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Chemistry in the Community - Kautz > Final Exam 2017 > Flashcards

Final Exam 2017 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the term for radioisotopes that are used to study chemical reactions and molecular structures?

A

Tracers

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2
Q

What is the term for radiation that carries energy and potential harm and causes electrons to be ejected from atoms and molecules forming ions?

A

Ionizing Radiation

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3
Q

What are radioactive substances because they have unstable nuclei?

A

Radioisotopes

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4
Q

What is the term for the process that uranium give off rays?

A

Radioactivity

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5
Q

What is a control method for neutrons that involves decreasing the number of slow neutrons?

A

Neutron Absorption

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6
Q

What is the term for when the nuclei of certain isotopes are bombarded with neutrons splitter the nucleus into smaller fragments?

A

Fission

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7
Q

What is the term for the time required for half of the atoms of a radioisotope to emit radiation and to decay?

A

Half-life

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8
Q

What is the device that uses a phosphor to detect radiation?

A

Scintillation Counter

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9
Q

What contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons and has a double positive charge?

A

Alpha Particle

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10
Q

What is the term for a relatively constant level of radiation?

A

Background radiation

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11
Q

What is the SI unit for measuring the amount you are exposed to ionizing radiation?

A

Gray

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12
Q

What is the term for the changes in the structure of DNA that fuels evolution?

A

Mutations

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13
Q

What is a gas filled metal tube used to detect radiation?

A

Geiger Counter

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14
Q

What is the term for penetrating rays emitted by a radioactive source?

A

Radiation

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15
Q

What is the term for a form of ionizing radiation that results from changes in the nuclei of atoms?

A

Nuclear Radiation

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16
Q

What is a factor in the materials’ ability to warm up (amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram - 1* Celsius)?

A

Heat Capacity

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17
Q

What is the result of simultaneous collisions of billions upon billions of gas particles with an object?

A

Gas Pressure

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18
Q

What gases are propellants used in aerosol cans and as coolants in fridges and air conditioners and solvents for cleaning microchips?

A

Chlorofluorocarbons

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19
Q

What is the layer of gas that surrounds the earth and protects us from UV rays, it is only about 3 mm thick?

A

Ozone

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20
Q

What is the process mammalian so use to convert oxygen and sugar into carbon dioxide and water?

A

Respiration

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21
Q

What is the outermost layer of the atmosphere that contains electrically charged particles called ions a reflects radio waves?

A

Thermosphere

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22
Q

What is an unstable nucleus that loses energy by emitting radiation during a process?

A

Radioactive Decay

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23
Q

What is the term for the atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons?

A

Isotopes

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24
Q

What consists of fast-moving electrons formed by the decomposing of a neutron of an atom?

A

Beta Radiation

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25
Q

What is the term for a disease where cell growth and metabolism is out of control?

A

Cancer

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26
Q

What is the term for when 2 nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of a heavier mass?

A

Fusion

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27
Q

What is the term for the cancer of the while blood cells?

A

Leukemia

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28
Q

What is the term for the number of ionizations within a given volume?

A

Radiation Density

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29
Q

What do we use to measure the ionizing effect of living organisms?

A

REM

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30
Q

What are the rods of cadmium that are used to increase or decrease the amount of energy produced?

A

Control Rods

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31
Q

What is the combination of 3 fatty acids molecules with a glycerol?

A

Triglyceride

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32
Q

What is the term for the energy from the Earth that is released back INTO space?

A

Outward flow

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33
Q

What is the layer of the atmosphere that extends 30 miles up - - there is very little wind and it is very cold - planes fly here?

A

Stratosphere

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34
Q

What is the term for a volume of a given amount of gas held at a constant temperature varies inversely with the applied pressure when the temperature and mass are constant?

A

Boyle’s law

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35
Q

What is the term for then light energy strikes objects - - some surfaces absorb it and heat up and some reflect it?

A

Reflectivity

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36
Q

What is the term for the flow of energy that comes from the sun?

A

Inward flow

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37
Q

What layer of the atmosphere extends from around 31 miles above the Earth’s surface to 53 miles?

A

Mesosphere

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38
Q

What is the term for the process of absorbing reflected energy?

A

Greenhouse Effect

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39
Q

What is the precipitation that has a pH under 5.4?

A

Acid Rain

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40
Q

What is the temperature at which the point when all motion ceases - - theoretically?

A

Absolute Zero

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41
Q

What results from the collisions of air molecules with objects?

A

Atmospheric Pressure

42
Q

What is the term for the energy an object has because of it’s motion?

A

Kinetic Energy

43
Q

What is the term for the process plants use to convert carbon dioxide and water not oxygen gas and organic carbon?

A

Photosynthesis

44
Q

What is commonly used to measure atmospheric pressure?

A

Barometer

45
Q

What is the layer of the atmosphere where we live - it is from the surface of the earth to six mile up - This is where the weather takes place?

A

Troposphere

46
Q

What is the device used to measure the amount of energy in a substance called?

A

Calorimeter

47
Q

What is the term for the process in which unsaturated fatty acids have hydrogen atoms added to the double bonds?

A

Partial Hydrogenation

48
Q

What are molecules that undergo a transformation within a biological catalyst?

A

Substrates

49
Q

What is a biochemical category that contains fats?

A

Lipids

50
Q

What is a food additive that has the same amount of calories as sugar - but is thousands of time sweeter?

A

Aspartame

51
Q

What is a type of fat that contains majority saturated fats?

A

Animal fat

52
Q

What is the amount of energy that is required to heat 1 g of water - 1 * Celsius?

A

calorie

53
Q

What is the substance that limits the amount of product that is made?

A

Limiting reactant

54
Q

What is a carbohydrate that only contains one sugar ring?

A

Monosaccharide

55
Q

What is the term for the state in which a person consumes enough calories in a day - - but does not consume the proper nutrients?

A

Malnourished

56
Q

What are chemicals that are added to foods to enhance the shelf life or taste?

A

Food Additives

57
Q

What is the term for biological catalysts

A

Enzymes

58
Q

What is the term for a fat molecule that contains only single bonds in the chain?

A

Saturated Fat

59
Q

What is the term for the state in which a person does not consume enough calories?

A

Undernourished

60
Q

What is a macromolecule that is made up of a combination of amino acids?

A

Proteins

61
Q

What is the main energy carbohydrate that is broken down by glycolysis in the body?

A

Glucose

62
Q

What molecules make up proteins and contain a COOH and NH3 group?

A

Amino Acids

63
Q

What is the term for a carbohydrate that contains two sugar rings?

A

Disaccharide

64
Q

What is the term for the classification of compounds that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen - - they can either be found in chain form or ring form?

A

Carbohydrates

65
Q

What type of fat usually contains unsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?

A

Plant fat

66
Q

What amino acids that can be consumed by eating meat?

A

Complete Proteins

67
Q

What type of vitamin can be stored in the body?

A

Fat-soluble

68
Q

What are essential molecules that are required for survival but are not fats, proteins, or carbohydrates?

A

Vitamins

69
Q

What is the term for sugars that form polymers?

A

Polysaccharides

70
Q

What is it called when a gas dissolves into and out of a liquid in direct relation to the pressure difference?

A

Henry’s Law

71
Q

Where does the substrate and the enzyme come together?

A

Active Site

72
Q

What is the term for an enzyme in the saliva that will free 18,000 glucose molecules from starch?

A

Amylase

73
Q

What is the maintenance of chemical balance in you body?

A

Homeostasis

74
Q

What is the term for fats that contain multiple double bonds in the chain?

A

Polyunsaturated fats

75
Q

What are the amino acids that must be consumed from specific plants or in dietary supplements if one does not consume meat?

A

Complimentary Proteins

76
Q

What is a substance that when dissolved in water gives off H+ ions?

A

Acid

77
Q

What scale is used to determine if a substance is an acid or a base?

A

pH scale

78
Q

What are used to determine the pH of various substances?

A

Indicators

79
Q

What is a solution that can neutralize an acid or a base?

A

Buffer Solution

80
Q

What organ can excrete acidic or basic solutions?

A

Kidney

81
Q

What is the condition that can occur if the lungs fail to expel enough carbon dioxide causing a buildup of carbonic acid in the body?

A

Acidosis

82
Q

What cells transport oxygen - made of iron and contain hemoglobin?

A

Red Blood Cells

83
Q

What cells make up the immune system - kill microorganisms and harmful bacteria?

A

White Blood cells

84
Q

What blood cells cause blood clotting?

A

Platelets

85
Q

What substance when dissolved in water gives off OH- ions?

A

Base

86
Q

What happens when you mix an acid and a base?

A

Neutralization

87
Q

What glands secrete mostly water and a little salt?

A

Sweat Glands

88
Q

What particles have a positive and negative charge?

A

Polar Molecules

89
Q

What infection is caused when bacteria gets into clogged pores?

A

Acne Pimples

90
Q

What is the name of the inner layer of the skin?

A

Dermis

91
Q

What is the skin darkening material that forms during sun tanning to give our skin it’s color - - it is also responsible for block hair and naturally dark skin?

A

Melanin

92
Q

What do 3 coiled chains of alpha keratin form?

A

Supercoiled

93
Q

What occurs in protein chains - - they hydrogen is strongly attracted to a different oxygen molecule?

A

Hydrogen Bonding

94
Q

What is the attraction between a charged structure in one protein change and an oppositely charged structure in a different chain?

A

Ionic Bonding

95
Q

What forms between two sulfur containing regions between or washing a protein?

A

Disulfide Bridges

96
Q

What molecules do not have charges on the molecule?

A

Nonpolar Molecules

97
Q

What is the term for excess skin oil?

A

Sebum

98
Q

What is the outer layer of the skin called?

A

Epidermis

99
Q

What can happen if you secrete too much oil from your oil glands?

A

Clogged pores

100
Q

What can occur if you do not secrete enough oil from your oil glands?

A

Chapped lips

Chemistry in the Community - Kautz (24 decks)

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