exam 3 Flashcards
how does learning impact us?
changes to our nervous system and changes to our behavior
what is memory
long term changes in the nervous system
what are the four stages of memory?
encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval
what is stimulus response learning?
performing a specific behavior on the presence of a specific stimulus
what are the two types of stimulus response learning?
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
when a meaning is given to a previously neutral stimulus
what are the four main terms associated with classical conditioning?
unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response
what is it when a dog salivates to meat?
unconditioned response, reflex
what is it when a dog salivates to the ring of the bell associated with meat?
conditioned response
What was Hebb known for?
neurons that fire together wire together
what is operant conditioning ?
an association between stimulus and response
what are the four main terms associated with operant conditioning?
reinforcement, punishment, positive and negative
when we do things that have reinforcements we get what chemical?
dopamine
what are some examples that give humans dopamine?
sex, cocaine, water, and food
what is perceptual learning?
recognition of stimuli we have seen before like logos
what is an example of relational learning?
when we hear meow we associate it with cat
going from short term memory to long term memory is called what
encoding
going from long term memory to short term memory is called what
retrieval
what are the two types of memory in long term memory
declarative memory and non-declarative memory
what is non declarative memory
auto pilot memories, automatic behavior
what is declarative memory
specific memories
episodic and semantic memory are part of what memory
declarative memory
what is semantic memory
stuff learned at school, facts, history
what is needed for memories to go from sensory memory to short term memory
attention
what is amnesia
loss of memories such as facts, information and experiences
anterograde refers to
new memories
retrograde refers to
old memories
what is the most common type of dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
what is korsakoffs syndrome
memory loss disorder associated with alcoholism
what is a stroke
blockage in the brain artery
what are seizures
sudden uncontrollable disturbances
what is encephalitis
inflammation in the brain
who was Henry Molaison?
individual who had epilepsy and had a surgery where they removed a portion of his brain, had memory loss of, however was still had procedural memory
what is an example of procedural memory?
tracing a star by the reflection of a mirror
what is an example of perceptual learning?
umbrella drawing
what is LTP
a synaptic strength between hippocampal neurons associated with memory and learning
what is sensitization
increased response to a frequently repeated stimuli
what is habituation
decreased response to a frequently repeated stimuli
in LTP what is released when action potential is present?
glutamate
in LTP what chemical signals for a higher number of AMPA receptors
calcium
in LTP what does the increase number of AMPA receptors lead to?
increase in AMPA causes for more sensitivity to glutamate, when more sensitive more likely to be activated
what is neuroplasticity
the reorganization or alteration of connections following experiences or following injury
what is neurogenesis
growth and development of new neurons
what two things are needed to communicate?
something to communicate and motor control
what do we communicate?
things that happened, things that are happening, or things that will happen
language comprehension has what two areas?
auditory comprehension and visual comprehension
what is prosody
everything but words
rhythm and cadence is what
how we speak, we all have it
pitch is
how low or high our voice is
what is phonagnosia
losing the ability to identify a familiar voice
spontaneous speech, speech diminished, loss of grammatical structure
broca’s aphasia
the 3 main deficits of damage to the brocas area?
agrammatism, anomia, articulation difficulties
able to perceive and recognize speech but unable to understand auditory words
pure words deafness
repeating a similar word or word with same meaning instead
conduction aphasia
selective impairment of reading, in the absence of other deficits
pure Alexia
difficulty reading, interpreting, letters or symbols
dyslexia
what are the 3 subtypes of dyslexia
surface, direct, and phonological
difficulty turning thoughts into written language
dysgraphia
what is a neurological disorder and what areas does it affect?
something going wrong in the brain, affecting the central and peripheral nervous system
what is the most common neurological disorder?
alzheimers
what cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
maternal drinking during pregnancy
what are the physical effects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
characteristic facial features: thing lips, small eye openings, small head etc
the central nervous system effects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder are similar to those of what other condition
ADHD
what are the main symptoms of autism?
lack of verbal communication, difficulty w social interactions, restricted or repetitive behaviors, difficult time in school
both autism and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder can use what treatment
early intervention services that provide help with life skills
what is epilepsy
presence of seizures, has to have 2 unprovoked seizures to be diagnosed
what are the 2 type of main seizures
general and focal
2 types of seizures that are considered as general seizures
absence seizures and tonic-clonic
2 types of seizures that are considered as focal seizures
simple focal and complex facial
caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury
traumatic brain injury
significant and continual cognitive impairment that persist over time, impacting memory, language, and abstract thinking
dementia
unable to sound out words or write them phonetically, cannot write unfamiliar words, but CAN imagine and write familiar words
phonological dysgraphia
can only sound out words, can write pronounceable nonsense words, can write regular spelled words, but struggles with unusual spelling
orthographic dysgraphia
disorder that impairs an individuals writing ability
dysgraphia
can read words they are familiar with, cannot sound out words, difficulty reading unfamiliar words, cannot pronounce non-words, people may be excellent readers
phonological dyslexia
learning disability that involves difficulty reading
dyslexia
can read words out-loud, cannot understand what is being read, nonword pronunciation varies
direct dyslexia
deficit in whole word reading, errors related to visual appearance of the words and pronunciation rules, NOT related to errors w meaning of the word, spelling matters, can read nonwords, LISTENS to their reading to understand
surface dyslexia
ability to write, recognize words when spelled outloud, CANNOT READ, disorder that prevents information from reaching the visual association cortex
pure Alexia
what is the main issue with stuttering?
the initiation of speech and planning of speech
meaningful speech, decent comprehension, poor repetition
conduction aphasia
disorder that affect the way you communicate, whether that is verbal, written and understanding
aphasia
poor language comprehension, PRODUCTION OF MEANINGLESS SPEECH, fluent and unbothered
wernickes aphasia
what is it called when you have difficulties pronouncing words?
articulation difficulties
when you have difficulty finding words?
anomia
when you have difficulty using grammatical constructions
agrammastism
a primarily an expressive language impairment meaning it mostly affects speaking and writing
brocas aphasia
other than Alzheimers what are other examples of dementia?
Parkinson’s disease, AIDS, Huntingtons disease, frontoretmporal dementia,
what are the physical symptoms of TBI?
loss or altered conciseness, vomiting, headache, sleep issues, dizziness
what are the sensory symptoms of TBI
changes in sensory perception like blurred vision and ringing), sensitivity to light
what are the cognitive symptoms of TBI
memory and concentrate issues, mood disturbances
what are the 5 types of TBI
direct, rotational, blast TBI, penetrating TBI, crush TBI
what are the 2 common types of treatment for epilepsy
medication such as anti-epileptics, and surgical- deep brain stimulation, removal of an area, hemispherectomy
type of seizure that alters sensation in part of body and may change sense of smell and taste
simple focal seizures
types of seizure that causes confusion, may not be able to respond to questions or follow directions
complex facial expression seizures
types of seizure when you lose consciousness, falling, muscle spams
tonic-clonic seizures
types of seizure where there is rapid blinking and staring into space while still conscious
absence seizures
what are the possible causes of epilepsy?
genetics, traumatic brain injury/tumor/stroke, other disorders like autism
what are the types of medications prescribed to individuals with autism?
anticonvulsants to prevent seizures, antidepressants to improve mood, antipsychotics to reduce irritability and hyperactivity
what is applied behavioral analysis
program that encourages positive behaviors and discourages negative behaviors
what are the CNS effects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
motor coordination and balance, learning and memory impairments, attention and reasoning impairments, hyperactivity, swift mood changes
what area of the brain is where LTP takes place?
the hippocampus
when is a brain is injures it tries to ______ what it loses
compensate
what happens when cells in the brain die
there is no regeneration but new pathways with new sequences ares formed around the dead cells
where does neurogenesis take place?
hippocampus and olfactory bulbs
LTP and LTD are both mechanism of?
neuroplasticity
