FINAL EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
What instrument is used to measure plasma proteins?
A
Refractometer
2
Q
Refractometers are accurate to the nearest ___
A
0.2g/dl
3
Q
Blue Ring capillary tube
A
Nothing
PCV/TP from LTT
4
Q
Red Top Tube
A
Nothing
Biochems
5
Q
Green Top Tube
A
Heparin
Blood gases
6
Q
Blue Top Tube
A
Na Citrate
Coag studies
7
Q
Gray Top Tube
A
Oxalate
Blood glucose
8
Q
Red ring capillary tube
A
Heparin
PCV/TP direct from pt
9
Q
Purple Top Tube
A
EDTA
CBC
10
Q
Most common cause of error in hematology is
A
not mixing
11
Q
T/F: A retic count is indicated to determine the bone marrows response to anemia in the horse
A
False
12
Q
PCV & TP in a Hemorrhage pt
A
decreased PCV, decreased TP
13
Q
PCV &TP in Dehydrated pt.
A
increased PCV, increased TP
14
Q
PCV & TP in Hemolysis
A
decreased PCV, increased TP
15
Q
PCV & TP in liver failure
A
normal PCV, decreased TP
16
Q
PCV & TP in renal failure
A
decreased PCV, increased, decreased, or normal TP
17
Q
3 mechanisms for absolute hypoproteinemia & example
A
Decreased production- Liver failure
Increased loss- Hemorrhage
Decreased consumption- Starvation
18
Q
3 morphologic differences between avian and mammalian blood?
A
Heteros-Segs
Thrombocytes-Platelets
Polychrom. Common- Poly Uncommon
19
Q
What are the 3 functions of platelets
A
Adhere
Aggregate
Secrete
20
Q
Why do we stage tumors?
A
prognosis & treatment
21
Q
What are the 4 sites for bone marrow sampling?
A
Wing of ilium
Proximal humerus
Proximal femur
22
Q
What are the 3 mechanisms of anemia & examples
A
Increased loss- Hemorrhage
Decreased production- BM toxin
Increased destruction- IMHA
23
Q
What is the most common cause of relative polycythemia?
A
Dehydration
24
Q
Stress leukogram cause & WBC distribution
A
Glucocorticoids Neutros ^ Bands 0 Lymphs v Monos ^ Eos v Basos 0 N
25
Physiologic leukogram cause & WBC distribution
```
Epinephrine
Neutros ^
Bands 0
Lymphs ^
Monos ^
Eos ^
Basos ^
```
26
Inflammation leukogram cause & WBC distribution
```
Bacterial products
Neutros ^
Bands ^
Lymphs N
Mono ^
Eos N
Basos 0 N
```
27
List the abnormal colors of plasma, terms, and causes for each
Red-Hemolyic-Shaking
Yellow-Icteric-Biliary stasis
White-Lipemic-Post Prandial
28
T/F: Petechiae, ecchymosis, and mucosal bleeding are clinical signs of primary hemostatic disorders
True
29
The main cause of bleeding disorders in dogs is
Thrombocytopenia
30
List the 4 criteria for toxic change in neutrophils
Vacuoles in cytoplasm
Dohle bodies
Azurophilic granules
Diffuse basophilic cytoplasm
31
Neutrophil
Granulocyte
Allergy
May be toxic
32
Basophil
Granulocyte
| Anaphylaxis
33
Eosinophil
Granulocyte
Allergy
Antiparasite
34
Monocyte
Recycles RBCs and WBCs
| Agranulocyte
35
Lymphocyte
Agranlocyte
May be reactive
Antibody production
36
Platelet
Neovascularization
May be reactive
Primary hemostasis
37
Erythrocyte
O2 transport
| Nucleated in birds
38
what are the 2 clotting factors that are the primary components of the extrinsic pathway
Tissue thromboplastin & VII
39
T/F: Hematomas and blood in body cavities are common signs of secondary hemostatic disorders
Trues
40
List 3 factors that are secreted from or are produced by platelets and give a function for each
TXA - vasoconstriction
PF3- stimulates coag. cascade
vWF & VIII- promotes aggregation
41
an ______ venipuncture is necessary to avoid introduction of tissue ____ in your sample when collecting samples for coag studies
Atraumatic
| thromboplastin
42
List 3 mechanisms for thrombocytopenia and one example of each
Increase loss - Hemorrhage
Decreased production - BM toxin
Increased destruction - IM thrombocytopenia
43
Red Top Tube contents and pathways
Biochemistries
| Intrinsic, Extrinsic, Common
44
Blue Top Tube contents and pathways
```
Primary hemostasis
Citrate
Intrinsic, Extrinsic, Common
vonWillebrand's factor
must be full
```
45
Diatomaceous Earth Tube
Must be full
| ACT
46
Purple Top Tube contents, use and hemostasis type
EDTA
CBC
Platelet counts
Primary Hemostasis
47
Tissue thromboplastin activates the ____ limb of the coagulation cascade
Extrinsic
48
VonWillebrand's Dz is a ____ disease
Inherited
49
Primary Hemostasis Disease and test used to diagnose
Thrombopathia - BMBT
50
Secondary Hemostasis Disease and test used to diagnose
vWD - PT
51
Fibrinolysis disease and test used to diagnose
DIC - FDP
52
Major crossmatch
2 drops donor RBC suspension
| 2 drops receipt plasma
53
Minor crossmatch
2 drops donor plasma
| 2 drops receipt RBC suspension
54
Control crossmatch
2 drops donor plasma & RBC suspension
55
End point observations of crossmatching
Hemolysis
| Agglutination
56
Domestic cat blood type
A
57
Exotic cat blood type
B
58
Why exotic cats must be crossmatched
because they have a natural occurring anti A antibody
59
How much blood can a dog donate and how often?
10ml/lb
| 3 weeks
60
The preferred canine donor blood type is ___ which means they are lacking ___ antigens
A-
| 1.1, 1.2, 7
61
2 major categories of transfusion reactions and one cause of each
Non-Immunologic - Sepsis
| Immunologic- delayed hypersensitivity
62
anticoagulant or anticoag & preservative?
| Acid Citrate Dextrose
AP
63
anticoagulant or anticoag & preservative?
| Heparin
A
64
anticoagulant or anticoag & preservative?
| 3.8% sodium citrate
A
65
Citrate phosphate dextrose with adenine
AP
66
What blood collection chemical has the longest shelf life?
| How long is the shelf life?
Citrate Phosphate Dextrose with Adenine
| 35 days
67
What is the name of the product which delivers hemoglobin to the patient without the use of cells?
What are 2 advantages?
Oxyglobin
2 year shelf life
no transfusion reactions
68
What cell can dohle bodies happen in?
Neutrophils
69
What cells can have basophilic staining or cytoplasm
Neutro
Lymphs
Erythrocytes
Platelets
70
What cells can have heinz bodies?
Erythrocytes
71
What cells can have vacuolization
Neutros
Lymphs
Platelets
72
What cells can have Howell-Jolly Bodies
Erythrocytes
73
What cells can have Leptocytes
Erythrocytes
74
What cells can have Target cells
Erythrocytes
75
What cells can be reactive?
Platelets
| Lymphs
76
What cells can be toxic?
Neutrophils
77
Preferred blood component for hemorrhagic shock pt
Whole blood
78
Preferred blood component for normovolemic anemic
Packed RBC
79
Preferred blood component for anemic with heart failure
Packed RBC
80
Preferred blood component for hypoproteinemic
Plasma
81
Preferred blood component for Warfarin intoxication, nonanemic
Plasma
82
Preferred blood component for vonWillebrand's Dz
Cryopercipitate
83
What should be done to the recipient prior to a blood transfusion?
Crossmatch
CRT
TRP
84
What blood component has a 72 hour shelf life and isnt refrigerated
Platelet rich plasma
85
List in order the maturation series of the cell that forms platelets
Pleurapotential stem cell
Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte
86
What are the 3 components of hemostasis
Primary
Secondary
Fibrinolysis
87
What are the factors of the intrinsic pathway?
12, 11, 9, 8
88
What are the 2 factors of the extrinsic pathway?
tissue thromboplastin & 7
89
What are the vit. K dependent facotrs?
2, 7, 9, 10
90
What occurs in the common pathway?
prothrombin to thrombin, fibrinogen to fibrin
91
What are the 2 parts of primary hemostasis?
Vascular & platelet plug
92
What starts fibrinolysis?
Plasminogen
93
What is the by-product of fibrinolysis?
FDPs
94
List the order of maturation for the lymphocyte
Resting memory cell
Lymphoblast
Prolymphocyte
Lymphocyte
95
List the order of maturation for the monocyte
PPSC
Monoblast
Promonocyte
Monocyte
96
List the order of maturation for the neutrophil
```
PPSC
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band
Mature Seg
```
97
List the oder of maturation for the erythrocyte
```
PPSC
Rubriblast
Prorubricyte
Rubricyte
Metarubricyte
Polychromatophil
Mature RBC
```
98
What observation must be made on the FE of the blood film to accurately interpret a platelet count? Why?
Clumping
99
What needle is used for a bone marrow aspirate?
parts of this needle
anticoagulant used
Rosenthal
Needle & stylet
EDTA
100
Needle used for BM core biopsy & parts
Jam Shidi
| Cap, Needle, Stylet, Stylet hook
101
Normal MCV ranges
dog- 60-70fl
| cat- 39-55fl
102
Normal PCV ranges
dog- 37-55%
| cat- 30-45%
103
Normal MCHC ranges
30-36g/dl
104
Normal platelet ranges
200,000-500,000
105
Normal TP ranges
dog- 5.0-7.0 g/dl
| cat- 5.0-8.0 g/dl
