3
Q
What biomolecule signals molecules, receptors, structural roles, mobility, immune system, and enzyme?
A
Protein
4
Q
______ are the information molecules of the cell.
A
Nucleic Acid
5
Q
What biomolecule’s function is to store and transfer information and is constructed from 4 nucleotides?
A
Nucleic Acids
6
Q
Nucleic Acid is formed by either ______, Deoxyribonucleic acid, or ______, Ribonucleic acid.
A
DNA, RNA
7
Q
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine makes up
A
DNA
8
Q
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil makes up
A
RNA
9
Q
Which biomolecule is much smaller than proteins or nucleic acid and is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
A
Lipids
10
Q
Lipids function as cell membranes and ________
A
Energy storage
11
Q
_________ fuels and informs molecules
A
carbohydrates
12
Q
The most common fuel source of carbohydrates is ______, which stores as glycogen or starch(from plants)
A
Glucose
13
Q
Information flows from DNA to RNA, then to ______
A
Protein
14
Q
Copying genome to the newly formed daughter cells is _______
A
DNA replication
15
Q
DNA is transcribed into RNA, know as _____-
A
DNA Transcription
16
Q
Deciphering RNA info into protein is ______
A
DNA translation
17
Q
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic are the two basic types of ______
A
cells
18
Q
_______ consists of membrane-enclosed compartments (organelles)
A
Eukaryotic
19
Q
Cell with no organelles is _____
A
Prokaryotic
20
Q
What is the largest organelle and the information center of the cell?
A
Nucleus
21
Q
The background substance of the cell, the material that is surrounded by the plasma membrane is the ______
A
Cytoplasm
22
Q
Genomic information is selectively expressed at the proper time and in the proper amount in the ____
A
nucleus
23
Q
What separates the inside of the cell from the outside and one cell from another?
A
Plasma membrane
24
Q
In the plasma membrane the lipid bilayer is what?
A
Impermeable
25
Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are 3 protein fibers located in the ______
Cytoplasm
26
What membrane of the mitochondria is the cytoplasm side?
Outer membrane
27
What membrane of the mitochondria is the matrix of the mitochondrion?
Inner membrane
28
In the mitochondria, the space between 2 membranes is the ______
Inner-Membrane space
29
What produces 90% of ATP for cell energy?
Mitochondria
30
CO, and CN- are two ________ that bind to enzyme for ATP production and shuts down mitochondria
Deadly Poisons
31
Endoplasmic reticulum consists of two sacs, the ______ endoplasmic reticulum and the ______ endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth SER, Rough RER
32
What ER synthesizes lipids, steroids, and lipoprotein and is involved in drug detoxification?
SER
33
What ER have ribosomes attached to cytoplasmic side where protein synthesis occurs?
RER
34
What organelle consists of 4-8 membrane enclosed, flattened cistern, stacked parallel?
Golgi complex
35
What works closely with ER for trafficking and sorting?
Golgi complex
36
What is another name for Secretory granule?
Zymogen granule
37
What is formed when a vesicle is filled with the proteins destined for secretion buds off the golgi complex?
Secretory granule
38
When signal is received, the secretory granule fuses with plasma membrane & unload its content (new protein) into extracellular environment is _______
Exocytosis
39
Plasma membranes bud off to form a ______ that bring in material from outside the cell
Endosome
40
When large amounts of material is taken into the cell, it is done by the process of _______
phagocytosis
41
The cell's digestive systems are known as ______
lysosomes
42
What digests damaged, intracellular organelles?
Lysosomes
43
Amino acids form 2 mirror-images of L & D amino acids, but which amino acids build proteins?
L amino acids
44
Amino groups are _______ (NH3+)
while
Carboxyl groups are ________ (COO-)
protonated
| deprotonated
45
Gly
Glycine
46
Ala
Alanine
47
Val
Valine
48
Leu
Leucine
49
Ile
Isoleucine
50
Met
Methionine
51
Pro
Proline
52
Phe
Phenylalanine
53
Trp
Tryptophan
54
Ser
Serine
55
Threonine
The
56
Tyr
Tyrosine
57
Cys
Cysteine
58
Asn
Asparagine
59
Gln
Glutamine
60
Lys
Lysine
61
Arg
Arginine
62
His
Histidine
63
Asp
Aspartate,
64
Glu
Glutamate
65
Tyr, Cys, Arg, Lys, His, Asp, and Glu are the 7
ionizable AA
66
Protein deficiency malnutrition resulting in Edema, and distended abdomen is
Kwashiorkor
67
Calories and energy deficiency resulting in emaciated is
Marasmus
68
Essential Amino Acids
```
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Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanin
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
```
69
Enzymes are powerful catalysts that greatly accelerate _____
reactions
70
Enzymes are ________
Highly specific
71
Coenzymes and metals are 2 groups of _______ that help enzymes
cofactors
72
Nonprotein helper of enzyme is ______
Prosthetic groups
73
1.Oxidoreductase
2. Transferases
3. Hydrolases
4. Lysases
5. Isomerases
6. Ligases
are the 6 major classes of _____
Enzymes
74
Proteins synthesized on RER > are transported to lumen of ER for translation > which folds into 3-D structure (assisted by chaperones) > that are attached to regions of RER that lack ribosomes > These regions are then separated from RER as ____ ______ to secrete new protein away from cell
transport vesicles
75
pH below 2 is ____
protonated
76
pH above 9 is ____
deprotonated
77
Simply long polymers of amino acids that are polypeptide chains (one straight chain) are ______ Protein structures
Primary
78
3D structure resulted from H bondings between NH & CO of polypeptide chains are _______ Protein structures
Secondary
79
3D structure when R groups of AAs in a polypeptide chain bond with one another is ________ Protein structure
Tertiary
80
3D structure when more than 1 polypeptide chain interacts with each other is _______ protein structure
quaternary
81
Each AA in the polymer is known as a ______
residue
82
Amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal are two types of ______
residues
83
in a peptide chain, the sequence is read from amino-terminal residue, a concept known as _____
Directionality
84
In a polypeptide chain the carbonyl group (c=o) is a H-bond ______
acceptor
85
In a polypeptide chain the amino group (N-H) is a H-bond ______
Donor
86
AA sequence determines the 3D structure of protein, which is of ____
importance
87
In what structure are the H bonds between peptide NH & CO of AAs often near one another in the linear sequence or primary structure?
Secondary structure
88
In the secondary structure's ________ the CO of each residue forms H bond with NH of residue located 4 residues ahead
a Helix
89
The secondary structure's a Helix, is tightly coiled backbone with R groups extended outward in helical array. Also all CO and NH of backbone are H-bonded except at ____ of helix
ends
90
All a Helices in protein are _______
right-handed
91
Secondary Structure B pleated sheets are composed of at least _____ polypeptide chains, that are fully extended and not coiled
2
92
In secondary structure B pleated sheets, adjacent B strands are linked by _______
H bonds
93
B sheets can be all parallel, all _______, or mixed
antiparallel
94
2 helices, cross-linked by weak interactions and disulfide bonds by adjacent cysteine residues are ________ fibrous proteins
a-Keratin
95
3 helices, Gly at every 3rd residue, most common sequences in the helix is Gly-Pro-Pro, is known as _____ fibrous proteins
Collagen
96
what tertiary structure is described by O2 binding protein in heart & muscle that is a compact molecule and contains heme & Fe?
Myoglobin
97
Myobglobin's inside has non polar residues while its outsides have non polar and mostly ______ residues
polar
98
a Helix separated from another a Helix is known as _____ motifs
Helix-turn-helix
99
A polypeptide chain folded into 2 or more compact regions, connected by a flexible segments of polypeptide chain, rather like pearls on a string is known as _______ Motifs
Domain
100
A supersecondary structure is a division of secondary structure and also referred to as ______
motif
101
Arrangement of subunits and the nature of their interactions are known as ______
Quaternary structure
102
Each polypeptide chain that builds a particular complete protein structure is a ______
Subunit
103
```
Glycine,
Alanine,
Valine,
Leucine,
Isoleucine,
Methionine,
Proline,
Phenylalanine,
and Tryptophan are all _____
```
Hydrophobic AA's with non polar R group
104
Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Cysteine, Asparagine, and Glutamine are all _______
Polar AA's whose side chains contain an electronegative atom
105
Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine are all ______
Hydrophilic Positively charged AA's
106
Aspartate and Glutamat are both ______
Negatively charged AA's with acidic side chains
107
Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, and Valine are all ______
Essential AA's
108
Apoenzymes are enzymes with a _______
- cofactor
109
Holoenzymes are enzymes with a _______
+ cofactor
110
What enzyme cleaves molecules by addition of water?
Hydrolases
111
What enzyme joins 2 molecules at the expense of ATP hydrolysis?
Ligases
112
What enzyme moves functional groups within a molecule?
Isomerases
113
What enzyme adds or removes atoms and functional groups to a double bond?
Lyases
114
What enzyme transfers functional groups between molecules?
Transferases
115
What enzyme transfers electrons between molecules and catalyzes oxidation-reduction reaction?
Oxidoreductase
116
The difference between product and reactant is _____
free energy
117
Exergonic and spontaneous free energy is ____
Negative
118
Endergonic and non spontaneous free energy is _____
Positive
119
ΔG
Free Energy
120
Free energy difference between substrate and transition state is _____
Activation Energy
121
What energy is required to initiate the reaction?
Free energy
122
Number of moles of product formed per second varies with substrate concentration, when enzyme concentration is constant is _____-
V 0 rate of catalysis
123
Substrate concentration at 1/2 of Vmax is the ____
Km
124
Michaelis Constant is also referred to as _____
Km
125
Velocity when all enzyme is bond to substrate is _____
Vmax
126
^T equals _____
^ Activity
127
Resembles substrate, binds to active site(EI), prevents substrate to bind to the same active site (ES) is ____ inhibitor
Competitive
128
What inhibitor binds only to enzyme - substrate complex (ES)?
(think women who only dates married men)
Uncompetitive inhibitor
129
When inhibitor and substrate bind simultaneously at different sites this is the _______ inhibitor
Noncompetitive
130
Effects of inhibitors on a plot of Vo versus S
| Km Vmax is ____ inhibitor
no inhibitor
131
Effects of inhibitors on a plot of Vo versus S
| ^Km same Vmax is ____inhibitor
Competitive inhibitor
132
Effects of inhibitors on a plot of Vo versus S
| same Km v Vmax is ____ inhibitor
Noncompetitive inhibitor
133
Effects of inhibitors on a plot of Vo versus S
| v Km v Vmax is ____ inhibitor
Uncompetitive inhibitor
134
What inhibitor is tightly bound to enzyme (convalently or noncovalently)?
Irreversible inhibitor
135
```
Group-specific reagents,
affinitly labels
suicide inhibitors
and transition state analogs
make up
```
Irreversible inhibitor
136
Structurally similar to substrate and convalently modify active-site residue are _____
affinity labels
137
Mechanism-based inhibitors that chemically modify substrates are _______
suicide inhibitors
138
________ change functional group of enzyme
group specific reagents
139
Enzymes that regulate the flux of biochemicals through metabolic pathways are _______ enzymes
allosteric enzymes
140
What enzyme
1. regulates catalytic activity by environmental signals
2. Has more complex kinetics than Michaelis-Menten principles
3. Has quaternary structure with multiple active sites
allosteric
141
all of the subunits/active sites must be in the same state is _______
symmetry rule
142
Substrate binds more readily to the ____ form than to the T form
R
143
Binding of substrate disrupts that T<>r equilibrium in favor of R is _______
cooperativity
144
Below certain [S], v enzyme activity. After threshold is reached, rapid ^ enzyme activity is ______
Threshold effect
145
Sigmoidal kinetics & alteration in quaternary structure have ______ active sites on different polypeptide chains
multiple
146
Allosteric constance (Lo) is considered the
T/R ratio
147
R (relaxed) is
active
148
T (tense) is
less active
149
Positive effector aka ______ of signal molecules shifts sigmoidal curve to the left
Activator
150
Negative effector aka inhibitor of signs molecules shifts the curve to the _____
right
151
Effect of substrate to enzyme is the
Homotropic effects
152
Globular protein is ____
Globin
153
Prosthetic group bound to glob in that binds oxygen is ______
Heme group
154
A group of specialized proteins that contain heme as a tightly bound prosthetic group are _____
hemeproteins
155
Protoporphyrin made up of 4 pyrrole rings, and side chains is _____
Heme
156
1 polypeptide, 1 Fe, that bind 1 oxygen and make up heart and skeletal muscle is ____-
myoglobin
157
Mb binds 1 oxygen, Hb binds _____ oxygen
4
158
Mb has a _____ affinity for o2 than Hb
higher
159
Does 2, 3 BPG increase or decrease oxygen binding?
Decrease
160
1. Heme-heme interactions
2. 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate
3. Bohr effect
4. CO2
5. CO
make up the Allosteric effects of Hb _______
Affinity to O2
161
What is the most abundant organic phosphate in RBC?
2,3- BPG
162
2, 3 - BPG binds to deoxyHb, not to ______
oxyHb
163
Hydrophobic tails interact and form hydrophibic interior permeability bearer known as the
Hydrophobic effect
164
The _______ head interacts with polar medium on each side of bilayer
hydrophilic
165
Phospholipid and glycolipids form _____sheets
bimolecular
166
Polar head _____
water
167
HC tails _______
interact against water q
168
Tm aka ______ is the transition to rigid fluid
melting point
169
Longer the length of FA chains, the higher the interaction, and ______ Tm
higher
170
In unsaturted FA cis bends structure that lowers the interaction and _____ Tm
lowers
171
What has Mechanical stability and regulates fluidity with its bulky steroid structure?
Cholesterol
172
What protein is embedded in the HC core of the membrane?
Integral membrane protein
173
What protein is bound to the hphil head of membrane by polar interaction, bound to integral protein, or anchored by covalent bond to the hphob chain?
Peripheral membrane protein
174
1. simple diffusion
2. facilitated diffusion, passive transport
3. active transport
are all
Transport mechanisms
175
Lipophillic molecules, spontaneously move from higher to lower concentration is
simple diffusion
176
Move from higher to lower concentrations is ______
passive transport
177
Hydrophilic molecules passing through specific cancels in the hydrophobic barrier is ______
facilitated diffusion
178
Movement against concentration gradient is _____
active transport
179
Na+-K+ ATPase Pump has high salt concentration in extracellular fluid and high K+ inside. Energy released from ATP + H20 to form ADP+Pi is used to pump Na+ out of cell with ______
active transport
180
Opposite direction across membrane is
antitransporters
181
same directions across membrane is
symporters
182
Energy released in the downhill flow of a molecule/ion provides energy for uphill flow of different molecule/ion is
Secondary active transport
