final exam - 1 Flashcards
During an action potential, what happens when potassium channels open?
repolarization
Which commonly abused drug causes the dopamine transporter to operate in reverse?
methamphetamine
If a patient came in with a stroke, which area of the brain would likely be the most fatal, assuming equal severity?
medulla
Looking solely at diffusion in a typical neuron, which ion is going in which direction?
sodium goes in and potassium goes out
A drug company is interested in making a new drug to treat pain. They are concerned with the drug being misused/abused, providing a long-lasting effect from a single dose AND patient compliance. Which route of administration of the options below is likely the best at addressing all of these issues.
oral
true or false: PKU is a disorder that can be primarily treated by diet
true
what populations have special protections in regards to participating in experiments
prisoners, children, pregnant women, individuals w cognitive impairments, economically or educationally disadvantaged individuals, elderly
what is phagocytosis
ingestion of bacteria and elimination of those particles
who’s doctrine is best summarized by this: It gave evidence that the mechanism of communication is the same between nerves, but the nerves were specialized for their role
Muller
true or false: The area postrema is an exception to the BBB and serves to detect toxins in the system
true
What is galactosemia?
inability to metabolize galactose
these are characteristics of what: There is variation in the population of a species, an organism’s traits are passed down from parent to offspring, Not all organisms will live long enough to pass on their genes
natural selection
Why is a placebo given to a rat in a study when rats are not knowingly able to form any expectations about the medication they are being given?
To account for the stress of drug administration and separate it from the effect of the drug itself
process where Information from the DNA is transferred into mRNA
transcription
Which branch of the peripheral nervous system is primarily responsible for intentional, voluntary movements?
somatic nervous system
voluntary consent, good for society, avoid unnecessary harm or injury, risk should not outweigh human benefit, researchers must qualified
Nuremberg Code of Medical Ethics
The Nuremberg Code of Medical Ethics was created after what
Nazi WWII Experiments
the 1979 Belmont Report and establishment of office human research protection was created after what
Tuskegee
respect, beneficence-to do good, justice
Belmont Report & Human Research Protection
Removing organs to see what an organism is able to do and what they are no longer able to do
experimental ablation
Why is naloxone a life saving medication for individuals use opioids?
It works on the same site of action as the opioids commonly used (heroin, fentanyl, etc.), but has a higher affinity for the binding site so it can temporarily displace the opioid
What best summarizes Cajal’s (at the time) novel theory of how the brain works?
proposed the brain is made of billion of neurons
true or false: Variation is advantageous to the species, and may be advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral to the organism
true
Why are disadvantageous mutations not irradicated in a species?
some mutations are not obvious until later in life, after an organism has passed on its genetics
true or false: Reflexes are NOT automatic and involuntary and are controlled at the level of the spinal cord
false
the amount of effect of a drug is called what
the affinity
Action potentials run in one direction whereas axoplasmic transport runs in two directions/Action potentials run across the surface of the axon whereas axoplasmic transport is an internal process/Action potentials are an electric message in the axon, where as axoplasmic transport involves the movement of cellular materials
difference between action potential and axoplasmic transport
true or false: Retrograde axoplasmic transport is carried out by dynein and goes from the terminal buttons to the cell body
true
true or false: Schwann cells help following trauma to peripheral nerves but oligodendrocytes do not have the ability to help re-establish neuron connections in the CNS
true
why was the Monster study unethical
because it failed to obtain informed consent
maintains relative levels of ions inside and outside, but some ions move in an out passively
neuron at rest
How do leaky channels contribute to the resting membrane potential?
More potassium ions flow out than sodium ions flow in, making the cell more negative
Which type of channel is responsible for saltatory conduction?
sodium channels
what is saltatory conduction
the way electrical impulse skips from node to node in the full length of the axon
What type of channel transforms the electrical component of an action potential into a chemical signal?
calcium
receptors serve as a feedback system on neurons to regulate the amount of neurotransmitter being released
auto receptors
Which germ layer gives rise to the neural tube?
ectoderm
process of eliminating synapses in the brain during early childhood and adulthood
synaptic pruning
A block in the fourth ventricle would likely result in which condition first?
hydrocephaly
what is hydrocephalus
abnormal buildup of fluid in the ventricles deep within the brain
A patient comes in with motor impairments, specifically, they are unsteady on their feet, adopt a wide stance, struggle maintaining balance on one foot, and have issues walking a straight line. Based on the symptoms, the most likely impacted brain region is the ______________?
cerebellum
true or false: Solubility impacts the ability of a drug to cross the blood brain barrier
true
maximum amount of substance that will dissolve in a given amount at a specified temp
solubility
what is potency
having a higher effect with less amount go drug
which pathway is most implicated in substance use research
mesolimbic
what was thought to be the location of emotions and thoughts in ancient civilizations
heart
what theory denies distinction between mind and matter
monism
what is dualism
belief that mind and body are separate
moving hand from hot stove automatically is an example of what
reflex
who discovered that stimulation of frog nerve cells caused muscle contractions disconnected from the body
Luigi Galvani
who removed and isolated organs to discover function of each area
Johannes Mueller
who would remove portions of an animal’s brain to see what they could no longer do, discovering areas that controlled breathing and heart rate
Jean Pierre Flourens
who stained and identified individual neurons and proposed a new on the nervous system
Ramon Cajal
Charles Darwin is known for proposing what theory
theory of natural selection
gradual change in the stricture and physiology of a species
natural selection
true or false: most mutations are NOT advantageous to the organism’s survival
true
true or false: variety in a species is NOT advantageous
false
what is AICUC and what are its principles
institutional animal care and use committee; principles are reduce, replace, and refinement
what are the two main part of the nervous system?
central nervous system which is the brain and the spinal cord. and peripheral nervous system which are nerves that branch into all areas of the body from the spinal cord
bundles of thousands of neurons wrapped in tough membrane
nerve
what are three types of neurons
sensory, motor, and interneuron
where are interneurons located
central nervous system
what two processes take place in the axon
action potential and axoplasmic transport
a chemical and electric message carries from the cell body down to axon and to the terminal buttons
action potential
fatty insulin wrapped around axon
myelin sheath
what are “nerve glue”
glia cells
oligodendrocytes, schwa cells, astrocytes, microglia are all types of
glia cells
what cell is responsible for the formation of myelin sheath located in CNS
oligodendrocytes
same roles as oligodendrocytes but located in the PNS
Schwann cells
cells that are physical support, provide nutrient, and formation of the blood brain barrier (BBB)
astrocytes
smallest of all glial cells and responsible for inflammatory response
microglia
what does the blood brain barrier do
protect the brain from toxins
what are the three mechanisms of maintenance
diffusion, electric attraction, active transport
what function allows more potassium to leave the cell than sodium come in
leaky channels
true or false: anterior is front and posterior is back
true
true or false: dorsal is up towards the brain and ventral is down towards the stomach
true
slices of the brain from the front to back of head
coronal
slices from one side to middle to other side
sagittal
slice top and bottom
horizontal
in an embryo stem cells do what two things
replicate and differentiate
true or false: ectoderm thickens to form neural plate at 18 days
true
true or false: outward folding of the neural plate forms the neural groove
false - inward folding
true or false: at day 22 neural groove closes to create neural tube
true
process by which new neurons are formed in the brain
neurogenesis
formations of synapses bt neurons in the nervous system
synaptogenesis
when new axon and dendrite extensions allow existing neurons to form new connections
sprouting
the peripheral nervous system is broken up into what two parts
automatic and somatic nervous system
parasympathetic, sympathetic, enteric are all part of what
automatic nervous system
what system is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions
automatic nervous system
system that is responsible for voluntary movement
somatic nervous system
system responsible for rest and digest
parasympathetic
system responsible for flight/fight/freeze
sympathetic
system that regulates blood flow, motor, immune and endonctrine function
enteric
what function is responsible for making, sending, and regulating hormones
endoctrine function
what are meninges
protective layers of tissue that surround the brain, 3 layers
condition where there is abnormal buildup of fluid, CSF, deep within the brain
hydrocephalus
lobe responsible for decision making, problem solving, memory, speech, emotions, personality
frontal lobe
lobe responsible for primary auditory cortex, memory, hippocampus, emotion, amygdala
temporal lobe
lobe responsible for sensation, perception, reading, writing computation, language, spatial orientation
parietal lobe
lobe responsible for visual processing, depth perception, color vision, face and object recognition memory formation
occipital lobe
true or false: limbic system is responsible for behavioral and emotional responses
true
true or false: Parkinsons and Huntingtons disease are disorder related to damage to the basal ganglia
true
true or false: homeostasis is the tendency toward stable equilibrium bt independent elements
true
impaired condition leads to poor muscle control causing clumsy voluntary movements
ataxia
the pons in the hindbrain are responsible for what functions
sleep and arousal
for the spinal cord what is the order of letter from up to down
C, T, L, S
how may cranial nerves are there
12
what does psychoactive mean
drug that affects the mind
what functions are entailed in pharmacokinetics
absorption, distribution, metabolization, excretion
why does type of absorption for drugs matter
how fast drug can get in the system
what 3 functions influence distribution of drug
circulatory system, site of action, and solubility
what is therapeutic index
how safe it is to take drug
true or false: toxic dose of a drug must be 100x greater than ED
true
what is the difference between chronic affect and acute affect
acute is directly after short exposure and chronic is long period after exposure
organic compound that make proteins to help the body break down food, grow, repair body tissue
animo acids
cell whose function is to reduce neuronal excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission
gaba
neurotransmitter and hormones that has to do with pleasure, reward, and motivation
dopamine
neurotransmitter and hormone that has to do with vigilance, alertness, and attentiveness
norepinephrine
true or false: amphetamine and methamphetamine are to treat ADHD
true
substance that produces morphine like effect, pain
opioids
