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PBIO > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Three domains of life

A
  1. Archaea - Prokaryotes
  2. Bacteria - Prokaryotes
  3. Eukarya - Eukaryotes
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2
Q

The first cells were

A

prokaryotic

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3
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  1. No DNA in nuclear envelope
  2. 1 circular chromosome
  3. No organelles
  4. No cytoskeleton
  5. Some Chorophyll-based photosynthesis
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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  1. Yes DNA in nuclear envelope
  2. > 1 linear chromosomes
  3. Yes organelles
  4. Yes cytoskeleton
  5. Some Chorophyll-based photosynthesis
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5
Q

Origin of eukaryotes

A
  1. Endosymbiosis

2. Organelles: mitocondria and plastids

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6
Q

Evidence of eukaryotes

A
  1. Presence of circular chromosomes
  2. self-replicating by binary fission like prokaryotes
  3. double membrane, with inner membrane similar to membrane of prokaryotic cells
  4. host cell cannot build these organells
  5. phylogeny
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7
Q

Alagea are..

A

polyphyletic

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8
Q

Green Algae

A
  1. Chlorophytes
  2. other algal
  3. streptophytes
  4. charales
  5. coleochaetales
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9
Q

Plastids - Primary Endosymbiosis

A
  1. Phagocyte engulfed prokaryotic cell

2. Red algae, green algae and land plants

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10
Q

Plastids - Secondary endosymbiosis

A
  1. Cell engulfed cell with endosymbiont

2. SAR clade, cryptomonads, haptophytes, euglenoids

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11
Q

Plastids - Tertiary endosymiosis

A

Some dinoflagellates

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12
Q

Land Plants vs Algae

Similarities

A
  1. Apical growth
  2. Branching
  3. Oogamy
  4. Phragmoplast (the way the cell wall forms during cytokinesis)
  5. Plasmodesmata (sytoplasmic connections)
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13
Q

Land Plants vs Algae

Differences

A
  1. Diploid sporophyte w/ sporangium/sporangia
  2. Gametangia w/ sterile jacket layers
  3. Gametophyte retains zygote and embryo
  4. spores with sporopollenin wall
  5. sporic meiosis (alternation of generations life cycle)
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14
Q

Zygotic meiosis

A

multicellular organism

zygote (2n)

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15
Q

Sporic meiosis

A

zygote (2n) -> mitosis (2n)

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16
Q

Bryophytes

A
  1. paraphyletic group

2. Non-vascular plants: lack xylem and ploem

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17
Q

Three phyla of Bryophytes

A
  1. Liverworts (Marchantiphyta)
  2. Mosses (Bryophyta)
  3. Hornworts (Antocerotophyta)
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18
Q

Gametophytes to basic body types

A
  1. Thalloid

2. Leafy

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19
Q

Protonema

A

The juvenile growth stage in mosses and some liverworts

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20
Q

Gametophyte Reproduction

A
  1. Gammae: structures for asexual reproduction
  2. Antherdium: sperm-producing structure
  3. Archaegonium: egg-producing structure
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21
Q

Gametophyte Sexual Reproduction

A

Archegonium:

  1. venter: contains one egg
  2. Calyptra: enlarged venter of archegonium
  3. Neck canal cells: disintegrate to allow sperm to swim to egg

they are all haploid

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22
Q

Liverworts

A
  1. Phylum Marchantophyta
  2. Gametophytes: thalloid or leafy
  3. Unique apomorphy: oil bodies
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23
Q

Peat mosses

A
  1. Class sphagnopsida (not sphagnidae!)
  2. distinctive features:
    a. disk-like protonema
    b. leaves with hyaline cells
    c. sporophyte without seta
    (gametophyte pseudopodium instead)
    d. explosive capsule dehiscence
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24
Q

Hadrom

A

water conducting tissue;

cells called hydroids (dead at maturity)

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25
Q

Leptom

A

food-conducting tissue made of cells called leptoids (no nucleus at maturity)

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26
Q

Peat mosses life cycle

A

calyptra: haploid
operculum: diploid
capsule: diploid

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27
Q

Hornworts

A
  1. Phylum antocerotophyta

2. sporophyte exhibits indeterminate growth

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28
Q

What is a tracheid?

A 
Type of tracheary element
Tracheary elements:
1. water conducting cells
2. part of xylem
3. have secondary walls containing lignin (adds rigidity)
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29
Q

Early polysporangiophytes

A
  1. simple, relatively small plants
  2. sporophytes free-living, polysporanguate, branching, dichotomousm sporangia terminal on axes
  3. no true roots or leaves
  4. axes (outer cortex) photosynthetic
  5. gametophytes free-living, unisexual, growing from basal mass of tissue, anchored by rhizoids
30
Q

Leaf types

A
  1. microphylls

2. megaphylls

31
Q

microphylls

A
  1. lycophytes
  2. 1-2 unbranched veins
  3. often small
  4. no leaf stalk
32
Q

megaphylls

A
  1. euphyllophytes
  2. often have branching venation
  3. often larger than microphylls
  4. leaves may have a stalk
33
Q

sporophyll

A

leaf that bears sporangium

34
Q

adaxial

A

surface toward the axis (upper surface)

35
Q

strobilus

A

sporophylss grouped

36
Q

sporangia dehisce

A

they open transversely

37
Q

homosporous

A
  1. one spore type
  2. no distinction between sporangia
  3. gametophytes potentially bisexual
  4. gametophytes exosporic (grow outside spore wall)
  5. living groups: lycopodiaceae, most ferns, horsetails
38
Q

heterosporous

A
  1. two spored types
  2. two spore types in separate sporangia
  3. gametophytes unisexual
  4. gametophytes endosporic (grow withing spore wall)
  5. living groups: isoetes and selanginella, water ferns, seed plants
39
Q

Heterospory has..

A

megaspores - female

microspores - male

40
Q

equisetopsida

A

whork: three or more leaves attached at the same level on stem
nodes and internodes

41
Q

strobilus

A

sporangiophores

peltate

42
Q

eusporangium

A
  1. > 1 initial
  2. wall > 1 cell layer thick
  3. no annulus
  4. bigger w/ more spores
  5. no stalk
  6. living vascular plants excluding polypodiopsida
43
Q

Leptosporangium

A
  1. 1 initial cell
  2. capsule wall 1 layer thick
  3. annulus
  4. smaller w/ fewer spores
  5. often stalk
  6. polypodiopsida
44
Q

fern leaf

A

frond

45
Q

fiddlehead

A

circinate vernation

46
Q

once pinnate

A

rachis
pinna
petiole (stipe)

47
Q

prothallus

A

gametophyte

48
Q

water ferns

A
  1. salvinales

2. heteroporous ferns

49
Q

early polysporangiophytes

A
  1. dichotomizing axes
  2. no roots, no leaves
  3. terminal sporangia
  4. sporangia
  5. protostele
  6. gametophytes unisexual, upright gametangiophores
50
Q

psilotum

A
  1. dichotomizing axes
  2. no roots, enations
  3. some forms with terminals synangia
  4. synangia
  5. protostele or siphonostele
  6. gametophytes bisexual, look like rhizomes
51
Q

How many sperm per pollen grain in a seed plant

A

two

52
Q

What does a haustorial pollen tube do?

A

grows into and absorbs nutrients from nucellus of ovule

53
Q

which see plant groups have flagellated sperm?

A

ginkgo and cycads

54
Q

which seed plant do not have flagellated sperm?

A

coniferns, gnetophytes and angiosperms

55
Q

In the pinus ovule, what happens to the megaspore mother cell?

A

it divides by meiosis to produce 4 megaspores

56
Q

in the pinus ovule, are the megaspores haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

57
Q

seed

A

embryo (2n)

megagametophyte (n)

58
Q

cycads

A
  1. cycadophyta
  2. no axillary branching
  3. dioceious
  4. cones simple
  5. insect pollinated
  6. sperm flagellated
59
Q

Ginkgophyta

A
  1. represented by only a single species today: ginkgo biloba
  2. dioecious tree
  3. axillary branching
  4. long and short shoots
  5. deciduous
60
Q

gnetophyta

A
  1. three genera:
    a. ephedra
    b. gnetum
    c. welwitschia
  2. typically dioecious
  3. reproductive structures are compound cones
61
Q

Phylum Coniferophyta

A
  1. woody plants: tress and shrubs
  2. axillary branching
  3. simple leaves
  4. resin canals
  5. stems with lots of wood
  6. ovulate cones compound, pollen cones often simple
62
Q

oldest macrofossil evidence of angiosperms

A

archaefructus

63
Q

what are the 4 basic floral whorls?

A
  1. sepals
  2. petals
  3. stamens
  4. carpels
64
Q

pollination

A

coevolution between angiosperms and their animal.

pollinators help drive diversification of flowering plants

65
Q

double fertilization

A

nucleus triploid (3n)!

66
Q

Types of fruit

A
  1. pome - pears
  2. cypsela - sunflower
  3. berries - tomato, green pepper
  4. legume - peas
67
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A
  1. 1707-1778, swedish botanist
  2. father of modern taxonomy
  3. plant classification: species plantarum, 1753
  4. best know for popularizing the binomial (two name) species name
68
Q

species name

A

binomial:

  1. genus, singular noun
  2. specific epithet, possessive noun or adjective
69
Q

natural selection

A

survival of the fittest

70
Q

Homologous structures

A

have a common evolutionary origin; may appear similar or different/ have similar or different functions

71
Q

Analogy

A

similarity not due to common ancestry, but rather convergent evolution; similar functionality solution to the same problem

72
Q

Willi Hennig

A

German, phylogenetic systemtics

PBIO (14 decks)

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