exam 4 pt 2 Flashcards
failure to fulfill major obligations, physically hazardous situations, legal problems, persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems, tolerance and craving, absence of drug leads to withdrawal effects
common criteria for 12-month period for substance use disorder
true or false: rewarding behaviors increase motivation and likelihood to repeat behaviors
true
true or false: anticipation of these behaviors does NOT bring rewarding feeling
false
anticipation of what 3 things activates the pathway
food, sex, and drug taking
behavior > _____> associative learning > ________
motivation; operant conditioning
when you add a rewarding stimulus to increase or maintain behavior
positive reinforcement
remove aversive stimulus to increase or maintain behavior
negative reinforcement
remove rewarding stimulus to decrease behavior
negative punishment
add aversive stimulus to decease behavior
positive punishment
if an animal is willing to work for a stimulus it is considered
positively reinforcing
if an animal is willing to work to remove the aversion, the stimulus is considered
negatively reinforcing
individuals may seek drug to alleviate the aversion of withdrawal symptoms which is
negative reinforcement
binge and intoxication/ withdrawal and negative affect/ preoccupation and anticipation
George Koob’s stages and perspective of addiction
true or false: first few times drug is taken, brain and body are fairly sensitive to drug
true
the pharmacological effect or pleasure a drug has on an individual
hedonic effect
true or false: hedonic effect is a negative effect
false
what is able to initiate dysregulation of dopamine circuitry that progresses through the cycle of addiction
conditioned cues
true or false: cues are thought to drive seeking behavior even when the pharmacological effects of the drug have weakened
true
cues are important for how we understand what two things regarding drugs?
maintenance and relapse in drug taking behavior
what develops once drug taken behavior is maintained
tolerence
true or false: once tolerance develops, individual must take more of the drug to achieve the same affect
true
during what stage will individual experience withdrawal
withdrawal and negative affect stage
what are some symptoms of withdrawal and negative affect
irritability, emotional distress, loss of motivation for “natural” rewards, loss of pleasure in activities, disruption in sleep
a combination of what two things will induce a relapse?
physiological abstinence from drug and environmental cues
taking drug in attempt to remove withdrawal like symptoms is what
negative reinforcement
true or false: stress can be a primer for initial drug intake and primer for relapse
true
true or false: individual going through withdrawal is vulnerable to stress intolerance
true
true or false: HPA axis can be modified by drug action and withdrawal
true
what is the main focus of Robins and Berridge Theory of addiction?
liking vs wanting
true or false: associated cues are not natural, but learned
false
anticipation of drug, craving, physochological feature amplified by cue association
positive-incentive value
what are some examples of associative and conditioned properties of drug use?
time of day drug is used, people involved, drug delivery
true or false: associative and conditioned properties of drug use increase positive incentive value of drug taking behavior
true
for wanting, what does dopamine primarily involve
nucleus accumbens
for wanting, how long can sensitization last for
weeks to years
true or false: hedonic ‘hotspots’ are anatomically tiny, yet neurochemically sensitive regions found nested within different limbic regions
true
what happens when hedonic ‘hotspots’ are stimulated
make sweet flavor more enjoyable
what may happen if the hedonic hotspot is lesioned
capable of reversing taste preference, making sweetness become bitter
fulfilling goals that affect other individuals and have a broad impact
global frame
fulfilling immediate goals that primarily affect the individual
local frame
would individuals with addictions have a local or global frame?
local frame
why do individuals with addictions value more local outcomes over global
consequence of limited alternative, limited options
exaggerated value of outcomes of local decisions over outcomes of global decisions
suboptimal choice
suboptimal choice is often confused with what
fatalistic loss of control manifested in the ‘diseased’ state of addiction
what happens when drug receives an amplified valuation
other alternatives lose value and are therefore chosen less
individuals with addictions operate in environments that what
environments that cater to their addiction
true or false: access to drug alternatives has been effective in minimizing drug taking in humans and rats
true
what theory says: addiction not inflexible to behavioral modification and addiction is a syndrome of maladaptive decision making
frame theory
what psychological interventions can be effective
CBT and 12 step program
