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PSY 312 > exam 4 pt 2 > Flashcards

exam 4 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

failure to fulfill major obligations, physically hazardous situations, legal problems, persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems, tolerance and craving, absence of drug leads to withdrawal effects

A

common criteria for 12-month period for substance use disorder

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2
Q

true or false: rewarding behaviors increase motivation and likelihood to repeat behaviors

A

true

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3
Q

true or false: anticipation of these behaviors does NOT bring rewarding feeling

A

false

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4
Q

anticipation of what 3 things activates the pathway

A

food, sex, and drug taking

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5
Q

behavior > _____> associative learning > ________

A

motivation; operant conditioning

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6
Q

when you add a rewarding stimulus to increase or maintain behavior

A

positive reinforcement

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7
Q

remove aversive stimulus to increase or maintain behavior

A

negative reinforcement

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8
Q

remove rewarding stimulus to decrease behavior

A

negative punishment

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9
Q

add aversive stimulus to decease behavior

A

positive punishment

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10
Q

if an animal is willing to work for a stimulus it is considered

A

positively reinforcing

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11
Q

if an animal is willing to work to remove the aversion, the stimulus is considered

A

negatively reinforcing

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12
Q

individuals may seek drug to alleviate the aversion of withdrawal symptoms which is

A

negative reinforcement

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13
Q

binge and intoxication/ withdrawal and negative affect/ preoccupation and anticipation

A

George Koob’s stages and perspective of addiction

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14
Q

true or false: first few times drug is taken, brain and body are fairly sensitive to drug

A

true

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15
Q

the pharmacological effect or pleasure a drug has on an individual

A

hedonic effect

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16
Q

true or false: hedonic effect is a negative effect

A

false

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17
Q

what is able to initiate dysregulation of dopamine circuitry that progresses through the cycle of addiction

A

conditioned cues

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18
Q

true or false: cues are thought to drive seeking behavior even when the pharmacological effects of the drug have weakened

A

true

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19
Q

cues are important for how we understand what two things regarding drugs?

A

maintenance and relapse in drug taking behavior

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20
Q

what develops once drug taken behavior is maintained

A

tolerence

21
Q

true or false: once tolerance develops, individual must take more of the drug to achieve the same affect

A

true

22
Q

during what stage will individual experience withdrawal

A

withdrawal and negative affect stage

23
Q

what are some symptoms of withdrawal and negative affect

A

irritability, emotional distress, loss of motivation for “natural” rewards, loss of pleasure in activities, disruption in sleep

24
Q

a combination of what two things will induce a relapse?

A

physiological abstinence from drug and environmental cues

25
Q

taking drug in attempt to remove withdrawal like symptoms is what

A

negative reinforcement

26
Q

true or false: stress can be a primer for initial drug intake and primer for relapse

A

true

27
Q

true or false: individual going through withdrawal is vulnerable to stress intolerance

A

true

28
Q

true or false: HPA axis can be modified by drug action and withdrawal

A

true

29
Q

what is the main focus of Robins and Berridge Theory of addiction?

A

liking vs wanting

30
Q

true or false: associated cues are not natural, but learned

A

false

31
Q

anticipation of drug, craving, physochological feature amplified by cue association

A

positive-incentive value

32
Q

what are some examples of associative and conditioned properties of drug use?

A

time of day drug is used, people involved, drug delivery

33
Q

true or false: associative and conditioned properties of drug use increase positive incentive value of drug taking behavior

A

true

34
Q

for wanting, what does dopamine primarily involve

A

nucleus accumbens

35
Q

for wanting, how long can sensitization last for

A

weeks to years

36
Q

true or false: hedonic ‘hotspots’ are anatomically tiny, yet neurochemically sensitive regions found nested within different limbic regions

A

true

37
Q

what happens when hedonic ‘hotspots’ are stimulated

A

make sweet flavor more enjoyable

38
Q

what may happen if the hedonic hotspot is lesioned

A

capable of reversing taste preference, making sweetness become bitter

39
Q

fulfilling goals that affect other individuals and have a broad impact

A

global frame

40
Q

fulfilling immediate goals that primarily affect the individual

A

local frame

41
Q

would individuals with addictions have a local or global frame?

A

local frame

42
Q

why do individuals with addictions value more local outcomes over global

A

consequence of limited alternative, limited options

43
Q

exaggerated value of outcomes of local decisions over outcomes of global decisions

A

suboptimal choice

44
Q

suboptimal choice is often confused with what

A

fatalistic loss of control manifested in the ‘diseased’ state of addiction

45
Q

what happens when drug receives an amplified valuation

A

other alternatives lose value and are therefore chosen less

46
Q

individuals with addictions operate in environments that what

A

environments that cater to their addiction

47
Q

true or false: access to drug alternatives has been effective in minimizing drug taking in humans and rats

A

true

48
Q

what theory says: addiction not inflexible to behavioral modification and addiction is a syndrome of maladaptive decision making

A

frame theory

49
Q

what psychological interventions can be effective

A

CBT and 12 step program

PSY 312 (7 decks)

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