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PSY 312 > final exam - 2 > Flashcards

final exam - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some of the troubles with studying humans

A

regulations, cost, human nature of lying, protected populations, cultural differences

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2
Q

ability to produce a desired or intended result

A

efficacy

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3
Q

process of removing cells from their natural environment & growing them in artificial, but favorable environment

A

cell culture

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4
Q

extreme control, type of cell, ethical consideration, high throughout

A

advantages of cell culture

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5
Q

cell isolation, artificial environment, generational concerns

A

disadvantages of cell culture

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6
Q

extraction and growth of portions of intact brain regions

A

slice culture

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7
Q

cell survival, cell function, infections, inflammation, injuries - able to be studied how

A

with cell culture and slice culture

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8
Q

technique designed fro detecting and qualifying soluble substances

A

ELISA

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9
Q

laboratory method that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens in a sample tissue

A

immunohistochemistry

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10
Q

what are some considerations when selecting animals for research

A

behavior, species limitations, size, cost, existing literature, similarity to humans

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11
Q

association learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment

A

operant conditioning

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12
Q

what are the three most common reinforcers

A

food, sex, and brains stimulation

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13
Q

study of the causes and effects of disease or injury

A

pathology

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14
Q

scan that uses injection of dye to show cerebral vasculature and abnormalities

A

cerebral angiography

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15
Q

diagnostic imaging procedure that uses combo of x-rays and computer technology to produce images of inside the body

A

CT- computed tomography

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16
Q

scan that uses injection of radioactive sugar into carotid artery

A

pet scan

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17
Q

scan that uses magnetic field and measures the waves emitted

A

MRI

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18
Q

exam used to measure intelligence

A

WAIS-wechsier adult intelligence scale

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19
Q

exam used two asses language skills

A

token task

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20
Q

piece that connects muscles to your bones

A

tendons

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21
Q

short band of tough flexible tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint

A

ligament

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22
Q

true or false: extensions contract away and flexion contracts towards

A

true

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23
Q

synaptic connection bt the terminal end of a motor neuron and muscle

A

neuromuscular junction

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24
Q

tree like structures in tendons that encode stretch of muscles via firing rate

A

Golgi tendon organs

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25
Q

primary motor cortex initiates what

A

complex voluntary movement

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26
Q

motor association cortex is involved in

A

the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movement

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27
Q

true or false: supplementary motor area is responsible for behavioral sequences and coordinating bilateral movement

A

true

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28
Q

cluster of nuclei in the brainstem that subserves many functions

A

reticular formation

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29
Q

area of brain directly above spinal cord that is responsible for balance, coordination, & motor learning

A

cerebullum

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30
Q

middle area of brain that suppresses unwanted movement and promotes wanted movement

A

basal ganglia

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31
Q

true or false: grasping execution and observation of grasping movements fire the same neurons

A

true - mirror neurons

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32
Q

neurological disorder where there is loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures

A

apraxia

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33
Q

what are the different types of apraxia

A

limb, constructional oral, apraxic

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34
Q

apraxic agraohia

A

acquired writing disorder

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35
Q

constructional apraxia is what

A

inability to copy accurately drawings or 3D figures

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36
Q

mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort

A

emotion

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37
Q

who thought emotions were part of evolution and tried to compare emotions through species

A

Charles Darwin

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38
Q

emotional response can be categorized in what three ways

A

behavioral, autonomic, hormone

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39
Q

what region of the brain is thought to be most responsible for processing fear and threats

A

amygdala

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40
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the amygdala

A

lateral nucleus, basal nucleus, central nucleus

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41
Q

what is the James Lange View

A

different stimuli induce different patterns of activation

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42
Q

what is the Cannon Bard View

A

all emotion inducing stimuli give similar pattern of activation that prepares organism to react

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43
Q

what is the modern bio psychological view

A

perception and actual response to stimulus influence each other

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44
Q

what is the ventromedial pcf

A

brain region involved in value computation and where is it located

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45
Q

true or false: extinction is NOT forgetting

A

true

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46
Q

what are the three types of behaviors seen with aggression

A

threat behaviors, defensive behaviors, submissive behaviors

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47
Q

true or false: displays of aggression vary within same species AND between different species

A

true

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48
Q

what three things influence aggression

A

serotonin, dopamine, and hormones

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49
Q

has to do with mistaking and keeping us from lashing out

A

serotonin

50
Q

when testosterone peaks for women

A

during ovulation

51
Q

chemical that was thought to be initially responsible for aggression

A

testosterone

52
Q

has to do with irritability before menstrual cycle for women

A

progesterone

53
Q

impulsivity can be seen in what area of the brain and why

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex bc of value computation

54
Q

different ways impulsivity can be seen

A

shopping, binge watching, cutting or dyeing hair

55
Q

true or false: emotions can impact logical decisions

A

true

56
Q

what are the 6 primary emotions by Ekman and Friesan

A

surprise, sadness, happiness, anger, disgust, and fear

57
Q

true or false: micro aggressions are like emotional leakage

A

true

58
Q

true or false: expression of emotions can only be seen through expressions and NOT body language

A

false

59
Q

true or false: there is more cultural variation between facial expressions than originally believed

A

true

60
Q

the psychological changes in the body after exposure to harm or threat

A

stress

61
Q

experience or stimulus that includes a stress response

A

stressor

62
Q

true or false: stressors can be BOTH psychological and physical

A

true

63
Q

when stressors activate the sympathetic nervous system what is produced by the adrenal medulla

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

64
Q

higher levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine activate what

A

the HPA axis

65
Q

why can responses to stress differ

A

the stressor, the timing, and the individual

66
Q

true or false: stressors CAN have effects on the body’s inflammatory response

A

true

67
Q

what is a psychosomatic disorder

A

a disorder that can be caused or exacerbated by stress

68
Q

different between the effects of acute and chronic stress

A

acute can improve immune function and chronic can worsen immune system

69
Q

likelihood of mood and anxiety disorders and altered stress response can be caused by what

A

experiencing early life stress

70
Q

what is one of the most sensitive areas of the brain to stress and why

A

hippocampus and bc of the large number of glucocorticoid receptors

71
Q

true or false: stress can decrease dendritic branching, adult neurogenesis, modify synapses, and disrupt performance of hippocampus

A

true

72
Q

What is one advantage of slice cultures compared to cell cultures?

A

Slice cultures maintain some synaptic and structural integrity from the live animal that is lost in cell cultures

73
Q

Which of the following were early treatments for negative emotions and psychological disorders?

A

Trepanning, bloodletting, and exorcisms were all used as early treatments for negative mood

74
Q

what is osmometric thirst

A

When the solute of the interstitial fluid increases, it draws the water out of the cells. The cells shrink and signal the brain to drink water.

75
Q

true or false: DBS has to be personalized for the individual to find the best placement for the electrode for it to be effective

A

true

76
Q

what organ systems are involved in maintaining the homeostasis levels of water and nutrients in the human body

A

cardiovascular, respiratory, and excretory

77
Q

Which satiety signal is believed to be responsible for the reduction in appetite seen in individuals after taking a stimulant?

A

CART

78
Q

In twin studies, if one monozygotic twin has a trait or diagnoses but the other does NOT, this is referred to as _______________?

A

discordant

79
Q

Which area in the brain has a role in helping us understand the actions of others?

A

motor association cortex

80
Q

What ion flows into muscle fibers to help the muscles access ATP for energy to perform their function?

A

calcium

81
Q

Why is fear evolutionarily advantageous to a species or organism?

A

keep safe away from harm and threats

82
Q

Mutated genes created in the laboratory and inserted into chromosomes of mice are called ____________?

A

targeted mutations

83
Q

What happens if the central nucleus of the amygdala is damaged?

A

fear response will be diminished or completely gone

84
Q

What is the difference between a polysynaptic and a monosynaptic reflex?

A

polysynpatic involves interneuron and monosynaptic do not

85
Q

What does diffusion tensor imaging show?

A

movement of water molecules in the white matter

86
Q

when are satiety mechanisms triggered

A

when we eat or drink to signal the body has had enough bc of delay bet ingestion and replenishment

87
Q

true or false: Volumetric thirst results from low blood volume, so angiotensin is released to raise blood pressure to get the blood to the organs in the interim until water has been replenished

A

true

88
Q

what area of the brain releases CRF

A

hypothalamus

89
Q

true or false: Gamma motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers which are responsible for proprioception

A

true

90
Q

Which body part would have the most area in the primary motor cortex?

A

fingers of the hand

91
Q

A researcher is interested in determining the exact concentration of a specific neuroinflammatory marker in the blood she collects from rats-some of which have been given alcohol and some that have not received alcohol. Which of the following techniques should the researcher use to determine the amount of the neuroinflammatory marker in her blood samples?

A

ELISA

92
Q

true or false: Electricity, kainic acid, and saporin can all be used to lesion the brain

A

true

93
Q

what detects the length of the muscles

A

intramural muscles

94
Q

true or false: there are more restrictions on experimenting with animals than humans

A

false : more restrictions on humans

95
Q

what is the monosynaptic reflex

A

reflex arc that provides direct communication bt sensory and motor

96
Q

true or false: Dopamine is involved in the motivation to seek out, prepare, and ingest food once the body sends out hunger signals

A

true

97
Q

body part that requires glucose to function and cannot function on energy provided in the form of lipids?

A

the brain

98
Q

What is the Wisconsin card sort task used to assess?

A

frontal lobe function

99
Q

In the Little Albert experiment, how could the experimenter have extinguished the conditioned fear response to the white rat?

A

Repeatedly show the white rat to Little Albert without the upsetting sound

100
Q

PHA-L, a protein found in kidney beans, is used for what in neuroscience research?

A

tracing efferent axon pathways

101
Q

true or false: In LTNS, nutrients are stored as triglycerides in the adipose tissue. Individuals with more nutrients in LTNS have larger adipose cells than individuals with less LTNS.

A

true

102
Q

true or false: people will eat more earlier in the day

A

false- people eat more later in the day

103
Q

true or false: when rats are showing anxiety like behaviors they will spend more time in the dark

A

true

104
Q

which type of neuroimaging is a rough estimation of neural activity?

A

PET scan

105
Q

true or false: Scanning electron microscopes can show three-dimensional images of a sample, whereas transmitting electron microscopes can show samples in a significantly greater magnification

A

true

106
Q

sweating causes which type of thirst

A

both osmometric and volumetric

107
Q

what are innate human fears

A

heights, loud noises, aggressive predator

108
Q

true or false: the difference bt action potentials and endplate potential is that Acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction will always cause an endplate potential to fire, causing a twitch in the muscle fiber, but in the brain, release of a neurotransmitter does not guarantee that an action potential will fire

A

true

109
Q

humans needs to consume nutrients to

A

provide energy for muscular movement, keep set temp, maintain organs

110
Q

true or false: insulin after a meal is response to the presence of glucose in the blood, and is necessary to allow the body to access the energy provided by glucose

A

true

111
Q

self regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

A

homeostasis

112
Q

what is going to be activated to get things back to normal

A

correctional mechanism

113
Q

true or false: two thirds of water are intracellular and one third is extracellular

A

true

114
Q

what is hypovolemic shock

A

Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body.

115
Q

hormone that helps regulate your blood pressure by contracting blood vessels and triggering water sodium intake

A

angiotensin

116
Q

storage type that takes place bt meals of the day

A

short term storage

117
Q

storage type that takes place when eating and when fasting

A

long term storage

118
Q

true or false: the liver detectors are lipids and glucose & brain detectors are ONLY glucose

A

true

119
Q

what is satiety

A

when we feel full

120
Q

who is the first to know food is being received from the intestines

A

liver

121
Q

lesion to the hypothalamus will abolish what

A

eating

PSY 312 (7 decks)

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