final exam - 2 Flashcards
what are some of the troubles with studying humans
regulations, cost, human nature of lying, protected populations, cultural differences
ability to produce a desired or intended result
efficacy
process of removing cells from their natural environment & growing them in artificial, but favorable environment
cell culture
extreme control, type of cell, ethical consideration, high throughout
advantages of cell culture
cell isolation, artificial environment, generational concerns
disadvantages of cell culture
extraction and growth of portions of intact brain regions
slice culture
cell survival, cell function, infections, inflammation, injuries - able to be studied how
with cell culture and slice culture
technique designed fro detecting and qualifying soluble substances
ELISA
laboratory method that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens in a sample tissue
immunohistochemistry
what are some considerations when selecting animals for research
behavior, species limitations, size, cost, existing literature, similarity to humans
association learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment
operant conditioning
what are the three most common reinforcers
food, sex, and brains stimulation
study of the causes and effects of disease or injury
pathology
scan that uses injection of dye to show cerebral vasculature and abnormalities
cerebral angiography
diagnostic imaging procedure that uses combo of x-rays and computer technology to produce images of inside the body
CT- computed tomography
scan that uses injection of radioactive sugar into carotid artery
pet scan
scan that uses magnetic field and measures the waves emitted
MRI
exam used to measure intelligence
WAIS-wechsier adult intelligence scale
exam used two asses language skills
token task
piece that connects muscles to your bones
tendons
short band of tough flexible tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint
ligament
true or false: extensions contract away and flexion contracts towards
true
synaptic connection bt the terminal end of a motor neuron and muscle
neuromuscular junction
tree like structures in tendons that encode stretch of muscles via firing rate
Golgi tendon organs
primary motor cortex initiates what
complex voluntary movement
motor association cortex is involved in
the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movement
true or false: supplementary motor area is responsible for behavioral sequences and coordinating bilateral movement
true
cluster of nuclei in the brainstem that subserves many functions
reticular formation
area of brain directly above spinal cord that is responsible for balance, coordination, & motor learning
cerebullum
middle area of brain that suppresses unwanted movement and promotes wanted movement
basal ganglia
true or false: grasping execution and observation of grasping movements fire the same neurons
true - mirror neurons
neurological disorder where there is loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures
apraxia
what are the different types of apraxia
limb, constructional oral, apraxic
apraxic agraohia
acquired writing disorder
constructional apraxia is what
inability to copy accurately drawings or 3D figures
mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort
emotion
who thought emotions were part of evolution and tried to compare emotions through species
Charles Darwin
emotional response can be categorized in what three ways
behavioral, autonomic, hormone
what region of the brain is thought to be most responsible for processing fear and threats
amygdala
what are the 3 main parts of the amygdala
lateral nucleus, basal nucleus, central nucleus
what is the James Lange View
different stimuli induce different patterns of activation
what is the Cannon Bard View
all emotion inducing stimuli give similar pattern of activation that prepares organism to react
what is the modern bio psychological view
perception and actual response to stimulus influence each other
what is the ventromedial pcf
brain region involved in value computation and where is it located
true or false: extinction is NOT forgetting
true
what are the three types of behaviors seen with aggression
threat behaviors, defensive behaviors, submissive behaviors
true or false: displays of aggression vary within same species AND between different species
true
what three things influence aggression
serotonin, dopamine, and hormones
has to do with mistaking and keeping us from lashing out
serotonin
when testosterone peaks for women
during ovulation
chemical that was thought to be initially responsible for aggression
testosterone
has to do with irritability before menstrual cycle for women
progesterone
impulsivity can be seen in what area of the brain and why
ventromedial prefrontal cortex bc of value computation
different ways impulsivity can be seen
shopping, binge watching, cutting or dyeing hair
true or false: emotions can impact logical decisions
true
what are the 6 primary emotions by Ekman and Friesan
surprise, sadness, happiness, anger, disgust, and fear
true or false: micro aggressions are like emotional leakage
true
true or false: expression of emotions can only be seen through expressions and NOT body language
false
true or false: there is more cultural variation between facial expressions than originally believed
true
the psychological changes in the body after exposure to harm or threat
stress
experience or stimulus that includes a stress response
stressor
true or false: stressors can be BOTH psychological and physical
true
when stressors activate the sympathetic nervous system what is produced by the adrenal medulla
norepinephrine and epinephrine
higher levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine activate what
the HPA axis
why can responses to stress differ
the stressor, the timing, and the individual
true or false: stressors CAN have effects on the body’s inflammatory response
true
what is a psychosomatic disorder
a disorder that can be caused or exacerbated by stress
different between the effects of acute and chronic stress
acute can improve immune function and chronic can worsen immune system
likelihood of mood and anxiety disorders and altered stress response can be caused by what
experiencing early life stress
what is one of the most sensitive areas of the brain to stress and why
hippocampus and bc of the large number of glucocorticoid receptors
true or false: stress can decrease dendritic branching, adult neurogenesis, modify synapses, and disrupt performance of hippocampus
true
What is one advantage of slice cultures compared to cell cultures?
Slice cultures maintain some synaptic and structural integrity from the live animal that is lost in cell cultures
Which of the following were early treatments for negative emotions and psychological disorders?
Trepanning, bloodletting, and exorcisms were all used as early treatments for negative mood
what is osmometric thirst
When the solute of the interstitial fluid increases, it draws the water out of the cells. The cells shrink and signal the brain to drink water.
true or false: DBS has to be personalized for the individual to find the best placement for the electrode for it to be effective
true
what organ systems are involved in maintaining the homeostasis levels of water and nutrients in the human body
cardiovascular, respiratory, and excretory
Which satiety signal is believed to be responsible for the reduction in appetite seen in individuals after taking a stimulant?
CART
In twin studies, if one monozygotic twin has a trait or diagnoses but the other does NOT, this is referred to as _______________?
discordant
Which area in the brain has a role in helping us understand the actions of others?
motor association cortex
What ion flows into muscle fibers to help the muscles access ATP for energy to perform their function?
calcium
Why is fear evolutionarily advantageous to a species or organism?
keep safe away from harm and threats
Mutated genes created in the laboratory and inserted into chromosomes of mice are called ____________?
targeted mutations
What happens if the central nucleus of the amygdala is damaged?
fear response will be diminished or completely gone
What is the difference between a polysynaptic and a monosynaptic reflex?
polysynpatic involves interneuron and monosynaptic do not
What does diffusion tensor imaging show?
movement of water molecules in the white matter
when are satiety mechanisms triggered
when we eat or drink to signal the body has had enough bc of delay bet ingestion and replenishment
true or false: Volumetric thirst results from low blood volume, so angiotensin is released to raise blood pressure to get the blood to the organs in the interim until water has been replenished
true
what area of the brain releases CRF
hypothalamus
true or false: Gamma motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers which are responsible for proprioception
true
Which body part would have the most area in the primary motor cortex?
fingers of the hand
A researcher is interested in determining the exact concentration of a specific neuroinflammatory marker in the blood she collects from rats-some of which have been given alcohol and some that have not received alcohol. Which of the following techniques should the researcher use to determine the amount of the neuroinflammatory marker in her blood samples?
ELISA
true or false: Electricity, kainic acid, and saporin can all be used to lesion the brain
true
what detects the length of the muscles
intramural muscles
true or false: there are more restrictions on experimenting with animals than humans
false : more restrictions on humans
what is the monosynaptic reflex
reflex arc that provides direct communication bt sensory and motor
true or false: Dopamine is involved in the motivation to seek out, prepare, and ingest food once the body sends out hunger signals
true
body part that requires glucose to function and cannot function on energy provided in the form of lipids?
the brain
What is the Wisconsin card sort task used to assess?
frontal lobe function
In the Little Albert experiment, how could the experimenter have extinguished the conditioned fear response to the white rat?
Repeatedly show the white rat to Little Albert without the upsetting sound
PHA-L, a protein found in kidney beans, is used for what in neuroscience research?
tracing efferent axon pathways
true or false: In LTNS, nutrients are stored as triglycerides in the adipose tissue. Individuals with more nutrients in LTNS have larger adipose cells than individuals with less LTNS.
true
true or false: people will eat more earlier in the day
false- people eat more later in the day
true or false: when rats are showing anxiety like behaviors they will spend more time in the dark
true
which type of neuroimaging is a rough estimation of neural activity?
PET scan
true or false: Scanning electron microscopes can show three-dimensional images of a sample, whereas transmitting electron microscopes can show samples in a significantly greater magnification
true
sweating causes which type of thirst
both osmometric and volumetric
what are innate human fears
heights, loud noises, aggressive predator
true or false: the difference bt action potentials and endplate potential is that Acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction will always cause an endplate potential to fire, causing a twitch in the muscle fiber, but in the brain, release of a neurotransmitter does not guarantee that an action potential will fire
true
humans needs to consume nutrients to
provide energy for muscular movement, keep set temp, maintain organs
true or false: insulin after a meal is response to the presence of glucose in the blood, and is necessary to allow the body to access the energy provided by glucose
true
self regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions
homeostasis
what is going to be activated to get things back to normal
correctional mechanism
true or false: two thirds of water are intracellular and one third is extracellular
true
what is hypovolemic shock
Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body.
hormone that helps regulate your blood pressure by contracting blood vessels and triggering water sodium intake
angiotensin
storage type that takes place bt meals of the day
short term storage
storage type that takes place when eating and when fasting
long term storage
true or false: the liver detectors are lipids and glucose & brain detectors are ONLY glucose
true
what is satiety
when we feel full
who is the first to know food is being received from the intestines
liver
lesion to the hypothalamus will abolish what
eating
