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PSY 312 > final exam - 1 > Flashcards

final exam - 1 Flashcards

1
Q

During an action potential, what happens when potassium channels open?

A

repolarization

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2
Q

Which commonly abused drug causes the dopamine transporter to operate in reverse?

A

methamphetamine

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3
Q

If a patient came in with a stroke, which area of the brain would likely be the most fatal, assuming equal severity?

A

medulla

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4
Q

Looking solely at diffusion in a typical neuron, which ion is going in which direction?

A

sodium goes in and potassium goes out

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5
Q

A drug company is interested in making a new drug to treat pain. They are concerned with the drug being misused/abused, providing a long-lasting effect from a single dose AND patient compliance. Which route of administration of the options below is likely the best at addressing all of these issues.

A

oral

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6
Q

true or false: PKU is a disorder that can be primarily treated by diet

A

true

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7
Q

what populations have special protections in regards to participating in experiments

A

prisoners, children, pregnant women, individuals w cognitive impairments, economically or educationally disadvantaged individuals, elderly

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8
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

ingestion of bacteria and elimination of those particles

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9
Q

who’s doctrine is best summarized by this: It gave evidence that the mechanism of communication is the same between nerves, but the nerves were specialized for their role

A

Muller

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10
Q

true or false: The area postrema is an exception to the BBB and serves to detect toxins in the system

A

true

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11
Q

What is galactosemia?

A

inability to metabolize galactose

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12
Q

these are characteristics of what: There is variation in the population of a species, an organism’s traits are passed down from parent to offspring, Not all organisms will live long enough to pass on their genes

A

natural selection

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13
Q

Why is a placebo given to a rat in a study when rats are not knowingly able to form any expectations about the medication they are being given?

A

To account for the stress of drug administration and separate it from the effect of the drug itself

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14
Q

process where Information from the DNA is transferred into mRNA

A

transcription

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15
Q

Which branch of the peripheral nervous system is primarily responsible for intentional, voluntary movements?

A

somatic nervous system

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16
Q

voluntary consent, good for society, avoid unnecessary harm or injury, risk should not outweigh human benefit, researchers must qualified

A

Nuremberg Code of Medical Ethics

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17
Q

The Nuremberg Code of Medical Ethics was created after what

A

Nazi WWII Experiments

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18
Q

the 1979 Belmont Report and establishment of office human research protection was created after what

A

Tuskegee

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19
Q

respect, beneficence-to do good, justice

A

Belmont Report & Human Research Protection

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20
Q

Removing organs to see what an organism is able to do and what they are no longer able to do

A

experimental ablation

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21
Q

Why is naloxone a life saving medication for individuals use opioids?

A

It works on the same site of action as the opioids commonly used (heroin, fentanyl, etc.), but has a higher affinity for the binding site so it can temporarily displace the opioid

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22
Q

What best summarizes Cajal’s (at the time) novel theory of how the brain works?

A

proposed the brain is made of billion of neurons

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23
Q

true or false: Variation is advantageous to the species, and may be advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral to the organism

A

true

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24
Q

Why are disadvantageous mutations not irradicated in a species?

A

some mutations are not obvious until later in life, after an organism has passed on its genetics

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25
Q

true or false: Reflexes are NOT automatic and involuntary and are controlled at the level of the spinal cord

A

false

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26
Q

the amount of effect of a drug is called what

A

the affinity

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27
Q

Action potentials run in one direction whereas axoplasmic transport runs in two directions/Action potentials run across the surface of the axon whereas axoplasmic transport is an internal process/Action potentials are an electric message in the axon, where as axoplasmic transport involves the movement of cellular materials

A

difference between action potential and axoplasmic transport

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28
Q

true or false: Retrograde axoplasmic transport is carried out by dynein and goes from the terminal buttons to the cell body

A

true

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29
Q

true or false: Schwann cells help following trauma to peripheral nerves but oligodendrocytes do not have the ability to help re-establish neuron connections in the CNS

A

true

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30
Q

why was the Monster study unethical

A

because it failed to obtain informed consent

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31
Q

maintains relative levels of ions inside and outside, but some ions move in an out passively

A

neuron at rest

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32
Q

How do leaky channels contribute to the resting membrane potential?

A

More potassium ions flow out than sodium ions flow in, making the cell more negative

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33
Q

Which type of channel is responsible for saltatory conduction?

A

sodium channels

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34
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

the way electrical impulse skips from node to node in the full length of the axon

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35
Q

What type of channel transforms the electrical component of an action potential into a chemical signal?

A

calcium

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36
Q

receptors serve as a feedback system on neurons to regulate the amount of neurotransmitter being released

A

auto receptors

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37
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the neural tube?

A

ectoderm

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38
Q

process of eliminating synapses in the brain during early childhood and adulthood

A

synaptic pruning

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39
Q

A block in the fourth ventricle would likely result in which condition first?

A

hydrocephaly

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40
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

abnormal buildup of fluid in the ventricles deep within the brain

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41
Q

A patient comes in with motor impairments, specifically, they are unsteady on their feet, adopt a wide stance, struggle maintaining balance on one foot, and have issues walking a straight line. Based on the symptoms, the most likely impacted brain region is the ______________?

A

cerebellum

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42
Q

true or false: Solubility impacts the ability of a drug to cross the blood brain barrier

A

true

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43
Q

maximum amount of substance that will dissolve in a given amount at a specified temp

A

solubility

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44
Q

what is potency

A

having a higher effect with less amount go drug

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45
Q

which pathway is most implicated in substance use research

A

mesolimbic

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46
Q

what was thought to be the location of emotions and thoughts in ancient civilizations

A

heart

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47
Q

what theory denies distinction between mind and matter

A

monism

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48
Q

what is dualism

A

belief that mind and body are separate

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49
Q

moving hand from hot stove automatically is an example of what

A

reflex

50
Q

who discovered that stimulation of frog nerve cells caused muscle contractions disconnected from the body

A

Luigi Galvani

51
Q

who removed and isolated organs to discover function of each area

A

Johannes Mueller

52
Q

who would remove portions of an animal’s brain to see what they could no longer do, discovering areas that controlled breathing and heart rate

A

Jean Pierre Flourens

53
Q

who stained and identified individual neurons and proposed a new on the nervous system

A

Ramon Cajal

54
Q

Charles Darwin is known for proposing what theory

A

theory of natural selection

55
Q

gradual change in the stricture and physiology of a species

A

natural selection

56
Q

true or false: most mutations are NOT advantageous to the organism’s survival

A

true

57
Q

true or false: variety in a species is NOT advantageous

A

false

58
Q

what is AICUC and what are its principles

A

institutional animal care and use committee; principles are reduce, replace, and refinement

59
Q

what are the two main part of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system which is the brain and the spinal cord. and peripheral nervous system which are nerves that branch into all areas of the body from the spinal cord

60
Q

bundles of thousands of neurons wrapped in tough membrane

A

nerve

61
Q

what are three types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, and interneuron

62
Q

where are interneurons located

A

central nervous system

63
Q

what two processes take place in the axon

A

action potential and axoplasmic transport

64
Q

a chemical and electric message carries from the cell body down to axon and to the terminal buttons

A

action potential

65
Q

fatty insulin wrapped around axon

A

myelin sheath

66
Q

what are “nerve glue”

A

glia cells

67
Q

oligodendrocytes, schwa cells, astrocytes, microglia are all types of

A

glia cells

68
Q

what cell is responsible for the formation of myelin sheath located in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

69
Q

same roles as oligodendrocytes but located in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

70
Q

cells that are physical support, provide nutrient, and formation of the blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

astrocytes

71
Q

smallest of all glial cells and responsible for inflammatory response

A

microglia

72
Q

what does the blood brain barrier do

A

protect the brain from toxins

73
Q

what are the three mechanisms of maintenance

A

diffusion, electric attraction, active transport

74
Q

what function allows more potassium to leave the cell than sodium come in

A

leaky channels

75
Q

true or false: anterior is front and posterior is back

A

true

76
Q

true or false: dorsal is up towards the brain and ventral is down towards the stomach

A

true

77
Q

slices of the brain from the front to back of head

A

coronal

78
Q

slices from one side to middle to other side

A

sagittal

79
Q

slice top and bottom

A

horizontal

80
Q

in an embryo stem cells do what two things

A

replicate and differentiate

81
Q

true or false: ectoderm thickens to form neural plate at 18 days

A

true

82
Q

true or false: outward folding of the neural plate forms the neural groove

A

false - inward folding

83
Q

true or false: at day 22 neural groove closes to create neural tube

A

true

84
Q

process by which new neurons are formed in the brain

A

neurogenesis

85
Q

formations of synapses bt neurons in the nervous system

A

synaptogenesis

86
Q

when new axon and dendrite extensions allow existing neurons to form new connections

A

sprouting

87
Q

the peripheral nervous system is broken up into what two parts

A

automatic and somatic nervous system

88
Q

parasympathetic, sympathetic, enteric are all part of what

A

automatic nervous system

89
Q

what system is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions

A

automatic nervous system

90
Q

system that is responsible for voluntary movement

A

somatic nervous system

91
Q

system responsible for rest and digest

A

parasympathetic

92
Q

system responsible for flight/fight/freeze

A

sympathetic

93
Q

system that regulates blood flow, motor, immune and endonctrine function

A

enteric

94
Q

what function is responsible for making, sending, and regulating hormones

A

endoctrine function

95
Q

what are meninges

A

protective layers of tissue that surround the brain, 3 layers

96
Q

condition where there is abnormal buildup of fluid, CSF, deep within the brain

A

hydrocephalus

97
Q

lobe responsible for decision making, problem solving, memory, speech, emotions, personality

A

frontal lobe

98
Q

lobe responsible for primary auditory cortex, memory, hippocampus, emotion, amygdala

A

temporal lobe

99
Q

lobe responsible for sensation, perception, reading, writing computation, language, spatial orientation

A

parietal lobe

100
Q

lobe responsible for visual processing, depth perception, color vision, face and object recognition memory formation

A

occipital lobe

101
Q

true or false: limbic system is responsible for behavioral and emotional responses

A

true

102
Q

true or false: Parkinsons and Huntingtons disease are disorder related to damage to the basal ganglia

A

true

103
Q

true or false: homeostasis is the tendency toward stable equilibrium bt independent elements

A

true

104
Q

impaired condition leads to poor muscle control causing clumsy voluntary movements

A

ataxia

105
Q

the pons in the hindbrain are responsible for what functions

A

sleep and arousal

106
Q

for the spinal cord what is the order of letter from up to down

A

C, T, L, S

107
Q

how may cranial nerves are there

A

12

108
Q

what does psychoactive mean

A

drug that affects the mind

109
Q

what functions are entailed in pharmacokinetics

A

absorption, distribution, metabolization, excretion

110
Q

why does type of absorption for drugs matter

A

how fast drug can get in the system

111
Q

what 3 functions influence distribution of drug

A

circulatory system, site of action, and solubility

112
Q

what is therapeutic index

A

how safe it is to take drug

113
Q

true or false: toxic dose of a drug must be 100x greater than ED

A

true

114
Q

what is the difference between chronic affect and acute affect

A

acute is directly after short exposure and chronic is long period after exposure

115
Q

organic compound that make proteins to help the body break down food, grow, repair body tissue

A

animo acids

116
Q

cell whose function is to reduce neuronal excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission

A

gaba

117
Q

neurotransmitter and hormones that has to do with pleasure, reward, and motivation

A

dopamine

118
Q

neurotransmitter and hormone that has to do with vigilance, alertness, and attentiveness

A

norepinephrine

119
Q

true or false: amphetamine and methamphetamine are to treat ADHD

A

true

120
Q

substance that produces morphine like effect, pain

A

opioids

PSY 312 (7 decks)

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